Women In Roman Baths

1992 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Bowen Ward
Keyword(s):  
The Public ◽  
Public Baths ◽  
Roman Baths ◽  
Food Market

In 177 CE Christians in Lugdunum and Vienna in Gaul were persecuted, and some were martyred. The survivors sent a letter by Irenaeus to the churches in Asia and Phrygia describing what happened. Among other things, they complained that they were excluded from the baths (βαλανεῖα). Later in his Adversus haereses (ca. 190 CE) Irenaeus referred to a story he claimed stemmed from Polycarp of Smyrna, who died ca. 156 CE, about John the disciple going to the public baths (βαλανεῖον) in Ephesus where he saw Cerinthus. Tertullian of Carthage in his Apologeticum (197 CE) claimed that the Christians were no different from other people: they went to the forum, the food market, and the baths (balneia). These three passages, among the earliest references to Roman baths by Christians, suggest no ethical reservations about going to the baths. An interesting question arises: Were there women in these baths?

scholarly journals Research and conservation in Marina el-Alamein in 2016 (Polish–Egyptian Conservation mission)

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Czerner ◽  
Grażyna Bąkowska-Czerner ◽  
Wiesław Grzegorek ◽  
Piotr Zambrzycki
Keyword(s):  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
The South ◽  
The Public ◽  
Southern Area ◽  
Public Baths ◽  
Roman Baths ◽  
Area North

Activities undertaken by the Polish–Egyptian Conservation Mission to Marina el-Alamein in 2016 included research and conservation in the public district of the ancient town as well as in private houses. Work focused foremost on research, conservation and exhibition of monuments in the central town square, especially the remains of a peristyle adjacent from the east, and the southern portico of the square itself. Research and conservation continued also in the area north of the central square, concentrating on the remains of public baths dating from the Hellenistic period and, on the south, on the remnants of Roman baths in use from the 2nd to the 3rd century AD. Maintenance conservation was carried out in private houses, in both baths complexes and in the eastern and southern area of the central square.

scholarly journals Research and conservation in Marina el-Alamein in 2014 and 2015 (Polish–Egyptian Conservation mission). Part one: The Southern Bath and central town square

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 145-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Majcherek ◽  
Grażyna Bąkowska-Czerner ◽  
Rafał Czerner ◽  
Wiesław Grzegorek
Keyword(s):  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Baths ◽  
Roman Baths ◽  
Area North

Activities undertaken by the Polish–Egyptian Conservation Mission to Marina el-Alamein in 2014 and 2015 included research and conservation in the public district of the ancient town as well as in private houses. The emphasis was foremost on research, conservation and exhibition of monuments in the area north of the central town square, especially the remains of public baths dating from the Hellenistic period. Research and conservation continued also in the area south of the central square, concentrating on the remains of Roman baths in use from the 2nd to the 4th century AD. Current maintenance and conservation were carried out in private houses and in the area south of the central square.

scholarly journals A Decision-Making Model for Deterring Food Vendors from Selling Harmless Low-Quality Foods as High-Quality Foods to Consumers

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Po-Yu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Protective Measure ◽  
Dynamic Approach ◽  
Food Adulteration ◽  
The Public ◽  
Food Market ◽  
Decision Making Model

For certain types of foods, food vendors often label low-quality foods that are harmless to human health as foods of excellent quality and sell these falsely labeled products to consumers. Because this type of food poses no harm to human health, when public health units discover their act of false labeling or food adulteration, vendors are only penalized with a fine rather than having them assume criminal liability. Upon discovering vendors act of falsely labeling food, public health units typically punish the involved parties according to the extent of false labeling. Such static protective measure is ineffective. Instead, the extent of punishment should be based not only on the extent of false labeling, but also on the frequency of food sampling as well as the number of samples obtained for food inspections. Only through this dynamic approach can food adulteration or false labeling be effectively prevented. Adopting the standpoint of the public sector in food safety management, this study developed a mathematical model that facilitates discussion on the aforementioned problems. Furthermore, we discussed how the supply-demand environmental factors of the food market are influenced by the administrative means that the public health units have used to prevent food false labeling.

scholarly journals Barcelona food retailing and public markets, 1876–1936

Urban History ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 454-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
NADIA FAVA ◽  
MANEL GUÀRDIA ◽  
JOSÉ LUIS OYÓN
Keyword(s):  
Food Retailing ◽  
Public Markets ◽  
The Public ◽  
System A ◽  
Urban Markets ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Kinship Relations ◽  
Food Market ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries

ABSTRACTThis article is a contribution to comparative research between specific urban markets trajectories in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and it aims to juxtapose southern European food market experiences, particularly the Barcelona case, with west European ones. Like other big cities in southern and central Europe, Barcelona consolidated a sturdy polycentric system of district markets between 1876 and 1936, just when such markets were beginning to decline in ‘first comers’ cities of Britain and France. In the inter-war period, the market halls of southern European cities played a prominent role in the everyday food trade and as functional and socializing centres in neighbourhoods. They were poles of dense residential and kinship relations for stall vendors, especially women vendors, and foci of a large part of the food retailing business in many neighbourhoods. Barcelona's particular historical circumstances made the public covered market system a fundamental element of neighbourhood commerce and a long-term urban asset.

SOME RESULTS OF THE SELF-INSULATION REGIME FOR THE PUBLIC FOOD MARKET

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Chimitdorzhiev
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
The Public ◽  
Rich Food ◽  
The World ◽  
Food Market

The world will no longer be the same as it was before the coronavirus. The economy changes due to stress. Catering has been at the forefront of the coronavirus attack. The omnichannel concept will help catering to survive in stressful situations. The company's management should intensify measures to improve equifinality and adaptability. The growth of sales in the take-out and delivery channels provides a rich food for thought for entrepreneurs how to grow their business under stressful conditions

scholarly journals Agricultural supply management and farm policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harwood D. Schaffer ◽  
Daryll E. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Supply Management ◽  
Walk Away ◽  
The Public ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Goods Market ◽  
Food Market ◽  
Economic Goods

AbstractFor most economic goods market participants are ‘not forced to make a deal.’ They can walk away, perhaps permanently, or revisit a transaction later if the terms of trade are more to their liking. That is not the case for food. It is a biological necessity to participate in the food market. This coercive property of food demand and other unique market characteristics make the agricultural sector very unresponsive to changes in price and hence—in contrast to textbook expectations—its ability to quickly self-correct. In recent decades agricultural policy legislation has not taken into account the root causes of agriculture's chronic price and income problems. As a result, it has been largely ineffective and unnecessarily expensive. We argue in this paper that a well-designed supply management program can take agriculture's unique characteristics into account in a way that benefits farmers, consumers and the public as a whole.

Islamiske renhedskategorier

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Østergaard Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Baths ◽  
Local Traditions ◽  
Common Logic ◽  
Islamic Rituals

Tahāra, the Islamic regulations of purity are discussed as they appear in the Islamic scriptures, and as they are practised in Morocco during visits to the public baths, hammām. The formal and local traditions are not considered as opposites, but they are demonstrated to be interacting in a common logic. It is pointed out that impurity is mainly connected to activities necessary for the reproduction of the human body. Consequently, it is proposed that the ablution and the visit to hammām are ways to transcend the earthly condition and prepare for a connection to God. Furthermore, it is suggested that Tahāra, as a system of meaning, can function as an approach to the analysis of other Islamic rituals, for example the fast of Ramadan.

‘The Old Work’ at the Roman Public Baths at Wroxeter

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-239
Author(s):  
Graham Webster ◽  
Paul Woodfield
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Public ◽  
The North ◽  
Public Baths ◽  
Northern Side ◽  
The Town

The Public Baths in the Roman town of Viroconium, the tribal centre of the Cornovii, have long attracted the attention of the antiquary through the miraculous preservation above ground of a length of walling. This is in fact one of the only three substantial portions of walls of Roman civil buildings in Britain which have survived the stone robbers of medieval and later times. The other two, the Mint Wall at Lincoln and the Jewry Wall at Leicester must owe their survival to being incorporated in later buildings in the middle of a medieval town. But at Wroxeter ‘The Old Work’, as it has been called since Camden's time, stands today as it has stood for centuries in the midst of cornfields. Why this wall should have stood while others were demolished and even their foundations grubbed out must remain a problem. It was clearly a place to begin excavations and Thomas Wright records that ‘on the 3rd February 1859 a pit was sunk against the northern side of the ‘Old Wall’. His excavation developed to the north and revealed the long basilican hall which can now be recognized as the palaestra of the Baths, although at the time this was not fully understood. Indeed after further work by G. E. Fox and W. H. St. John Hope in 1896 and 1899, summarized by F. Haverfield, the identification of this as the Basilica or lawcourts of the town persisted.

scholarly journals Research and architectural conservation in Marina el-Alamein in 2018 (Polish–Egyptian Conservation Mission)

2019 ◽  
pp. 81-99
Author(s):  
Grażyna Bąkowska-Czerner ◽  
Rafał Czerner
Keyword(s):  
The Public ◽  
Roman Baths ◽  
Architectural Conservation ◽  
Town Center ◽  
Land Grading

Activities undertaken by the Polish–Egyptian Conservation Mission to Marina el-Alamein in 2018 comprised research and conservation mainly in the public district of the ancient town and, additionally, in private houses. Work focused foremost on research and presentation of remains of two streets, running east and south of the southeastern corner of the main town square, and the adjoining monuments. Research and conservation continued also on the remains of public Roman baths dating from the 1st to the 3rd century AD, located in the area south of the square. Maintenance conservation was carried out in Houses H21c and H1 and in the ancient town center. Land grading to enhance exhibition value and ensure rainwater drainage was carried out in some areas.

scholarly journals Research and conservation in Marina el-Alamein in the 2012 and 2013 seasons. The Polish–Egyptian Conservation Mission

2016 ◽  
Vol XXIV (1) ◽  
pp. 87-100
Author(s):  
Rafał Czerner ◽  
Grażyna Bąkowska-Czerner ◽  
Wiesław Grzegorek
Keyword(s):  
The Public ◽  
Public Square ◽  
Mural Paintings ◽  
Public Baths ◽  
A Site

In 2012 and 2013, the Polish–Egyptian Conservation Mission to Marina el-Alamein focused on research and conservation in the public part of the ancient town, the dwelling houses and the necropolis. A site presentation program was continued in the area south of a public square, where remains of Roman public baths, in use from the 2nd to the 4th century, have survived. Current maintenance and conservation was carried out on the site of dwelling houses and, in 2013, on the aboveground mausoleum of tomb T21 in the necropolis. Conservation of mural paintings was undertaken also during the seasons.

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