Mode Coupling at around M-Point in PZT

The question of the microscopic origin of the M-superstructure and additional satellite peaks in the Zr-rich lead zirconate-titanate is discussed for nearly 50 years. Clear contradiction between the selection rules of the critical scattering and the superstructure was found preventing unambiguous attributing of the observed superstructure either to the rotation of the oxygen octahedra or to the antiparallel displacements of the lead cations. Detailed analysis of the satellite pattern explained it as the result of the incommensurate phase transition rather than antiphase domains. Critical dynamics is the key point for the formulated problems. Recently, the oxygen tilt soft mode in the PbZr0.976Ti0.024O3 (PZT2.4) was found. But this does not resolve the extinction rules contradiction. The results of the inelastic X-ray scattering study of the phonon spectra of PZT2.4 around M-point are reported. Strong coupling between the lead and oxygen modes resulting in mode anticrossing and creation of the wide flat part in the lowest phonon dispersion curves is identified. This flat part corresponds to the mixture of the displacements of the lead and oxygen ions and can be an explanation of the extinction rules contradiction. Moreover, a flat dispersion surface is a typical prerequisite for the incommensurate phase transition.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE CHANGE IN THE SURFACE TENSION COEFFICIENT OF VEGETABLE PUREES

При применении инновационных способов производства пищевых продуктов, например ультразвуковой кавитационной обработки, для управления параметрами ультразвукового воздействия необходима предварительная информация об исходных свойствах обрабатываемой среды – теплопроводности, плотности, вязкости, дисперсности, поверхностном натяжении, которой, особенно для пищевых продуктов, пока еще недостаточно. Цель настоящей работы – экспериментально установить влияние температуры на величину коэффициента поверхностного натяжения образцов овощных пюре из моркови, тыквы и кабачков, изготовленных на оборудовании технологического стенда по классической технологии. Из образцов предварительно удаляли дисперсную фазу центрифугированием с фактором разделения 8000 g. Супернатант фильтровали через складчатый бумажный обеззоленный фильтр и для образцов фильтрата определяли коэффициент поверхностного натяжения сталагмометрическим методом по ГОСТ 33276–2015 в сравнении с водой. Плотность пюре устанавливали пикнометрическим методом. Для определения влияния температуры на величину поверхностного натяжения образцы овощного пюре нагревали на водяной бане до 25 и 35°С. Установлено, что для всех исследованных образцов овощных пюре величина коэффициента поверхностного натяжения практически в два раза превышает значение аналогичного показателя для воды. Для математического описания зависимости коэффициента поверхностного натяжения от температуры в образцах овощных пюре использовали эмпирическую формулу Катаямы–Гуггенгейма. Установлено, что изменение коэффициента поверхностного натяжения овощных пюре под влиянием температуры практически не зависит от таксономической принадлежности исходного сырья и начальной текучести продукта. Поэтому при практическом использовании установленную зависимость необходимо исследовать отдельно для каждого вида овощного пюре. Зависимости коэффициентов поверхностного натяжения образцов кабачкового и морковного пюре от температуры практически идентичны. Наиболее выражено влияние температуры на коэффициент поверхностного натяжения тыквенного пюре, что указывает на очевидную необходимость стабилизации температуры технологического процесса для сохранения условий, не выходящих за границы оптимума его реализации. When using innovative methods of food production, for example ultrasonic cavitation treatment, to control the parameters of ultrasonic exposure, preliminary information about the initial properties of the treated medium – thermal conductivity, density, viscosity, dispersion, surface tension is necessary. The purpose of this work is to experimentally establish the effect of temperature on the value of the surface tension coefficient of samples of vegetable purees from carrots, pumpkins and zucchini made on the equipment of the technological stand. The dispersed phase was previously removed from the samples by centrifugation with a separation factor of 8000 g. The supernatant was filtered through a folded paper decontaminated filter and the surface tension coefficient was determined for the filtrate samples by the stalagmometric method according to GOST 33276–2015 in comparison with water. The density of the puree was set pycnometrically. To determine the effect of temperature on the value of surface tension, samples of vegetable puree were heated in a water bath to 25 and 35°C. It was found that for all the studied samples of vegetable purees, the value of the surface tension coefficient is almost twice the value of the same indicator for water. The Katayama–Guggenheim empirical formula was used to mathematically describe the dependence of the surface tension coefficient on the temperature in the samples of vegetable purees. It is established that the change in the surface tension coefficient of vegetable purees under the influence of temperature practically does not depend on the taxonomic affiliation of the raw material and the initial fluidity of the product. Therefore, in practical use, the established dependence should be investigated separately for each type of vegetable puree. The temperature dependences of the surface tension coefficients of zucchini and carrot puree are almost identical. The influence of temperature on the surface tension coefficient is most pronounced in pumpkin puree, which indicates the obvious need to stabilize the temperature of the technological process in order to maintain conditions that do not exceed the optimal limits of its implementation.

Formulation and Evaluation of Fermented Rice Water Herbal Shampoo

Now-a-days, the most occurring problem is hair fall, so the main aim of the study is to reduce hair fall and promote hair growth. The main ingredient in this study is fermented rice water (Oryza sativa) which contains many antioxidants when compared to the plain rice water. Inositol is the major constituent which helps in decreasing hair fall. The herbal shampoo was formulated using some of the traditional herbs like Hibiscus-rosa-sinensis, Phyllanthus emblica, Aloe vera, Trigonella foenum graceum along with fermented rice water in different concentrations and evaluated for various parameters. The prepared herbal shampoo was evaluated with physico-chemical parameters like pH, foam formation, dirt dispersion, surface tension, viscosity and wetting test. The results states that the herbal shampoo possess the following characteristics such as good foam ability, good cleansing, low surface tension, viscosity and soothing property. The evaluation results of the herbal shampoo had shown better results, which is ideal to use, safe and effective in the treatment of hair fall. Keywords: Herbal shampoo, Oryza sativa, Hair fall.

Identifikasi Karakteristik Pengecilan Ukuran dengan Metode Sonikasi dari Formula Insektisida yang Ditambahkan Surfaktan Berbasis Sawit

Size reduction of pesticide formulation can improve its performance to pest and disease control in plant. Size reduction methods were high speed agitation, ultrasonic emulsification, high pressure homogenization, microfluidic and membrane emulsification. Homogenizer and sonication methods were most widely used because its high effectivity in size reduction. The purpose of this research was to identify the effect of size reduction on physico chemical properties of the insecticide formulation by adding palm oil surfactant. The method of this research was to make an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation using 15% active ingredient of emamectin benzoate, xylene, cationic surfactant of 1%, nonionic surfactants of 6% with DEA and APG surfactant ratio of 2:3. This formulation was mixed using Homogenizer at a speed of 4000 rpm and sonication with frequencies of 42 kHz at various times of 15, 30 and 45 minutes. The best result of this research was using sonication method for 45 minutes. The best physico-chemical properties were emulsion stability after 2 hours, cream formation after 24 hours emulsion, particle size of 0.70 μm with homogenous dispersion, surface tension of 25.54 dyne/cm, contact angle at 0 minutes of 25.05⁰ and contact angle after 15 minutes of 0⁰.

Optimal Design of the Vertical Earthing with Electrodes Arranged in Line

The design methods of earthing from standards recommend the choice of electrode lengths and propose that the distances between electrodes to be 1–3 times larger than their length. The number of electrodes is determined from the condition of achieving the design earth resistance, while the design ends with the choice of one of the variants. This paper presents the methodology for calculating the earthing system with cylindrical, vertical electrodes arranged in a line. The main variables are the length and the number of earth electrodes, as well as the distance between adjacent ones. Firstly, a set of technologically advantageous values for the earth electrode length is established (e.g., 10 values). For each value of the electrode length and different numbers of electrodes (e.g., 11 values), the distance between adjacent electrodes is determined (e.g., for 110 cases), which leads to the design value resistance. Finally, optimal solutions are identified based on the five optimal applied criteria. The proposed optimal criteria for earthing design are the footprint area, the total earthing volume, the total dispersion surface, the total metal mass, and the investment costs. Comparing the optimal solutions with other technically possible solutions clearly highlights substantial savings concerning space, material, and cost.

Carbon nanotubes for the synthesis of ceramicmatrix composite (cleaning, dispersion, surface modification) (Review)

In connection with the continuing decrease in the cost of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and the promising properties of ceramic-matrix composites (CMC) reinforced with CNTs, their wide application in industry is on the agenda. It is necessary to create cheap technologies for the production of CNTs to do this. The review of the technological stages of the industrial production of complex-shaped products from KMK reinforced CNTs is given: the cleaning of raw materials after their production, the dispersion of aggregates and some methods for modifying their surface. Ref. 93. Tab. 3.

METHOD FOR DETERMINING AN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD, SCATTERED BY A HORSE IRRADIATOR, PLACED IN THE FOCUS OF THE PARABOLOID ROTATION OF AN ANTENNA SYSTEM OF THE GROUND-DEPENDENT STATIONS

The article proposes an improved mathematical apparatus for studying the amplitudes of the electromagnetic field scattered by an antenna system with a horn feed of pyramidal shape, which is located at the focus of the paraboloid of rotation using the Credo-type ground-based intelligence stations (1RL133). Improvement of the apparatus consists in applying a new method for determining the scattered electromagnetic field reemitted by the irradiator located at the focus of the paraboloid of rotation of the antenna system during normal polarization of the incident plane wave in its plane of incidence, as well as coincidence of the wave and its plane of incidence as a superposition of an arbitrary incidence. The task includes two components: determination of the electromagnetic field in the plane of the focus of the paraboloid of rotation with an arbitrary plane electromagnetic wave falling on it and finding the electromagnetic field scattered from the circular polarization horn feed of the polarized paraboloid with an arbitrary plane electromagnetic wave falling on it. The materials presented in the article and previously received by the author combine the case of an arbitrary fall of an electromagnetic wave, which is a superposition of two cases: the wave is polarized normally to the plane of incidence; coincidence of the polarization of the wave and the plane of its fall. Calculations using the new method will allow evaluating the effect of various elements placed in the plane of focus on the scattering of antenna systems as a whole in any case of a wave falling on a mirror. The construction of radar stations based on a parabolic antenna calculated using a new method will allow one to gain significant advantages over traditional single-polarization radar stations when detecting objects with a small effective dispersion surface and to highlight their information signs.