I. England and the Italian War of 1859

1962 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Great Effort ◽  
Naval Power ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Moment

One of the difficult and important decisions which confronted Napoleon during his last days in Paris concerned the use of his fleet. Strategically there was overwhelming argument for its immediate and energetic employment. On land, Austria was starting the war with large advantages; in numbers, in preparation, in position, in geographical facilities of every kind. But on sea, she was nowhere. Never a formidable naval power, her small fleet was at the moment in a condition of more than ordinary decrepitude. That of France, on the contrary, had recently been raised by the Emperor to a size and efficiency which had attracted the uneasy attention of the British admiralty. Obviously, therefore, if Italy were indeed to be freed to the Adriatic, it was of the first importance that France should assert and use to the full her maritime superiority in the Adriatic. Only so could the famous Quadrilateral be taken in the rear, and Austria made conscious of her one geographical disadvantage: the inadequacy of her railway communications with her front. The Emperor had accordingly given detailed instructions for the sending of such a fleet, prepared to effect a landing at Venice. But now at the last moment the threatening attitude of England caused him to countermand them. For the Derby government not only dispatched a formidable fleet itself to the Mediterranean, but proceeded to advance an urgent request for the neutralization of the Adriatic. ‘Before the Emperor leaves Paris,’ wrote Malmesbury to Cowley on 2 May, ‘make a great effort to keep us out of the war by obtaining his consent to neutralise the Adriatic.’

scholarly journals Negotiating a Postmemory Dichotomy: Nostalgia and Aversion in Malta

Politeja ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2(65)) ◽  
pp. 239-256
Author(s):  
George Cassar ◽  
Marie Avellino
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Service Personnel ◽  
Second Home ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Mediterranean

The island of Malta has served as a strategic colony since the dawn of history. Since Phoenician and Roman times, the island has been an important base in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. Its last colonisers, the British, spent about 180 years using the islands for their imperial needs. The official closing of the British base on 31 March 1979 heralded a new economic and social reality supposedly unhampered by the exigencies of foreigners. Two major post-memory reactions kicked in – nostalgia and aversion to ex-colonial life. The postcolonial Maltese generations exhibit a range of reactions oscillating between love and hate for the British. On the other hand, British ex-service personnel and their families have continued to feel an affinity with the island base which they had come to acknowledge as a second home. This allows for a new type of relationship between the Maltese people and their British visitors where issues of colonial post-memory are negotiated. These are seen at their best in the local tourism industry. Malta woos British tourists and goes to great effort to attract them. It uses to its advantage the colonial affinity to create an attractive destination for the British which benefits the locals and the Maltese economy. In Malta post-memory has evolved in line with necessity and expediency, where animosity, though manifestly tangible, has gradually morphed into a rather benign residue in the collective reaction to the colonial past.

Italy and Spain may see more terrorist attacks

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Islamist Terrorism ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Moment

Subject Terrorism trends across Europe. Significance While there have been numerous attacks organised or inspired by Islamist terrorism in Europe, Spain and Italy have been spared significant violence in recent years. This goes against what might be expected from previous events: Spain saw the deaths of 192 people in 2004 from coordinated bombings by an al-Qaida cell and Italy has been receiving heavy flows of migrants, among which there are fears of smuggled Islamic State (IS) operatives. Impacts The wave of migrants using the Mediterranean route into Italy does not appear to pose a significant radicalisation threat at the moment. However, it may lead to long-lasting social divisions if public services designed to assist integration are overwhelmed. Migration and security policy will be key issues in upcoming elections across Europe.

The Conundrum of American Power in the Age of World War I

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-365
Author(s):  
Katherine C. Epstein
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War I ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Power ◽  
World War ◽  
Spanish American War ◽  
Power Projection ◽  
Naval Power ◽  
Global Power ◽  
The Moment

Reports of the rise of the United States to a lead role on the global stage in the early twentieth century have been greatly exaggerated. As many Americans at the time recognized, the United States continued to have less capacity for overseas power projection and remained far more dependent on the world's reigning hegemon, Great Britain, than is generally now realized. The United States, it is true, acquired an overseas empire in 1898. But it lacked the basic attributes of a great power, such as economic sovereignty, naval power, and domestic consensus on the desirability of global great-power status. Even after World War I, which was a better candidate than the Spanish-American War as the moment when the United States became a leading global power, both the material and the cultural basis of that power remained fragile.

Poorly known sponges in the Mediterranean with the detection of some taxonomic inconsistencies

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Julio A. Díaz ◽  
Sergio Ramírez-Amaro ◽  
Francesc Ordines ◽  
Paco Cárdenas ◽  
Pere Ferriol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Current Position ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit ◽  
Gulf Of Lion ◽  
Mixed Features ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Moment ◽  
First Time

Abstract The poorly known sponge species Axinella vellerea (Topsent, 1904), Acarnus levii (Vacelet, 1960) and Haliclona poecillastroides (Vacelet, 1969) are reported from bottom-trawl samples off the Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean. A re-description is provided for all three species and the Folmer fragment of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) obtained for A. levii and H. poecillastroides. This is the second report of A. vellerea in the Mediterranean, the first time that A. levii is reported outside Corsica and the first time that H. poecillastroides is documented outside the Gulf of Lion, France. The systematic allocation of A. levii and H. poecillastroides is discussed based on a COI phylogenetic analysis and morphology. The poorly understood phylogeny of the Haplosclerida does not permit us to find a proper allocation for H. poecillastroides, although its current position in the genus Haliclona or the family Chalinidae is not defensible. On the other hand, A. levii currently fits best in the family Microcionidae, and seems related to some Clathria species with mixed features between Clathria and Acarnus. Considering that the species of the genus Acarnus shares a strong synapomorphy (the possession of Cladotylotes), it is plausible for all Acarnus species to be Microcionids. We conclude that H. poecillastroides needs to be reallocated to a new genus: Xestospongia poecillastroides comb. nov. (Petrosiidae). However, a reallocation of A. levii is not advisable for the moment, as this would imply major systematic changes such as the reallocation of the whole genus Acarnus to Microcionidae, and the redescription of Microcionidae and Acarnidae.

Light and Shadow Effects in Megalithic Monuments in the Iberian Peninsula

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. César González-García
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Social Concept ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Light And Shadow ◽  
Inner Parts

Atlantic Europe and the Mediterranean, especially the Iberian Peninsula, contain thousands of Megalithic monuments, such as dolmens and passage graves, built at the end of the Neolithic and Bronze Age. These are funereal monuments normally built with large bolders that define a space usually kept in darkness except for a period of time when light may enter the inner parts. These light and shadow displays were used in all likelihood to highlight differences between the realms of the dead and the living, and also incorporated other meanings related to the surrounding landscape and the social concept of time. How direct, indirect or penumbral light is incorporated into the otherwise dark inner parts of a dolmen are investigated. The interplay of light with the inner parts of these monuments, for instance decoration, is scrutinized. This chapter reviews these issues and outlines an interpretation in which the location, orientation, architecture, and perhaps even the shape of megalithic monuments were considered at the moment of their construction in order to incorporate light and shadow into the realm of the dead.

The Pandora’s box: Morphological diversity within the genus Amphiglena Claparède, 1864 (Sabellidae, Annelida) in the Mediterranean Sea, with description of nine new species

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4949 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-239
Author(s):  
ADRIANA GIANGRANDE ◽  
MATTEO PUTIGNANO ◽  
MARGHERITA LICCIANO ◽  
MARIA CRISTINA GAMBI
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Hydrothermal Systems ◽  
Ionian Sea ◽  
Gulf Of Naples ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Moment ◽  
High Diversity

We report the description of nine new taxa of sabellid polychaetes belonging to the genus Amphiglena, of which diversity in the Mediterranean Sea has been widely underestimated. Examined material derived from both new collections along the Italian coast, including four CO2 vents/hydrothermal systems, and from a re-examination of older material previously attributed to A. mediterranera (Leydig, 1851) which was so far the only species of the genus reported for the Mediterranean area. The analysis revealed the presence of different taxa also consistent with a previous molecular analysis conducted on material from the Gulf of Naples and the Salento coast (Ionian Sea). This led to an increase in the number of species in the genus and to highlight the occurrence in the Mediterranean Sea of a high diversity within the genus. A key to the Mediterranean Sea species of Amphiglena is also provided. Some taxa, however, remain for the moment undescribed due to the poor preservation of the old material, and the lack of the type material for this taxon. A major revision of all the Mediterranean material previously attributed to A. mediterranea from both morphological and molecular points of view is needed. 

Two Armistices and a Surrender

1946 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-158
Author(s):  
Malbone W. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Naval Power ◽  
Italian Government ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Accurate Record ◽  
Insight Into

The publication, on November 6,1945, of a series of documents embodying the terms of the armistice arrangements successively entered into between the Italian Government and the American and British Commanders in the Mediterranean area makes possible an accurate, if necessarily belated, evaluation of their form, content, and import. The text serve as an interesting and accurate record of the degree and intensity of cohesion of the coalition which Italy then faced in the field, and afford an insight into the variform problems which an armistice with a naval power inevitably raises. Because the laying down of Italian arms constituted the first concrete implementation of the concept of unconditional surrender the two armistices in which it was embodied offer an illuminating indication of the juridical form and content of “unconditional surrender” in 1943 with which the surrender instruments and orders of 1945 can be compared.

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