Genetic variation in all-or-none life-history traits of the lacewing Chrysoperla carnea

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 1542-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Tauber ◽  
Maurice J. Tauber
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Chrysoperla Carnea ◽  
Seasonal Cycles ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Geographical Populations ◽  
Ecophysiological Response ◽  
Ecophysiological Responses ◽  
Hidden Variation

Aestival reproduction varies qualitatively within many western North American populations of the Chrysoperla carnea species complex; during the summer, individuals either reproduce or enter reproductive diapause. The expression of this all-or-none phenotypic trait is determined by two ecophysiological response patterns: response to photoperiod and response to prey. These response patterns also vary qualitatively. Artificial selection on the reproductive phenotype significantly altered both the pattern of reproduction and the ecophysiological responses that control reproduction. In populations from western North America, the propensity for aestival reproduction is polygenically inherited, and the trait has considerable genetic variability. This variation occurs in two forms: (i) some is expressed currently and is immediately subject to natural selection (actual variation), and (ii) some is expressed in later generations and therefore is subject to natural selection only after recombination (hidden variation). Both forms of variation are important in the evolution of polymorphic seasonal cycles and seasonally diversified geographical populations.

scholarly journals Inheritance of seasonal cycles in Chrysoperla (Insecta: Neuroptera)

1987 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Tauber ◽  
Maurice J. Tauber
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Chrysoperla Carnea ◽  
Seasonal Cycles ◽  
Reproductive Diapause ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Genetic Systems ◽  
Geographical Populations ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Polygenic System

SummaryTwo separate, but interacting, genetic systems underlie the variation in seasonal cycles among members of the Chrysoperla carnea species-complex. The two systems are expressed as all-or-none reproductive responses to photoperiod and prey (i.e. short-day/long-day requirement for reproduction versus long-day reproduction and prey requirement for reproduction versus reproduction without prey). In each case the alternative to reproduction is reproductive diapause. The photoperiodic responses are determined by alleles at two unlinked autosomal loci. The expression of dominance by the alleles at these loci varies among geographical populations. The genes that determine the photoperiodic responses also act as suppressors of the genes that govern responsiveness to prey. An autosomal, polygenic system, with a threshold for the expression of diapause, determines responsiveness to prey. The two genetic systems are important to seasonal diversification and speciation within the C. carnea species-complex.

scholarly journals Genome size correlates with reproductive fitness in seed beetles

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1815) ◽  
pp. 20151421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Göran Arnqvist ◽  
Ahmed Sayadi ◽  
Elina Immonen ◽  
Cosima Hotzy ◽  
Daniel Rankin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Reproductive Fitness ◽  
Correlated Evolution ◽  
Seed Beetles

The ultimate cause of genome size (GS) evolution in eukaryotes remains a major and unresolved puzzle in evolutionary biology. Large-scale comparative studies have failed to find consistent correlations between GS and organismal properties, resulting in the ‘ C -value paradox’. Current hypotheses for the evolution of GS are based either on the balance between mutational events and drift or on natural selection acting upon standing genetic variation in GS. It is, however, currently very difficult to evaluate the role of selection because within-species studies that relate variation in life-history traits to variation in GS are very rare. Here, we report phylogenetic comparative analyses of GS evolution in seed beetles at two distinct taxonomic scales, which combines replicated estimation of GS with experimental assays of life-history traits and reproductive fitness. GS showed rapid and bidirectional evolution across species, but did not show correlated evolution with any of several indices of the relative importance of genetic drift. Within a single species, GS varied by 4–5% across populations and showed positive correlated evolution with independent estimates of male and female reproductive fitness. Collectively, the phylogenetic pattern of GS diversification across and within species in conjunction with the pattern of correlated evolution between GS and fitness provide novel support for the tenet that natural selection plays a key role in shaping GS evolution.

A DARWINIAN DYNAMIC MODEL FOR THE EVOLUTION OF POST-REPRODUCTION SURVIVAL

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
J. M. CUSHING ◽  
KATHRYN STEFANKO
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Discrete Time ◽  
Population Model ◽  
Bifurcation Theory ◽  
Allee Effect ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Low Dimensional

We derive and study a Darwinian dynamic model based on a low-dimensional discrete- time population model focused on two features: density-dependent fertility and a trade-off between inherent (density free) fertility and post-reproduction survival. Both features are assumed to be dependent on a phenotypic trait subject to natural selection. The model tracks the dynamics of the population coupled with that of the population mean trait. We study the stability properties of equilibria by means of bifurcation theory. Whether post-reproduction survival at equilibrium is low or high is shown, in this model, to depend significantly on the nature of the trait dependence of the density effects. An Allee effect can also play a significant role.

scholarly journals Response of life-history traits to artificial and natural selection for virulence and nonvirulence in aDrosophilaparastitoid,Asobara tabida

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joffrey Moiroux ◽  
Joan van Baaren ◽  
Mathilde Poyet ◽  
Aude Couty ◽  
Patrice Eslin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Asobara Tabida ◽  
Selection For

scholarly journals Rapid experimental evolution of reproductive isolation from a single natural population

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (27) ◽  
pp. 13440-13445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott M. Villa ◽  
Juan C. Altuna ◽  
James S. Ruff ◽  
Andrew B. Beach ◽  
Lane I. Mulvey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Natural Population ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Ecological Speciation ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Divergent Natural Selection ◽  
Feather Lice

Ecological speciation occurs when local adaptation generates reproductive isolation as a by-product of natural selection. Although ecological speciation is a fundamental source of diversification, the mechanistic link between natural selection and reproductive isolation remains poorly understood, especially in natural populations. Here, we show that experimental evolution of parasite body size over 4 y (approximately 60 generations) leads to reproductive isolation in natural populations of feather lice on birds. When lice are transferred to pigeons of different sizes, they rapidly evolve differences in body size that are correlated with host size. These differences in size trigger mechanical mating isolation between lice that are locally adapted to the different sized hosts. Size differences among lice also influence the outcome of competition between males for access to females. Thus, body size directly mediates reproductive isolation through its influence on both intersexual compatibility and intrasexual competition. Our results confirm that divergent natural selection acting on a single phenotypic trait can cause reproductive isolation to emerge from a single natural population in real time.

scholarly journals NATURAL SELECTION AND QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS IN WESTERN WOMEN: A TWIN STUDY

Evolution ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Kirk ◽  
Simon P. Blomberg ◽  
David L. Duffy ◽  
Andrew C. Heath ◽  
Ian P. F. Owens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Quantitative Genetics ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Life History Traits

scholarly journals The repeatability of variability: exploring intra- and inter-individual variation in seasonality

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D Matson ◽  
Maaike A Versteegh ◽  
B Irene Tieleman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Animal Experimentation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Seasonal Cycles ◽  
Behavioral Traits

Animals exhibit seasonal cycles in a variety of physiological and behavioral traits. Studies of these cycles can potentially offer new insights into the evolution of individual differences. For natural selection to act, a trait must be both distinctive within individuals and variable among individuals. The extent to which the amplitude and phase of seasonal cycles fulfill these requirements is not well documented. As a preliminary analysis, we investigated seasonal cycles in the body mass of pigeons, which we weighed quarterly over a period of six years. [Our work with these animals complied with all applicable institutional regulations (University of Groningen Animal Experimentation Committee, license no. 5095) and Dutch and European laws.] We employed several of statistical techniques aimed at 1) quantifying the repeatability of seasonality and 2) comparing within- and among-individual variation in seasonality. Our goal is to take what we have learned from our analyses of mass and apply it to other seasonally variable physiological traits, including variables related to immune function.

scholarly journals Robustness in action: Leg loss does not affect mating success in male harvestmen

2022 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Escalante ◽  
Damian O. Elias
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Mating Success ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Courtship Behavior ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Defensive Strategies ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Experimental Findings

Abstract Defensive strategies, like other life-history traits favored by natural selection, may pose constraints on reproduction. A common anti-predator defense strategy that increases immediate survival is autotomy—the voluntary release of body parts. This type of morphological damage is considered to impose future costs for reproduction and fitness. We tested an alternative hypothesis that animals are robust (able to withstand and overcome perturbations) to this type of damage and do not experience any fitness costs in reproductive contexts. We explored the effects of experimental leg loss on the reproductive behavior of one species of Neotropical Prionostemma harvestmen. These arachnids undergo autotomy frequently, do not regenerate legs, and their courtship and mating necessitate the use of legs. We assessed the effect of losing different types of legs (locomotor or sensory) on courtship behavior and mating success in males. We found no differences in the mating success or in any measured aspect of reproductive behavior between eight-legged males and males that experienced loss of legs of any type. Additionally, we found that morphological traits related to body size did not predict mating success. Overall, our experimental findings support the null hypothesis that harvestmen are robust to the consequences of morphological damage and natural selection favors strategies that increase robustness. Significance statement In order to survive encounters with predators, animals have evolved many defensive strategies. Some of those behaviors, however, can come with a cost to their overall body condition. For example, some animals can voluntarily lose body parts (tails, legs, etc.) to escape. This process can then affect many aspects of an animal’s life, including reproduction. In a group of harvestmen (daddy long-legs) from Costa Rica, we tested the hypothesis that males are robust to the potential consequences of losing legs, and will not experience costs. We found that males that lost either legs used for locomotion or for sensory perception reproduced in the same way as animals with all of their legs. Consequently, we demonstrate that these arachnids are able to withstand the loss of legs with no effects on reproduction.

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