scholarly journals Inheritance of seasonal cycles in Chrysoperla (Insecta: Neuroptera)

1987 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Tauber ◽  
Maurice J. Tauber
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Chrysoperla Carnea ◽  
Seasonal Cycles ◽  
Reproductive Diapause ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Genetic Systems ◽  
Geographical Populations ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Polygenic System

SummaryTwo separate, but interacting, genetic systems underlie the variation in seasonal cycles among members of the Chrysoperla carnea species-complex. The two systems are expressed as all-or-none reproductive responses to photoperiod and prey (i.e. short-day/long-day requirement for reproduction versus long-day reproduction and prey requirement for reproduction versus reproduction without prey). In each case the alternative to reproduction is reproductive diapause. The photoperiodic responses are determined by alleles at two unlinked autosomal loci. The expression of dominance by the alleles at these loci varies among geographical populations. The genes that determine the photoperiodic responses also act as suppressors of the genes that govern responsiveness to prey. An autosomal, polygenic system, with a threshold for the expression of diapause, determines responsiveness to prey. The two genetic systems are important to seasonal diversification and speciation within the C. carnea species-complex.

Genetic variation in all-or-none life-history traits of the lacewing Chrysoperla carnea

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 1542-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Tauber ◽  
Maurice J. Tauber
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Chrysoperla Carnea ◽  
Seasonal Cycles ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Geographical Populations ◽  
Ecophysiological Response ◽  
Ecophysiological Responses ◽  
Hidden Variation

Aestival reproduction varies qualitatively within many western North American populations of the Chrysoperla carnea species complex; during the summer, individuals either reproduce or enter reproductive diapause. The expression of this all-or-none phenotypic trait is determined by two ecophysiological response patterns: response to photoperiod and response to prey. These response patterns also vary qualitatively. Artificial selection on the reproductive phenotype significantly altered both the pattern of reproduction and the ecophysiological responses that control reproduction. In populations from western North America, the propensity for aestival reproduction is polygenically inherited, and the trait has considerable genetic variability. This variation occurs in two forms: (i) some is expressed currently and is immediately subject to natural selection (actual variation), and (ii) some is expressed in later generations and therefore is subject to natural selection only after recombination (hidden variation). Both forms of variation are important in the evolution of polymorphic seasonal cycles and seasonally diversified geographical populations.

scholarly journals Photoperiodic Response of Nine Alternative Hanging-basket Species

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 681e-681
Author(s):  
Millie S. Williams ◽  
Terri W. Starman ◽  
James E. Faust
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Photoperiodic Response ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Long Day Plants ◽  
Pentas Lanceolata ◽  
Helichrysum Bracteatum

The photoperiodic responses were determined for the following species: Bacopa speciosa `Snowflake', Bidens ferulifolium, Brachycome multifida `Crystal Falls', Helichrysum bracteatum'Golden Beauty', Lysimachia procumbens (Golden Globes), Pentas lanceolata `Starburst', Scaevola aemula `New Blue Wonder', Streptocarpella hybrid `Concord Blue', and Streptosolen jamesonii (Orange Browallia). Each plant species was grown at 8-, 10-, 12-, 14-, and 16-hour photoperiods. Photoperiods were provided by delivering 8 hours sunlight, then pulling black cloth and providing daylength extension with incandescent bulbs. Bacopa speciosa `Snowflake', Bidens ferulifolium, Brachycome multifida `Crystal Falls', Helichrysum bracteatum `Golden Beauty', Scaevola aemula `New Blue Wonder', and Streptocarpella hybrid `Blue Concord' were day neutral, i.e., no difference in days to visible bud or days to anthesis in response to photoperiod were observed. Pentas lanceolata `Starburst' and Lysimachia procumbens (Golden Globes) were quantitative long day plants, i.e., days to anthesis decreased as daylength increased. No difference in days to visible bud, number of lateral shoots, number of nodes, or internode length were observed for Pentas lanceolata `Starburst'; however, days to anthesis for 14- and 16-hour photoperiods occurred 9 days earlier than 8-hour photoperiods. Days to visible bud for Lysimachia procumbens (Golden Globes) occurred 7 days earlier and days to anthesis was 9 days earlier under 14- and 16-hour photoperiods than 8-hour photoperiods. By week 8, only one flower per plant developed in the 8-hour photoperiod while 11 flowers per plant developed in the 14-hour photoperiod. Streptosolen jamesonii (Orange Browallia) was a qualitative short day plant. There was no difference in the days to anthesis between 8- and 10-hour daylength, each averaging 36 days from start of photoperiod treatment. Plants under 12- to 16-hour photoperiods did not flower.

Eucalyptus Physiology. I. Photoperiodic Responses

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 633 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Paton
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Response To Temperature

Seedlings of selected Eucalyptus species grown under factorial combinations of temperature and photoperiod showed greater response to temperature than to photoperiod. In a few cases maximum growth occurred at an optimum photoperiod of about 12 hr. Growth responses to an increase of low intensity light from 8 to 12 hr were usually of the quantitative, long-day type. The 12 hr optimum was associated with quantitative, short-day responses that may occur with an increase ;n photoperiod from 12 to 16 hr. These optima rarely occurred at more than one growing temperature for any one species or seed source. Such temperature dependence, combined with the small magnitude of the two types of response and with the variability among species, may explain many of the hitherto equivocal results on the effect of photoperiod in Eucalyptus. Long-day responses were more common than short-day responses but whether associated with a photoperiod optimum or not, both response types appeared to be largely unrelated to the latitude and to altitude of the seed source. This contrasts with the behaviour of northern hemisphere vegetation.

DIAPAUSE IN CHRYSOPA CARNEA (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE): I. EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD ON REPRODUCTIVELY ACTIVE ADULTS

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice J. Tauber ◽  
Catherine A. Tauber
Keyword(s):  
Fat Body ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Reproductive Diapause ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Chrysopa Carnea ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Active Adults ◽  
Lighting Regimen

AbstractUpon transfer to a photoperiod of LD 12:12 all young, reproductively active Chrysopa carnea Stephens, reared and maintained under LD 16:8, showed a rapid decline in fecundity. One group entered diapause, as shown by the cessation of oviposition within 22 to 34 days, fat body accumulation, and an associated colour change. The females in this group resumed oviposition within 3 to 7 days after being returned to LD 16:8. Females in the other group under short-day conditions continued to oviposit, but at a lower rate than those kept under constant LD 16:8. Our data indicate that the imago is sensitive to both long-day and short-day photoperiods and that some males and females enter a facultative reproductive diapause which is induced and terminated in this stage solely by manipulating the adult lighting regimen.

Effects of melatonin on long-day responses in short-day housed adult Siberian hamsters

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (5) ◽  
pp. R823-R830 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Bartness ◽  
B. D. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Siberian Hamsters ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Secretion Profile ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Epididymal White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Total Body

Testis growth is stimulated when short photoperiod-regressed Siberian hamsters are exposed to a lengthening photoperiod, an effect presumably mediated by the pineal gland through a decrease in the peak nocturnal duration of secretion of its hormone melatonin (MEL)(D. S. Carter and B. D. Goldman, Endocrinology 113: 1268-1273, 1983). We examined this stimulatory or "progonadal" effect of MEL in short photoperiod-regressed, adult male Siberian hamsters that were pinealectomized (PINX) and given timed daily subcutaneous 1) injections of MEL (1 or 10 micrograms/day) or saline or 2) infusions of MEL that were "long day-like" (4 h, 10 or 100 ng/day), "short day-like" (10 h, 10 ng/day), or control saline infusions (4 h/day). Photoregressed sham PINX hamsters were transferred to long days at this time. After 5 wk of treatment, 1-microgram MEL-injected hamsters and both groups of 4-h MEL-infused hamsters had stimulatory responses that mimicked those of the long-day-exposed, sham PINX group [i.e., increased testes, body, and epididymal white adipose tissue (EPIWAT) weights, total body fat, EPIWAT lipoprotein lipase activity, and serum prolactin and follicle-stimulating hormone levels]. These effects were not observed in 10-micrograms MEL- or saline-injected and 10-h MEL- or saline-infused hamsters. Thus the peak nocturnal duration of serum MEL is the critical parameter of the MEL secretion profile for stimulating a variety of photoperiodic responses when photoregressed hamsters are exposed to lengthening daylengths.

scholarly journals Photoperiodic Responses of Ten Alternative Hanging Basket Species

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 502C-502
Author(s):  
Millie S. Williams ◽  
Terri W. Starman ◽  
James E. Faust
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Orthosiphon Stamineus ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Long Day Plants

The photoperiodic responses were determined for the following species: Abutilon hybrid `Apricot', Diascia hybrid `Ruby Fields', Evolvulus glomeratus `Blue Daze', Orthosiphon stamineus `Lavender', Portulaca oleraceae `Apricot', Scaevola aemula `Fancy Fan Falls', Sutera cordata `Mauve Mist' and `Snowflake', Tabernamontana coronaria `Double', and Tibouchina `Spanish Shaw'. Each plant species was grown at 8-, 10-, 12-, 14-, and 16-h photoperiods. Photoperiods were provided by delivering 8 h of sunlight, then pulling black cloth and providing daylength extension with incandescent bulbs. Air temperatures were monitored under each black cloth. Data collected included time to flower, number of flowers, and vegetative characteristics. Diascia, Sutera `Mauve Mist' and `Snowflake', Tabernamontana, and Tibouchina were day neutral with regard to flowering; i.e., no difference in days to visible bud or days to anthesis in response to photoperiod was observed. Portulaca and Scaevola increased in bud and flower number as photoperiod increased from 8 to 16 h, performing similar to quantitative long-day plants. There was no difference in time to flower for Portulaca; however, 70% more flowers were produced under the 16-h photoperiod, compared to the 8-h photoperiod. Scaevola had 26% more flowers under the 16-h than 8-h photoperiod. Abutilon, Evolvulus,and Orthosiphon performed as quantitative short-day plants. Days to visible bud and days to anthesis increased as photoperiod increased for Evolvulus and Orthosiphon, and Abutilon had decreased flower number as photoperiod increased. Although Abutilon had no difference in time to flower, there was a 43% increase in flowers on plants under the 8-h photoperiod vs. 16-h photoperiod. Evolvulus set visible bud and reached anthesis 10 days earlier under 8-h photoperiod than 16-h. Orthosiphon reached visible bud 32 days earlier under an 8-h photoperiod than a 16-h photoperiod.

Carbon dioxide compensation and its association with the photoperiodic response of plants

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 1146-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Purohit ◽  
E. B. Tregunna
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Photoperiodic Response ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
High Carbon Dioxide

Species within subfamilies and tribes of the Gramineae that have low carbon dioxide compensation values are either short-day or day-neutral in their photoperiodic requirement for flowering; those with high carbon dioxide compensation values are long-day, with a few exceptions. Photoperiodic screening of some species of Atriplex, Amaranthus, and Panicum revealed that the species with the C4 syndrome are quantitative short-day or day-neutral, except for P. miliaceum. Those lacking the C4 syndrome have a qualitative short-day requirement for flowering. It is assumed that the C4 syndrome is a derived condition from C3 plants with CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plants probably in between. The photoperiodic responses of the plants seem to have a coevolutionary trend with photosynthetic characters, from long-day types to short-day ones, with plants having a dual photoperiodic requirement in between.

scholarly journals Photoperiodic and thermal requirements for the flowering of Bryo phyllum daigremontianum (Hamet. et Perr.) Berg. and Bryophyllum tubiflorum Harv.

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Teske
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Thermal Requirements ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Species Being

Marked differences were found between the photoperiodic responses of <em>Bryophyllum daigremontianum</em> and <em>Bryophyllum tubiflorum</em>, both species being classified as long-short-day plants (LSDP). The flowering of <em>B. daigremontianum</em> was observed under several photoperiodic conditions, among others under continuous exposure to long day (LD) or after transferring plants from a short-day (SD) to a long-day exposure: both conditions were regarded previously as non-inductive. It is argued that the flowering of <em>B. daigremontianum</em> is conditioned by sufficiently long LD exposure followed by one of two factors: the shortening of the day or the lowering of the temperature. The flowering of <em>B. tubiflorum</em> was observed only under more specific photoperiadic conditions, it seems to be conditioned by several successive changes of the length of the photoperiod.

Control of torpor and body weight patterns by a seasonal timer in Siberian hamsters

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (1) ◽  
pp. R142-R149 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Bartness ◽  
J. A. Elliott ◽  
B. D. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Implant Removal ◽  
Daily Torpor ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Siberian Hamsters ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Preparatory Phase ◽  
Pelage Color ◽  
Seasonal Responses

Two experiments were designed to assess whether the short-day-induced patterns of shallow daily torpor, body weight, and other seasonal responses (food intake and pelage pigmentation) exhibited by Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus sungorus) are under the control of a "seasonal timekeeping mechanism" that is independent of reproductive status [testosterone, (T)]. We examined whether the patterning and expression of these seasonal responses were altered by decreases in serum T that accompany gonadal regression during the first 8 wk of short-day exposure (i.e., the "preparatory phase" of the torpor season) or by experimental increases in serum T after this phase. Short-day-housed, castrated hamsters bearing T implants had long-day levels of the hormone and did not exhibit torpor. Appropriate seasonal patterns and levels of torpor, body weight, pelage color stage, and food intake were exhibited after T implant removal although serum T was clamped to long-day levels during the preparatory phase. In animals that were gonad intact during the preparatory phase and were subsequently castrated and given T implants, torpor did not occur as long as the implants were in place. However, the patterns and levels of daily torpor, food intake, and body weight rapidly returned to appropriate seasonal values compared with the castrated, blank-implanted controls on T implant removal; these effects occurred whether the T implants were removed when torpor frequency was increasing, at its peak, or decreasing across the torpor season. T did not affect pelage color stage under any condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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