scholarly journals ON-FARM ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZERO-TILLAGE WHEAT: A CASE OF NORTH-WEST INDIA

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEETENDRA PRAKASH ARYAL ◽  
TEK B. SAPKOTA ◽  
M L JAT ◽  
DALIP K BISHNOI
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
North West

SUMMARYConducting farmers participatory field trials at 40 sites for 3 consecutive years in four rice-wheat system dominated districts of Haryana state of India, this paper tested the hypothesis that zero tillage (ZT) based crop production emits less greenhouse gases and yet provide adequate economic benefits to farmers compared to the conventional tillage (CT). In each farmer's field, ZT and CT based wheat production were compared side by side for three consecutive years from 2009–10 to 2011–12. In assessing the mitigation potential of ZT, we examined the differences in input use and crop management, especially those contributing to GHGs emissions, between ZT wheat and CT wheat. We employed Cool Farm Tool (CFT) to estimate emission of GHGs from various wheat production activities. In order to assess economic benefits, we examined the difference in input costs, net returns and cost-benefit analysis of wheat production under CT and ZT. Results show that farmers can save approximately USD 79 ha−1 in terms of total production costs and increase net revenue of about USD 97.5 ha−1 under ZT compared to CT. Similarly, benefit-cost ratio under ZT is 1.43 against 1.31 under CT. Our estimate shows that shifting from CT to ZT based wheat production reduces GHG emission by 1.5 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 season−1. Overall, ZT has both climate change mitigation and economic benefits, implying the win-win outcome of better agricultural practices.

scholarly journals Energy Use and Economic Analysis of Fertilizer Use in Wheat and Sugar Beet Production in Serbia

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Dimitrijević ◽  
Marija Gavrilović ◽  
Sanjin Ivanović ◽  
Zoran Mileusnić ◽  
Rajko Miodragović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Wheat Production

Increased demand for food production, influenced by the constant growth of population, resulted in the agricultural production systems that are more energy and economy intensive. The aim of this study was to evaluate the energetic and economic efficiency of sugar beet and wheat production. Attention was given to the fertilizer usage and its share in energy consumption since it can amount to 50%. Data show that energy input in wheat production was 5.84 MJ·kg−1 and in sugar beet it was 0.93 MJ·kg−1. The highest share of energy input both in wheat and sugar beet was observed for fertilizers, 52.45% and 46.70%, respectively. Economic analysis has shown that wheat production is a low profitable production with a net return of only 20.69 USD·ha−1, in comparison with sugar beet production with a net return of 513.53 USD·ha−1. Costs related to the fertilizer use prevailed in total variable and total production costs. Economic analysis has also shown that the benefit-to-cost ratio was higher in sugar beet production (1.33) compared to wheat production (1.03). Furthermore, it was determined that these economic indicators were less sensitive in sugar beet production than in wheat production regarding the variation of fertilizer.

scholarly journals An Examination of the Economics of Sustainable and Conventional Horticulture

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 687-691
Author(s):  
Robin G. Brumfield
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Price Premiums ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
The Cost

Since World War II, U.S. agriculture has reduced production costs by substituting petrochemicals for labor. Adverse impacts from chemical intensive agriculture include increased pest levels, groundwater and surface water contamination, soil erosion, and concerns about harmful levels of pesticide residues. Sustainable farming programs such as integrated crop management (ICM) and organic farming encourage farmers to use systems that reduce the adverse impacts of chemical agriculture. However, before farmers adopt an alternative system, they must determine that economic benefits from the alternative farming activities exceed the costs incurred. Unfortunately, relatively few studies have compared the cost of organic crop production with conventional production systems. Results of these studies are mixed. In some studies, organic systems are more profitable than conventional systems with organic price premiums, but are not economically viable without price premiums. In one long-term study, the organic system was more profitable than a conventional one if the cost of family labor was ignored, but less profitable if it was included. In some studies, net returns were higher for ICM than for conventional or organic systems, but in others, they were higher. Results also vary on a crop by crop basis.

scholarly journals A cost benefit analysis of an active travel intervention with health and carbon emission reduction benefits

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Chapman ◽  
M Keall ◽  
P Howden-Chapman ◽  
M Grams ◽  
K Witten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Active Travel ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Life Years

© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Active travel (walking and cycling) is beneficial for people’s health and has many co-benefits, such as reducing motor vehicle congestion and pollution in urban areas. There have been few robust evaluations of active travel, and very few studies have valued health and emissions outcomes. The ACTIVE before-and-after quasi-experimental study estimated the net benefits of health and other outcomes from New Zealand’s Model Communities Programme using an empirical analysis comparing two intervention cities with two control cities. The Programme funded investment in cycle paths, other walking and cycling facilities, cycle parking, ‘shared spaces’, media campaigns and events, such as ‘Share the Road’, and cycle-skills training. Using the modified Integrated Transport and Health Impacts Model, the Programme’s net economic benefits were estimated from the changes in use of active travel modes. Annual benefits for health in the intervention cities were estimated at 34.4 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and two lives saved due to reductions in cardiac disease, diabetes, cancer, and respiratory disease. Reductions in transport-related carbon emissions were also estimated and valued. Using a discount rate of 3.5%, the estimated benefit/cost ratio was 11:1 and was robust to sensitivity testing. It is concluded that when concerted investment is made in active travel in a city, there is likely to be a measurable, positive return on investment.

scholarly journals Economic Analysis of an Image-Based Beef Carcass Yield Estimation System in Korea

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Collins Wakholi ◽  
Shona Nabwire ◽  
Juntae Kim ◽  
Jeong Hwan Bae ◽  
Moon Sung Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Estimation System

To minimize production costs, reduce mistakes, and improve consistency, modern-day slaughterhouses have turned to automated technologies for operations such as cutting, deboning, etc. One of the most vital operations in the slaughterhouse is carcass grading, usually performed manually by grading staff, which creates a bottleneck in terms of production speed and consistency. To speed up the carcass grading process, we developed an online system that uses image analysis and statistical tools to estimate up to 23 key yield parameters. A thorough economic analysis is required to aid slaughterhouses in making informed decisions about the risks and benefits of investing in the system. We therefore conducted an economic analysis of the system using a cost-benefit analysis (the methods considered were net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and benefit/cost ratio (BCR)) and sensitivity analysis. The benefits considered for analysis include labor cost reduction and gross margin improvement arising from optimizing breeding practices with the use of the data obtained from the system. The cost-benefit analysis of the system resulted in an NPV of approximately 310.9 million Korean Won (KRW), a BCR of 1.72, and an IRR of 22.28%, which means the benefits outweigh the costs in the long term.

scholarly journals Adoption of Vietnamese Good Agricultural Practices (VietGAP) in Aquaculture: Evidence From Small-Scale Shrimp Farming

2022 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
NGUYEN THI KIM QUYEN ◽  
◽  
TRAN THI BACH YEN ◽  
ANNA KARIA LERØY RIPLE
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Shrimp Farming ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Good Agricultural Practices ◽  
Cluster Membership ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Shrimp Farms

The increasing demand by international customers for high-quality shrimp products has led to the introduction of various certificates of traceability intended to validate quality products in Vietnam. The Vietnamese good agricultural practices (VietGAP), better known in aquaculture as the Vietnamese good aquaculture practices, has emerged as a reliable certificate for small-scale farmers and a prerequisite for international certification. This study investigates factors affecting applications for VietGAP by small-scale shrimp farmers in Vietnam. Cost-benefit analysis and binary logistic regression approaches were used to categorise shrimp farms with and without VietGAP certification. Findings indicated that while the adoption of VietGAP raised production costs by 14.5 %, it could increase net profit by up to 22 %. The increase in net profit is from increased productivity and antibiotics and chemical-free products in shrimp farming, helped fetch better prices. The results also revealed three factors that positively influenced the farmers’ decision to acquire VietGAP; education, farm size, and production system. Shrimp farmers with longer schooling years, larger farms, and those who possess cooperative/farming cluster membership are more likely to acquire VietGAP certification. The results imply that the VietGAP certification should be better promoted to cooperative production forms of farming, by strengthening the schooling year of farmers and increasing awareness of VietGAP certification to farmers who operate shrimp farms of 5,000–9,000 m2.

Concurrent Structure and Process Optimization for Minimum Cost Metal Additive Manufacturing

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erva Ulu ◽  
Runze Huang ◽  
Levent Burak Kara ◽  
Kate S. Whitefoot
Keyword(s):  
Topology Optimization ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Sequential Optimization ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Process Variables ◽  
Concurrent Optimization ◽  
Build Time

Metals-additive manufacturing (MAM) is enabling unprecedented design freedom and the ability to produce significantly lighter weight parts with the same performance, offering the possibility of significant environmental and economic benefits in many different industries. However, the total production costs of MAM will need to be reduced substantially before it will be widely adopted across the manufacturing sector. Current topology optimization approaches focus on reducing total material volume as a means of reducing material costs, but they do not account for other production costs that are influenced by a part's structure such as machine time and scrap. Moreover, concurrently optimizing MAM process variables with a part's structure has the potential to further reduce production costs. This paper demonstrates an approach to use process-based cost modeling (PBCM) in MAM topology optimization to minimize total production costs, including material, labor, energy, and machine costs, using cost estimates from industrial MAM operations. The approach is demonstrated on various 3D geometries for the electron beam melting (EBM) process with Ti64 material. Concurrent optimization of the part structures and EBM process variables is compared to sequential optimization, and to optimization of the structure alone. The results indicate that, once process variables are considered concurrently, more cost effective results can be obtained with similar amount of material through a combination of (1) building high stress regions with lower power values to obtain larger yield strength and (2) increasing the power elsewhere to reduce the number of passes required, thereby reducing build time. In our case studies, concurrent optimization of the part's structure and MAM process parameters lead to up to 15% lower estimated total production costs and 21% faster build time than optimizing the part's structure alone.

scholarly journals ON-FARM EXPERIMENTATION ON CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE IN MAIZE-LEGUME BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN KENYA: WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. MICHENI ◽  
F. KANAMPIU ◽  
O. KITONYO ◽  
D. M. MBURU ◽  
E.N. MUGAI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
System Productivity ◽  
Use Efficiency

SUMMARYConservation agriculture (CA) is a promising technology for controlling soil degradation, mitigating drought, increasing crop yield and reducing production costs. We hypothesized that adopting CA system would improve system productivity and efficiency, hence resulting in higher profits. To test the hypothesis, we designed a study to evaluate water use efficiency (WUE) and the economic benefits (yield and gross margins) of CA in the upper and lower midlands agro-ecological zones of eastern Kenya. Four tillage treatments, including farmers’ practice (residues removed), conventional tillage (residues removed) and two CA practices with residue retention (zero tillage and furrow–ridge), were laid out in 22 farmers’ fields where each farm was treated as a replicate. The results are based on four consecutive seasons farmer–researcher managed trials during the period 2010 and 2012. CA significantly improved crop yields after the first season of experimentation. Joint use of zero tillage and furrow–ridge provided higher WUE and yield advantage (25–34%) in the third and fourth seasons compared to the conventional practices. The lower midlands zone gave higher WUE values, which can be explained by the effects of water harvesting and retention for longer period on CA treatments. CA practices have increased income on average by 12% resulted from labour cost reduction and yield increment. Weeding costs for conventional tillage were USD 88 ha−1 compared to USD 24 ha−1 for herbicide application under CA. Practicing CA will certainly increase crop yields, WUE, generate more revenue and diversify risks during poor seasons. However, these benefits may not necessarily be earned in the first season, but will accrue in subsequent seasons.

scholarly journals MANFAAT EKONOMIS DISEMINASI TEKNOLOGI MODIFIKASI CUACA DI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI CITARUM

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
F Heru Widodo ◽  
Tukiyat Tukiyat
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Weather Modification ◽  
Milled Rice

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung B/C ratio dari pelaksanaan Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca melalui parameter-parameter nilai biaya produksi, banyaknya air yang dibutuhkan untuk pengairan, harga gabah per ton, produksi gabah per ha, sehingga nilai B/C dari pelaksanaan TMC sebagai nilai riil yang sudah bisa dipertangungjawabkan kepada publik. Secara khusus penelitian ini bertujuan menghitung nilai ekonomis penerapan Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca di Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Citarum Jawa Barat dari aspek PLTA dan pertanian. Data penelitian berupa data sekunder dari hasil kegiatan TMC di Das Citarum tahun 2007. Adapun data yang dibutuhkan dalam penulisan paper adalah data aliran Waduk (DMA, Inflow dan Outflow) selama kegiatan TMC berlangsung antara lain data: tambahan potensi energi listrik; besarnya volume air yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan 1 kWh; harga listrik per kWh; estimasi hasil produksi padi per hektar; biaya produksi pertanian per ha per tanam; estimasi besarnya kebutuhan air pertanian per hektar per panen; harga gabah kering giling per kg; biaya pelaksanaan TMC. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui survei lapangan dan wawancara mendalam dengan kelompok tani di daerah Subang, Karawang, dan Indramayu dengan didukung studi literatur yang terkait dengan informasi mengenai aspek ekonomi Teknologi Mudifikasi cuaca. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah tambahan air kegiatan TMC di Das Citarum tahun 2007 sebanyak 716,92 juta m3. Dengan tambahan air tersebut dapat menghasilkan jumlah kWh listrik sebanyak 447.284.99 kWh. Dari tambahan air tersebut dapat memberikan manfaat ekonomi pada sektor PLTA sebesar Rp. 85.252.520.810,- dan sektor pertanian sebesar Rp. 610.643.840.116,- Manfaat ekonomi secara total kegiatan TMC sebesar Rp. 695.896.360.926,- Dari hasil tersebut secara ekonomis besarnya nilai B/C rasio sebesar 233:1. Hal ini berarti setiap pengeluaran sebesar Rp.1,- maka akan dapat diperoleh pendapatan sebesar Rp. 233,-This study aimed to calculate benefit cost ratio of the implementation of WeatherModification Technology and to learn about production costs, the amount of waterneeded for irrigation, the price of grain per ton, the production of grain per hectare,so the value of B / C of the implementation of the TMC as a real value which canresponsibility to the public. Specifically this study aims to calculate the economic value the application of the weather modification technology on the Citarum River Basin of West Java from the aspects of hydropower and agriculture. The research data in the form of secondary data that are time-series in 2007. The research data in the formof secondary data from the TMC in Das Citarum activities in 2007. The data requiredfor the writing of this paper include: data stream reservoir (DMA, Inflow and Outflow)for TMC events take place, among others: Additional data potential of electric energy;cost data for agricultural production per hectare per cropping; data size of the volumeof water used to produce 1 kWh; electricity prices per kWh; data estimation of riceproduction per hectare; estimate the amount of agricultural water demand per hectareper harvest, the price of milled rice per kg dry; cost of operation TMC. Data collectingtechniques through interviews with farmers groups in the area of Subang, Karawang,Indramayu supported by studies in the literature after the focus of research relatedto information regarding the economic aspects of technology Mudifikasi weather. Theresults showed that the additional amount of water activity of TMC in Das Citarum2007 as many as 716.92 million m3. With the addition of water during TMC activitiescan generate as much electricity as the number of kWh 447.284.99. Benefit of TMC inhydropower sector Rp. 85,252,520,810 and benefits in the agricultural sector Rp. 610643 840 116. Total economic benefits of TMC activity Rp. 695 896 360 926, - The result analysis B/C ratio of 233:1. This means that every expenditure amounting to Rp1, - you will get an income of Rp. 233

scholarly journals Cost Analysis of Furniture Production: A Case Study at Mebel Barokah 3, Marga Agung Village, Lampung Selatan

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Naili Rahmah ◽  
Hari Kaskoyo ◽  
Sumaryo Gito Saputro ◽  
Wahyu Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Production Costs ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Total Revenue ◽  
Business Sustainability ◽  
One Year ◽  
Production Period ◽  
Financial Losses

Analysis of production costs and revenues is important to reduce the risk of financial losses and increase company profits. The results of this analysis can be used as a reference in determining policies that can determine the direction of company development. However, many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have not done a cost and revenue analysis, which can affect the company's sustainability in the future. The objective of this study was to analyze the total production costs and revenues of an SME in a one-year production period (August 2018 – July 2019). The study was conducted by calculating fixed costs and variable costs at Mebel Barokah 3, an SME that produces furniture based on orders. The total revenue, revenue-cost ratio (R/C), and the break even pont (BEP) were also calculated. The results showed that the total production cost was IDR 455.855.730/year and the total revenue was IDR 89.794.270/year. The value R/C reached 1,19 and the value of BEP reached IDR 211.644.908/year. The values indicated that this business was economically profitable and reached BEP at the sales of IDR 211.644.908/year. The company should consider the costs incurred, improve work efficiency, and expand the market to achieve business sustainability in the future.Keywords: furniture, income, production costs, revenue, small and medium-sized enterprise

ANALISIS USAHATANI BEBERAPA VARIETAS UNGGUL PADI SAWAH DI KABUPATEN LABUHANBATU

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-200
Author(s):  
Yusri Indra Nasution ◽  
Zulkifli Lubis ◽  
Abdul Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Lowland Rice ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Income Differences ◽  
Fixed Price

This study aims to determine the differences in production, revenue, income differences and the feasibility of Ciherang, Inpari 13 and Mekongga rice fields in the study area. To determine the feasibility of Ciherang, Inpari 13 and Mekongga varieties of rice farming, it is feasible from the comparison of revenue and costs in the study area. To find out the efficiency of Ciherang, Inpari 13 and Mekongga varieties in the study area. The average income of paddy farming received by respondent farmers in Labuhanbatu Regency for Ciherang variety is Rp. 14,416,111.11, - per Ha / MT. A Return Cost Ratio (R / C ratio) of 2.29 shows that R / C 1, then this farm is profitable. The biggest acceptance for lowland rice farming in Labuhanbatu Regency was Ciherang variety, followed by Inpari 13 variety, and the lowest acceptance was Mekongga Variety. The R / C ratio indicates that it is still feasible to be cultivated, but in terms of the BEP value of land use, the number shown 1, means that land tenure below 1 Ha will not be able to sustain farmers' income if there is a 10% increase in total production costs with the assumption of production and fixed price (no increase).

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