Trees and Plants in The Greek Tragic Writers

1952 ◽  
Vol 21 (62) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward S. Forster
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
General Term ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Third ◽  
Plant Life ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

It was not until the time of Aristotle and his pupil Theophrastus that the Greeks took the initiative in studying botany from a scientific point of view, but naturally earlier Greek writers were interested in varying degrees and for various reasons in the plants which they saw around them, and therefore mention them in their works.The present is the third of a series of articles, the first two of which have appeared in the Classical Review, ‘Trees and Plants in Homer’ (C.R., vol. 1, July 1936, pp. 97 ff.) and ‘Trees and Plants in Herodotus’ (ib., vol. lvi, July 1942, pp. 57 ff.). The present article deals with the references to trees and plants in the thirty-five extant plays and fragments of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. It is proposed first to tabulate the references to trees, shrubs, and plants in these authors and indicate the contexts in which they occur, and then to try to draw some conclusions as to the interest which these writers display in plant life and the attitude which they adopt towards it. Forty-three botanical names occur in the plays of the three dramatists, whereas in Homer there are fifty and in Herodotus fifty-seven. It will be clear, I think, that the dramatists took much less interest in plant-life than either Homer or Herodotus.To take trees and shrubs first, the oak, ρῠς (Quercus robor)—a word which, like the Sanskrit root dru, was originally a general term for ‘tree’ or ‘wood’, and hence is used for the ‘king of trees’—occurs frequently in the Greek tragedians, especially in Euripides.

scholarly journals XI. A Historical Enquiry concerning the Origin and Development of Sufiism, with a list of Definitions of the terms ‘Ṣúfi’ and ‘Taṣawwuf,’ arranged chronologically

1906 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reynold A. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Characteristic Point ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Third ◽  
Chronological Sequence

The nucleus of the present article was meant in the first instance to be added as a note to a chronological list of definitions of the terms ‘Ṣúfí’ and ‘Taṣawwuf’ chiefly compiled from the Risála of Qushayrí (Cairo, 1287 a.h.), the Tadhkiratu'l-Awliyá of Farídu'ddín ‘Aṭṭár (cited as T.A.), and the Nafaḥátu'l-Uns of Jámí (Calcutta, 1859). These works contain about a hundred definitions of ‘Ṣúfí’ and ‘Taṣawwuf,’ none of which exceeds a few lines in length. I thought that it might be interesting, and possibly instructive, to arrange the most important in their chronological sequence, so far as that can be determined, since only in this way are they capable of throwing any light upon the historical development of Ṣúfiism. The result, however, was somewhat meagre. Taken as a whole, those brief sentences which often represent merely a single aspect of the thing defined, a characteristic point of view, or perhaps a momentarily dominant mood, do undoubtedly exhibit the gradual progress of mystical thought in Islam from the beginning of the third to the end of the fourth century after the Hijra, but the evidence which they supply is limited to a vague outline. Accordingly, I resolved to undertake a chronological examination of the doctrine taught by the authors of these definitions and by other distinguished Ṣúfís, and I have here set down the conclusions to which I have come. I do not claim to have exhausted all the available material.

A Pragmatic Approach to Polynormative Governance

2013 ◽  
pp. 204-212
Author(s):  
Matthias Kettner
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Charles Sanders Peirce ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Interesting Problem ◽  
Argumentative Discourse ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Governance Practices ◽  
Governance Practice ◽  
Points Of View

In the first and second part of the present article, the author provides a pragmatic reading of the very idea of governance. With the help of the late pragmatist Frederick Will’s thoughts about the philosophic governance of norms, governance can be construed as a practice that is situated within other practices and whose aim is lending guidance to these practices. Since the point of establishing governance practices is to improve the targeted governed practices, governance is characterized by normativity, e.g. rationality assumptions, reflexivity and relativity to the general and particular significance of the governed practice. A schema is introduced for abductive inferences (as outlined by Charles Sanders Peirce) from observed defects in practices to expected improvements in governance practices. In response to the question, how governance itself is to be governed where it stands in further need of governance, I argue in the third section that there is an interesting problem of “polynormative” governance: Different forms of governance in different domains of practice may differ drastically in their advantages and disadvantages when compared from some particular evaluative point of view, and they will differ drastically across different evaluative points of view. The author argues that argumentative discourse, not in Michel Foucault’s, but in Karl-Otto Apel’s and Jürgen Habermas’ sense of the term, is the governance practice of last resort for our giving and taking reasons. The relation of argumentative discourse to democracy (being the governance practice of last resort for political power) remains to be explored.

scholarly journals Vertellersperspektiefanalise van Nuwe-Testamentiese tekste

2006 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andries G. Van Aarde
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
New Testament ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Narrative Discourse ◽  
The Third ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Point Analysis ◽  
Ideological Perspective ◽  
Generic Elements

Narrative point analysis of New Testament textsThe article forms the second part of an essay that aims to introduce narratological codes applicable for the exegesis of New Testament texts. In the first article generic elements that constitute a narrative discourse were discussed. The focus was on aspects of intercommunicative nature. The aim of the present article is to explain how interactive relationships in a narrative discourse reveal the perspective from which a narrator presents a narration. This perspective pertains to what technically is referred to as “narrative point of view”. The relatedness of this concept to the notion “focalization” is explained by ilustrating the narrator’s situation with regard to the role time, space, and characterization play in the poetics of a narrative. The article is concluded with a discussion of the concept the “narrator’s ideological perspective”. In a following article that forms the third part, the theoretical explanation will be demonstrated by an analysis of John 4:43-54.

scholarly journals Die narratiewe blikhoek in die mikrovertelling oor die genesing van die koninklike se seun deur Jesus in Johannes 4:43-54

2006 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andries G. Van Aarde
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
New Testament ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Narrative Discourse ◽  
The Third ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Ideological Perspective ◽  
John's Gospel ◽  
Generic Elements

Narrative point of view in the healing story of the official’s son by Jesus in John 4:43-54The article forms the third part of an essay that aims to introduce narratological codes applicable to the exegesis of New Testament texts. In the first article generic elements that constitute a narrative discourse were discussed. The focus was on aspects of inter-communicative nature. The aim of the second article was to explain how interactive relationships in a narrative discourse reveal the perspective from which a narrator presents a narration. From the perspective technically referred to as “narrative point of view”, the present article applies the narrator’s situation with regard to the role time, space, and characterization play in the poetics of a narrative to an exegetical analysis of John 4:43-54, focusing on the “narrator’s ideological perspective” in John’s gospel.

scholarly journals On the Authenticity of the Najran Treatise on Jizya: Substantive Analysis of Traditions about Its Text

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-48
Author(s):  
T. K. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Third

This publication is the third in a series of articles devoted to the dominant thesis in traditional Islamic political and legal theology about Jizya as a tribute from Non- Muslims, established by the Prophet Muhammad. The fi rst article analyzed the question of the authenticity, from a formal hadithological point of view (i. e., in the aspect of isnad), of the traditions about Nadjran deputation, and partly about the treaty with the Christians of Najran; in the second, this issue was considered already in a substantial way, referring to the composition of the Christian deputation. The present article continues this substantive analysis, but already in relation to the text of the Jizya treaty. The study is conducted in line with the reformistmodernist discourse, orientated on the disclosure of the tolerant- pluralistic intention of prophetic Islam.

scholarly journals distribution of trimoraic syllables in German and English as evidence for the phonological word

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 41-90
Author(s):  
Tracy A. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Prosodic Word ◽  
The Third ◽  
Phonological Word ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Lexical Phonology ◽  
Formal Point

In the present article I discuss the distribution of trimoraic syllables in German and English. The reason I have chosen to analyze these two languages together is that the data in both languages are strikingly similar. However, although the basic generalization in (1) holds for both German and English, we will see below that trimoraic syllabIes do not have an identical distribution in both languages. In the present study I make the following theoretical claims. First, I argue that the three environments in (1) have a property in common: they all describe the right edge of a phonological word (or prosodic word; henceforth pword). From a formal point of view, I argue that a constraint I dub the THIRD MORA RESTRICTION (henceforth TMR), which ensures that trimoraic syllables surface at the end of a pword, is active in German and English. According to my proposal trimoraic syllables cannot occur morpheme-internally because monomorphemic grammatical words like garden are parsed as single pwords. Second, I argue that the TMR refers crucially to moraic structure. In particular, underlined strings like the ones in (1) will be shown to be trimoraic; neither skeletal positions nor the subsyllabic constituent rhyme are necessary. Third, the TMR will be shown to be violated in certain (predictable) pword-internal cases, as in Monde and chamber; I account for such facts in an OptimalityTheoretic analysis (henceforth OT; Prince & Smolensky 1993) by ranking various markedness constraints among themselves or by ranking them ahead of the TMR. Fourth, I hold that the TMR describes a concrete level of grammar, which I refer to below as the 'surface' representation. In this respect, my treatment differs significantly from the one proposed for English by Borowsky (1986, 1989), in which the English facts are captured in a Lexical Phonology model by ordering the relevant constraint at level 1 in the lexicon.  

Dental Inclusion of Canine and Wisdom Tooth in Orthodontics Chemical Necroses

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 2191-2196
Author(s):  
Cristian Constantin Budacu ◽  
Nicoleta Ioanid ◽  
Cristian Romanec ◽  
Mihail Balan ◽  
Liliana Lacramioara Pavel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Third Molar ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Separate Entity ◽  
Wisdom Tooth ◽  
Facial Aesthetics ◽  
The Third ◽  
Edentulous Mandible ◽  
Canine Guidance ◽  
Upper Jaw ◽  
Functional Point

Canine plays an important role in the dento-maxillary system. From a functional point of view, it provides the canine guidance, by positioning it in the frontal area, has a role in facial aesthetics. It plays an important prosthetic role by having the longest root and one of the longest arcade teeth. Three molars represent the last teeth that erupt in the arches both in the jaw and in the mandible, which is why they remain the most frequently included.Canine incidence is quite common following the wisdom tooth. It can be unilateral or bilateral and is more common in the upper jaw. The canine may remain included at the vestibular, palatal or between the two bones. A separate entity is the incision of the canine in the edentulous mandible or jaw. The study included 213 cases with dento-alveolar pathology, of which 128 patients were selected with dental inclusion. Our study reports that the first three molars are frequent, followed by the canine as opposed to other studies conducted by Guzduz K in 2011 and Fardi A of the same year bringing the canines first (Fardi, Guzduz). Some studies attribute the first place to the superior canine in terms of frequency, but they are abstracted from the molar three inclusion that they consider as most frequently (Compoy). The most common tooth in inclusion is the third molar (lower and upper) followed by the upper canine; the most commonly affected are women for both canine and molar.

The Limit Situation And The Narrative Of War (On The Material Of The Novel “My Lieutenant” By Daniil Granin)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-104
Author(s):  
Anatoly S. Kuprin ◽  
Galina I. Danilina
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Continuous Limit ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Term Limit ◽  
Abstract Author ◽  
The Third ◽  
Definition Of

The purpose of this study is the analysis of limit situation in the narrative of war. The material of the study is the novel of Daniil Granin “My Lieutenant” and related texts. In the first part of the paper, the authors explore existing approaches to the term “limit situation” and similar concepts into scientific and philosophical traditions; limits of its applicability in literary studies and its relation to the categories of “narrative instances” and “event”. Proposed a literary-theoretical definition of the limit situation, which can be used in the analysis of fiction texts. Existing approaches to the examination of the situation of war are analyzed: philosophical-existential, psychoanalytic, sociological, literary. In the second part of the paper, the authors propose their method for analyzing limit situations in texts about war, which basis on existing approaches and preserves the text-centric principle of studying the structure of the story. Two interrelated areas of research have been identified: the study of war as a continuous limit situation in the intertextual aspect (the discourse of war); the study of limit situations (death, suffering, guilt, accident) in the narrative of war as part of a specific text. In the third part of the scientific work,the analysis of war as a continuous limit situation results in the study of the concept of “limit” (border) in a fiction text. The role of “limit” (border) concept in the texts about the war is studied, the possible types of limits in the discourse of war are examined. Limit situations in the narrative of war are analyzed on the basis of the novel “My Lieutenant” by Daniil Granin. A review of journalistic and scientific works about the novel revealed both the continuity and the differences between the novel and the “lieutenant” prose of the 20th century. An analysis of the limit situations in the novel revealed their key position in the narrative. These situations are independent of the fiction time, of the fluctuation of the point of view’; the function of the abstract author is to build the narrative as a “directive” immersion of the hero and narrator in these situations.

Presentation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Redacción CEIICH
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
Feminist Theories ◽  
History Of

<p class="p1">The third number of <span class="s1"><strong>INTER</strong></span><span class="s2"><strong>disciplina </strong></span>underscores this generic reference of <em>Bodies </em>as an approach to a key issue in the understanding of social reality from a humanistic perspective, and to understand, from the social point of view, the contributions of the research in philosophy of the body, cultural history of the anatomy, as well as the approximations queer, feminist theories and the psychoanalytical, and literary studies.</p>

scholarly journals William II of Hauteville (1171–1189)

Encyclopedia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-551
Author(s):  
Mirko Vagnoni
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Third

William II of Hauteville King of Sicily (1171–1189). William II of Hauteville was the third king of the Norman dynasty on the throne of Sicily. He ruled independently from 1171 (from 1166 to 1171 he was under the regency of his mother) to 1189. From an iconographic point of view, he is particularly interesting because he was the first king of Sicily who made use of monumental images of himself. In particular, we have five official (namely, commissioned directly by him or his entourage) representations of him: the royal bull, the royal seal, and three images from the Cathedral of Monreale (near Palermo): two mosaic panels and one carved capital.

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