Three-dimensional visualization of top-down superimposed thrust sheets in the SW Grenville Province, Ontario

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Jacob W.D. Strong ◽  
Alan P. Dickin
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Grenville Province ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
Thrust Sheets ◽  
History Of ◽  
Seismic Sections ◽  
Back Arc

AbstractTo properly understand the tectonic history of the Grenville Province it is necessary to have a reliable, scientifically based understanding of the present-day three-dimensional (3D) structure of the orogen. Based on detailed Nd isotope mapping of surface boundaries and Lithoprobe seismic sections, this study provides the first detailed visualization of the 3D structure of the Grenville gneiss belt in Ontario using the SketchUp software package. The 3D visualization supports a model in which thrust geometry was imposed from the top downwards, controlled by the NW boundary of the Central Metasedimentary Belt that originated as a failed back-arc rift zone. The Central Metasedimentary Belt boundary controlled the trajectory of the Allochthon Boundary Thrust, its underlying tectonic duplex and, ultimately, the Grenville Front. This process of superimposed thrusting explains the large-scale change in the trajectory of the Grenville Front north of Georgian Bay that has been called the ‘Big Bend’. To assist in visualizing the 3D model, a fly-through animation is provided in the supplementary material.

scholarly journals Digital, Three-Dimensional Visualization of Root Systems in Peat

Soil Systems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Gribbe ◽  
Gesche Blume-Werry ◽  
John Couwenberg
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Soil Matrix

Belowground plant structures are inherently difficult to observe in the field. Sedge peat that mainly consists of partly decayed roots and rhizomes offers a particularly challenging soil matrix to study (live) plant roots. To obtain information on belowground plant morphology, research commonly relies on rhizotrons, excavations, or computerized tomography scans (CT). However, all of these methods have certain limitations. For example, CT scans of peat cores cannot sharply distinguish between plant material and water, and rhizotrons do not provide a 3D structure of the root system. Here, we developed a low-cost approach for 3D visualization of the root system in peat monoliths. Two large diameter (20 cm) peat cores were extracted, frozen and two smaller peat monoliths (47 × 6.5 × 13 cm) were taken from each core. Slices of 0.5 mm or 1 mm were cut from one of the frozen monoliths, respectively, using a paper block cutter and the freshly cut surface of the monolith was photographed after each cut. A 3D model of the fresh (live) roots and rhizomes was reconstructed from the resulting images of the thinner slices based on computerized image analysis, including preprocessing, filtering, segmentation and 3D visualization using the open-source software Fiji, Drishti, and Ilastik. Digital volume measurements on the models produced similar data as manual washing out of roots from the adjacent peat monoliths. The constructed 3D models provide valuable insight into the three-dimensional structure of the root system in the peat matrix.

Depositional and geotectonic history of the Gala area, eastern Southern Uplands, Scotland

1993 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Kassi ◽  
J. A. Weir
Keyword(s):  
Late Stage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Upper Ordovician ◽  
Volcanic Arc ◽  
History Of ◽  
Back Arc

AbstractThe Ordovician and Silurian successions between Falahill and Galashiels encompass six flysch-dominated formations: the Upper Ordovician Portpatrick and Shinnel Formations representing the Leadhills Group, the Llandovery Mindork, Garheugh, and Buckholm Formations together comprising the Gala Group, and a formation indeterminate of age within the Hawick Group. Southward ensialic andesitic volcanic arc and northward low- to medium-grade sialic sources contributed sediment, whilst ophiolitic and subduction-related sources made minor contributions. Deposition took place firstly, in a SE-migrating back-arc basin bordering the northerly source, the Laurentian continent. Subsequent NW-directed underthrusting led to formation out of the back-arc basin of an imbricate thrust stack which migrated southeastwards. Ultimately a foreland successor basin formed ahead of the rising thrust stack.Flysch units are typically associated with linear outcrops of Moffat Shales which are the loci of major steep SE-translating reverse faults, two of which participate in a late-stage sinistral strike–slip duplex with large-scale imbrication. The faults divide the succession into a sequence of tectonostratigraphic blocks, successively younger to the SE. At least six of the ten blocks customarily recognised in the Southern Uplands, Blocks 3–8, are represented, some of which coincide with single or complete formations.

Large-scale glaciotectonic-imbricated thrust sheets on three-dimensional seismic data: facts or artefacts?

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjarne Rafaelsen ◽  
Karin Andreassen ◽  
Kai Hogstad ◽  
Luppo W. Kuilman
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Thrust Sheets

scholarly journals On the time variability of the HH jet ejection process

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (S275) ◽  
pp. 392-395
Author(s):  
Fabio De Colle
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Velocity Variation ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Ejection Process ◽  
Regularization Techniques ◽  
History Of ◽  
Density Map ◽  
Electron Density Map

AbstractTwo-dimensional emission line images of the HH30 jet were recently used (De Colle et al. 2010) to recover the three-dimensional structure of the jet by applying standard tomographic technique (“Tikhonov regularization techniques”). In this paper I show that it is possible to determine the ejection history of the HH30 jet by directly comparing the outcome of numerical simulations with the results of the tomographic inversion. In particular, it is shown that the HH30 jet electron density map is best reproduced by assuming a velocity variation at the base of the jet with a large scale periodicity (with a period of ~3 yrs) added to small scales velocity variation (with periods ≲months).

Lithoprobe line 55: integration of out-of-plane seismic results with surface structure, metamorphism, and geochronology, and the tectonic evolution of the eastern Grenville Province

2000 ◽  
Vol 37 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 341-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Hynes ◽  
Aphrodite Indares ◽  
Toby Rivers ◽  
André Gobeil
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Crustal Thickening ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Seismic Line ◽  
Grenville Province ◽  
Tectonic Model ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
Out Of Plane

Lithoprobe line 55, in the Grenville Province of eastern Quebec, provides unusually good control on the three-dimensional (3-D) geometry and structural relationships among the major lithological units there. Archean basement underlies the exposed Proterozoic rocks, along the entire seismic line, and there is a lateral ramp in this basement immediately behind a lobate stack of thrust slices of high-pressure metamorphic rocks comprising the Manicouagan Imbricate Zone (MIZ). Integration of the 3-D geometry with P-T and geochronological data allows derivation of a tectonic model for the region. The MIZ was buried to depths >60 km at 1050 Ma. Preservation of its high-pressure assemblages, and the absence of metamorphism at 990 Ma, which is characteristic of lower pressure metamorphic rocks that tectonically overlie them, indicates the MIZ rocks were rapidly unroofed, early in the tectonic history. There were two discrete pulses of crustal thickening during the Grenvillian Orogeny in this region. The first, involving imbrication of Labradorian and Pinwarian rocks that comprised part of southeast Laurentia, culminated in the Ottawan pulse at ca. 1050 Ma, and produced the high-pressure metamorphism of the MIZ. Its effects were rapidly reversed, with extrusion of the MIZ rocks to shallow crustal levels at ca. 1020 Ma. The crust was again thickened, with the Moho subsiding to depths >60 km, in the Rigolet pulse at ca. 990 Ma. The site of extrusion of the MIZ was probably controlled by the subsurface lateral ramp. High geothermal gradients indicate that extrusion may have been aided by lithospheric delamination in the crustal-thickening zone.

Research and Application of SOA-Based Simulation System Used in Hydropower Project

2010 ◽  
Vol 121-122 ◽  
pp. 951-957
Author(s):  
De Yun Meng ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Yi Hao
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Simulation System ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Visual Simulation ◽  
Hydropower Project ◽  
Design Of Algorithms ◽  
Construction Design ◽  
Project Construction

In the field of hydropower project, the overabundance of information from multiplex data sources has forced managers and decision makers to spend much time dealing with information they need. Therefore the research on project simulation system is quite necessary. If system can provide some construction plan and schedule of the project properly, it will greatly improve the effectiveness of the plan. After the analysis of specific projects’ process and demands, this paper puts forward a visual simulation solution to large-scale hydropower construction, which including visual simulation model, design of algorithms and system implementation. Based on SOA structure, the optimization model and the simulation results’ 3D visualization are provided and a virtual three-dimensional world of the complicated coordinal construction process is proposed, with the advantage of direct viewing and real-time interactive, facilitating effective technical support for the decision of project construction design, and greatly enhancing the information level of design and organization of large-scale hydropower projects.

A Formulation of Three-Dimensional Residual Mean Flow and Wave Activity Flux Applicable to Equatorial Waves

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 3427-3438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takenari Kinoshita ◽  
Kaoru Sato
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
Stokes Drift ◽  
Equatorial Waves ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Wave Forcing ◽  
Meridional Cross Section ◽  
Wave Activity Flux

Abstract The large-scale waves that are known to be trapped around the equator are called equatorial waves. The equatorial waves cause mean zonal wind acceleration related to quasi-biennial and semiannual oscillations. The interaction between equatorial waves and the mean wind has been studied by using the transformed Eulerian mean (TEM) equations in the meridional cross section. However, to examine the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the interaction, the 3D residual mean flow and wave activity flux for the equatorial waves are needed. The 3D residual mean flow is expressed as the sum of the Eulerian mean flow and Stokes drift. The present study derives a formula that is approximately equal to the 3D Stokes drift for equatorial waves on the equatorial beta plane (EQSD). The 3D wave activity flux for equatorial waves whose divergence corresponds to the wave forcing is also derived using the EQSD. It is shown that the meridionally integrated 3D wave activity flux for equatorial waves is proportional to the group velocity of equatorial waves.

scholarly journals Using AlphaFold to predict the impact of single mutations on protein stability and function

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina A Pak ◽  
Karina A Markhieva ◽  
Mariia S Novikova ◽  
Dmitry S Petrov ◽  
Ilya S Vorobyev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Folding ◽  
Protein Stability ◽  
Structure Prediction ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Single Mutation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

AlphaFold changed the field of structural biology by achieving three-dimensional (3D) structure prediction from protein sequence at experimental quality. The astounding success even led to claims that the protein folding problem is "solved". However, protein folding problem is more than just structure prediction from sequence. Presently, it is unknown if the AlphaFold-triggered revolution could help to solve other problems related to protein folding. Here we assay the ability of AlphaFold to predict the impact of single mutations on protein stability (ΔΔG) and function. To study the question we extracted metrics from AlphaFold predictions before and after single mutation in a protein and correlated the predicted change with the experimentally known ΔΔG values. Additionally, we correlated the AlphaFold predictions on the impact of a single mutation on structure with a large scale dataset of single mutations in GFP with the experimentally assayed levels of fluorescence. We found a very weak or no correlation between AlphaFold output metrics and change of protein stability or fluorescence. Our results imply that AlphaFold cannot be immediately applied to other problems or applications in protein folding.

scholarly journals Multi-Scale 3D Cryo-Correlative Microscopy for Vitrified Cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gong-Her Wu ◽  
Patrick G. Mitchell ◽  
Jesus G. Galaz-Montoya ◽  
Corey W. Hecksel ◽  
Emily M. Sontag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Electron Tomography ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Cryo Electron Tomography

SUMMARYThree-dimensional (3D) visualization of vitrified cells can uncover structures of subcellular complexes without chemical fixation or staining. Here, we present a pipeline integrating three imaging modalities to visualize the same specimen at cryogenic temperature at different scales: cryo-fluorescence confocal microscopy, volume cryo-focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy, and transmission cryo-electron tomography. Our proof-of-concept benchmark revealed the 3D distribution of organelles and subcellular structures in whole heat-shocked yeast cells, including the ultrastructure of protein inclusions that recruit fluorescently-labelled chaperone Hsp104. Since our workflow efficiently integrates imaging at three different scales and can be applied to other types of cells, it could be used for large-scale phenotypic studies of frozen-hydrated specimens in a variety of healthy and diseased conditions with and without treatments.

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