scholarly journals On the maximum avoidance of inbreeding

1963 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motoo Kimura ◽  
James F. Crow
Keyword(s):  
Gene Frequency ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Constant Number ◽  
Random Drift ◽  
Pair Mating ◽  
Related Individuals ◽  
The One ◽  
Image Position ◽  
The Right

Mating systems in which the least related individuals are mated have been designated by Wright as having maximum avoidance of inbreeding. For such systems the initial rate of decrease in heterozygosity is minimum. However, some other systems have a lower rate of decrease in later generations.Circular mating, in which each individual is mated with the one to his right and to his left, leads to an asymptotic rate of decrease in heterozygosity of 1– λ ˜ π2/(2N + 4)2 compared with 1/4N for maximum avoidance systems. Circular pair mating, in which for example each male progeny is moved one cage to the right, leads to 1– λ ~ π2/(N + 12)2. Other similar systems are discussed.For minimum gene frequency drift, a mating system should have a constant number of progeny per parent and the population should be broken up as rapidly as possible into the maximum number of lines. The gene frequency variance at generation T within a line iswhere N is the number in the line and Ht is the proportion of heterozygotes in generation t. Although the three mating systems, circular, circular pair, and maximum avoidance (and many others) have the same amount of random drift ultimately, at any generation circular mating has the smallest drift variance, VT, and circular pair next smallest.

A footnote to the theory of double integrals

2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (530) ◽  
pp. 262-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Pla
Keyword(s):  
Polar Coordinates ◽  
Double Integral ◽  
French Mathematician ◽  
Integral Theorem ◽  
Cartesian Plane ◽  
Probability Integral ◽  
The One ◽  
Image Position ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All

The probability integral theorem, which states thatis on the record for having enticed numerous mathematicians to find alternative proofs for it, over a period of more than two centuries, till recent times (for a few recent references see [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]). The most popular demonstration (attributed to the French mathematician Poisson; see [11], in references of [12]), the one found in almost all textbooks, relies on the double integral(taken over the upper-right quarter of the Cartesian plane) obtained by squaring the probability integral. By resorting to polar coordinates and writing down the above integral as:the value of the probability integral is obtained by taking the square root of the result on the right-hand side of this latter relation.

IV.—On some Dry Chalk Valley Features

1909 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 538-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Short Length ◽  
Contour Line ◽  
Valley Floor ◽  
The One ◽  
Southward Extension ◽  
Image Position ◽  
The Right

The existence of a ‘wind gap’ or ‘pass’ at the head of a dry dip valley clearly points to the former extension of that valley beyond the present escarpment; and the depth of the gap is a measure of the size of the valley before being beheaded by the recession of the escarpment. Thus the gap at Merstham is about 300 feet deep, and the valley would probably have continued south some miles on to the Wealden uplands; the floor of this valley falls regularly north, and presents all the features due to a stream flowing in that direction previous to the formation of the Gault strike valley. As an instance of a less developed beheaded valley, the Maplescombe valley, which joins the Darent valley on the right bank at Farningham, may be instanced. The Maplescombe valley has a ‘wind gap’ of possibly 100 feet deep, and so its former southward extension would not have continued into the Wealden area as far as the Merstham valley; moreover, the floor does not slope regularly to the Darent, but is steepest at the head, the distance between each contour-line increasing as one descends the valley, viz.—The present valley floor, particularly the upper part, is evidently not the one down which a stream from the Weald would have flowed, for at the above noted rate of increased slope the valley would ‘run out’ (or become extinct) at a very few hundred yards south of the present Chalk escarpment, and this short length is not compatible with the excavation of a valley 100 feet deep, such as the present wind gap.

Wildness implies undecidability for lattices over group rings

1997 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1429-1447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Toffalori
Keyword(s):  
Finite Group ◽  
Group Rings ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Torsionfree Module ◽  
Group A ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Image Position ◽  
A Finite Group ◽  
The Right

Let G be a finite group. A Z [G]-lattice is a finitely generated Z-torsionfree module over the group ring Z [G]. There is a general conjecture concerning classes of modules over sufficiently recursive rings, and linking wildness and undecidability. Given a finite group G, Z [G] is sufficiently recursive, and our aim here is just to investigate this conjecture for Z [G]-lattices. In this setting, the conjecture says thatif and only ifIn particular, we wish to deal here with the direction from the left to the right, so the one assuring that wildness implies undecidability. Of course, before beginning the analysis of this problem, one should agree upon a sharp definition of wildness for lattices. But, for our purposes, one might alternatively accept as a starting point a general classification of wild Z [G]-lattices when G is a finite p-group for some prime p, based on the isomorphism type of G. This is due to several authors and can be found, for instance, in [3]. It says that, when p is a prime and G is a finite p-group, thenif and only if.More precisely, the representation type of Z [G]-lattices is finite when G is cyclic of order ≤ p2, tame domestic when G is the Klein group [1], tame non-domestic when G is cyclic of order 8 [11].So our claim might be stated as follows.

Residual Gas Reactions in the Electron Microscope: I. Qualitative Observations on the Water Gas Reaction

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 292-293
Author(s):  
Richard E. Hartman ◽  
Roberta S. Hartman ◽  
Peter L. Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Residual Gas ◽  
Gas Reactions ◽  
Image Position ◽  
The Right ◽  
Water Gas ◽  
Thinning Rate

The action of water and the electron beam on organic specimens in the electron microscope results in the removal of oxidizable material (primarily hydrogen and carbon) by reactions similar to the water gas reaction .which has the form:The energy required to force the reaction to the right is supplied by the interaction of the electron beam with the specimen.The mass of water striking the specimen is given by:where u = gH2O/cm2 sec, PH2O = partial pressure of water in Torr, & T = absolute temperature of the gas phase. If it is assumed that mass is removed from the specimen by a reaction approximated by (1) and that the specimen is uniformly thinned by the reaction, then the thinning rate in A/ min iswhere x = thickness of the specimen in A, t = time in minutes, & E = efficiency (the fraction of the water striking the specimen which reacts with it).

Structure Information From Electron Diffraction Intensities

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 516-517
Author(s):  
J. Gjønnes ◽  
N. Bøe ◽  
K. Gjønnes
Keyword(s):  
Computational Effort ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Small Unit ◽  
Structure Information ◽  
Dispersion Surface ◽  
Integrated Intensity ◽  
The One ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Convergent Beam ◽  
Beam Patterns

Structure information of high precision can be extracted from intentsity details in convergent beam patterns like the one reproduced in Fig 1. From low order reflections for small unit cell crystals,bonding charges, ionicities and atomic parameters can be derived, (Zuo, Spence and O’Keefe, 1988; Zuo, Spence and Høier 1989; Gjønnes, Matsuhata and Taftø, 1989) , but extension to larger unit cell ma seem difficult. The disks must then be reduced in order to avoid overlap calculations will become more complex and intensity features often less distinct Several avenues may be then explored: increased computational effort in order to handle the necessary many-parameter dynamical calculations; use of zone axis intensities at symmetry positions within the CBED disks, as in Figure 2 measurement of integrated intensity across K-line segments. In the last case measurable quantities which are well defined also from a theoretical viewpoint can be related to a two-beam like expression for the intensity profile:With as an effective Fourier potential equated to a gap at the dispersion surface, this intensity can be integrated across the line, with kinematical and dynamical limits proportional to and at low and high thickness respctively (Blackman, 1939).

Mechanisms of Resource Curse and Economic Policy

2007 ◽  
pp. 4-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Polterovich ◽  
V. Popov ◽  
A. Tonis
Keyword(s):  
Real Exchange Rates ◽  
Resource Curse ◽  
Budget Deficits ◽  
Resource Abundance ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Resource Wealth ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Rich Countries

This paper compares various mechanisms of resource curse leading to a potentially inefficient use of resources; it is demonstrated that each of these mechanisms is associated with market imperfections and can be "corrected" with appropriate government policies. Empirical evidence seems to suggest that resource abundant countries have on average lower budget deficits and inflation, and higher foreign exchange reserves. Besides, lower domestic fuel prices that are typical for resource rich countries have a positive effect on long-term growth even though they are associated with losses resulting from higher energy consumption. On top of that resource abundance allows to reduce income inequalities. So, on the one hand, resource wealth turns out to be conducive to growth, especially in countries with strong institutions. However, on the other hand, resource abundance leads to corruption of institutions and to overvalued real exchange rates. On balance, there is no solid evidence that resource abundant countries grow more slowly than the others, but there is evidence that they grow more slowly than could have grown with the right policies and institutions.

Challenges of Media Education Standards in Georgia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Vekua
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Teaching Methods ◽  
International Standards ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Journalism Education ◽  
Education Standards ◽  
Modern Media ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

The main goal of this research is to determine whether the journalism education of the leading media schools inGeorgia is adequate to modern media market’s demands and challenges. The right answer to this main questionwas found after analyzing Georgian media market’s demands, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, differentaspects of journalism education in Georgia: the historical background, development trends, evaluation ofeducational programs and curricula designs, reflection of international standards in teaching methods, studyingand working conditions.

The Taubman/Golandsky Approach to the Violin

Public Voices ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Sophie Till
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Technical Approach ◽  
Piano Technique ◽  
Pedagogical Approach ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Music Making ◽  
Helping Others ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Three years ago Sophie Till started working with pianist Edna Golandsky, the leading exponent of the Taubman Piano Technique, an internationally acclaimed approach that is well known to pianists, on the one hand, for allowing pianists to attain a phenomenal level of virtuosity and on the other, for solving very serious piano-related injuries. Till, a violinist, quickly realized that here was a unique technical approach that could not only identify and itemize the minute movements that underlie a virtuoso technique but could show how these movements interact and go into music making at the highest level. Furthermore, through the work of the Golandsky Institute, she saw a pedagogical approach that had been developed to a remarkable depth and level of clarity. It was an approach that had the power to communicate in a way she had never seen before, despite her own first class violin training from the earliest age. While the geography and “look” on the violin are different from the piano, the laws governing coordinate motion specifically in playing the instrument are the same for pianists and violinists. As a result of Till’s work translating the technique for violin, a new pedagogical approach for violinists of all ages is emerging; the Taubman/Golandsky Approach to the Violin. In reflecting on these new developments, Edna Golandsky wrote, “I have been working with the Taubman Approach for more than 30 years and have worked regularly with other instrumentalists. However, Sophie Till was the first violinist who asked me to teach her with the same depth that I do with pianists. With her conceptual and intellectual agility as well as complete dedication to helping others, she has been the perfect partner to translate this body of knowledge for violinists. Through this collaboration, Sophie is helping develop a new ‘language’ for violinist that will prevent future problems, solve present ones and start beginners on the right road to becoming the best they can be. The implications of this new work for violinists are enormous.”

Freedom of Expression versus Privacy and the Right to Reputation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Voorhoof
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Media Freedom ◽  
Investigative Journalism ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Right Of Privacy ◽  
The One ◽  
Grand Chamber ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

The normative perspective of this chapter is how to guarantee respect for the fundamental values of freedom of expression and journalistic reporting on matters of public interest in cases where a (public) person claims protection of his or her right to reputation. First it explains why there is an increasing number and expanding potential of conflicts between the right to freedom of expression and media freedom (Article 10 ECHR), on the one hand, and the right of privacy and the right to protection of reputation (Article 8 ECHR), on the other. In addressing and analysing the European Court’s balancing approach in this domain, the characteristics and the impact of the seminal 2012 Grand Chamber judgment in Axel Springer AG v. Germany (no. 1) are identified and explained. On the basis of the analysis of the Court’s subsequent jurisprudence in defamation cases it evaluates whether this case law preserves the public watchdog-function of media, investigative journalism and NGOs reporting on matters of public interest, but tarnishing the reputation of public figures.

scholarly journals MAPPING AND ENHANCING DESIGN STUDIES WITH PSI META-THEORETIC DESIGN FRAMEWORK

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 2007-2016
Author(s):  
Yoram Reich ◽  
Eswaran Subrahmanian
Keyword(s):  
Design Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Design Studies ◽  
Abstraction Level ◽  
Follow Up Studies ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Abstract Framework ◽  
Tools And Methods

AbstractDesign research as a field has been studied from diverse perspectives starting from product inception to their disposal. The product of these studies includes knowledge, tools, methods, processes, frameworks, approaches, and theories. The contexts of these studies are innumerable. The unit of these studies varies from individuals to organizations, using a variety of theoretical tools and methods that have fragmented the field, making it difficult to understand the map of this corpus of knowledge across this diversity.In this paper, we propose a model-based approach that on the one hand, does not delve into the details of the design object itself, but on the other hand, unifies the description of design problem at another abstraction level. The use of this abstract framework allows for describing and comparing underlying models of published design studies using the same language to place them in the right context in which design takes place and to enable to inter-relate them, to understand the wholes and the parts of design studies.Patterns of successful studies could be generated and used by researchers to improve the design of new studies, understand the outcome of existing studies, and plan follow-up studies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document