ADAM SMITH AS ADVOCATE OF EMPIRE, c. 1870–1932

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARC-WILLIAM PALEN
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Economic Downturns ◽  
Wealth Of Nations

ABSTRACTThis article examines howThe wealth of nations(1776) was transformed into an amorphous text regarding the imperial question throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Adam Smith had left behind an ambiguous legacy on the subject of empire: a legacy that left long-term effects upon subsequent British imperial debates. In his chapter on colonies, Smith had proposed both a scheme for the gradual devolution of the British empire and a theoretical scheme for imperial federation. In response to the growing global popularity of protectionism and imperial expansionism, the rapid development of new tools of globalization, and the frequent onset of economic downturns throughout the late Victorian and Edwardian eras, turn-of-the-century proponents of British imperial federation formed into a formidable opposition to England's prevailing free trade orthodoxy – Cobdenism – a free trade ideology which famously expanded upon the anti-imperial dimensions ofThe wealth of nations. Ironically, at the turn of the century many advocates for imperial federation also turned to Smith for their intellectual inspiration. Adam Smith thus became an advocate of empire, and his advocacy left an indelible intellectual mark upon the burgeoning British imperial crisis.

II. Adam Smith's Project of an Empire

1925 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Benians
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Natural System ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wealth Of Nations ◽  
General Opinion

It is now nearly one hundred and fifty years since the publication of the Wealth of Nations and the Declaration of American Independence. The two events, closely associated in time, recall each other; for in his famous chapter on colonies Adam Smith predicted, with little apparent regret, the loss of the American colonies, and outlined the project of an empire which he thought could have been preserved and been worth preserving. That chapter, though it did not influence the course of the controversy which called it forth, nor, for a time, the colonial policy of Great Britain, has become, none the less, a landmark in the history of the British Empire. After Adam Smith had written, it was possible to think of colonies in a new way, though it was still not impossible to treat them in the old. The united empire of which he dreamed never became a fact, or even a political programme, but the ideas which he advanced bore their fruit in general opinion, and the spirit in which he wrote was in due course to animate a generation of colonial reformers and to bring forth a new and better colonial policy. Durham and his friends did not advocate Smith's imperial Parliament, the “States General of the British Empire,” and they did advocate imperial control of colonial trade, and not his “natural system of perfect liberty and justice”; but one may believe that the faith in the future of the British Empire which inspires the speeches of Molesworth and Buller, the Report on Canada and the Art of Colonization, owed some of its vitality to the courageous Utopia imagined in the Wealth of Nations.

Making Music and Masculinity in Vagrancy’s Shadow: Race, Wealth, and Malandragem in Post-Abolition Rio de Janeiro

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-625
Author(s):  
Marc A. Hertzman
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Mixed Race ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Free Society ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Music Market ◽  
Black Poor ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This article discusses strategies which Afro-Brazilian men used to distance themselves from demeaning assumptions and stereotypes attached to slavery and vagrancy in Rio de Janeiro. The piece focuses on the first 50 years after abolition (1888) but also shows how the ideologia da vadiagem—a set of ideas and stereotypes which defined black, poor, and mixed-race men and women as lazy and inferior—cast a long shadow deep into the twentieth century. The primary lens is the music market, which, beginning around the turn of the century, provided one of the earliest and most public venues in which black men were judged as members of a free society. Some musicians played samba and a number used malandragem, the lifestyle and ethos of flashy, masculine, malandro hustler figures, to cater to audience desires and also to distinguish themselves from caricatures of sickly, weak vadios (vagrants or idlers). Other artists rejected malandragem or only embraced it selectively, instead preferring a more toned-down “professional” look and demeanor meant to secure dignity and respect for themselves, their music, and the communities for which they served as figureheads. Eduardo das Neves, Moreno, Donga, Pixinguinha, Brancura, and Ismael Silva are among the musicians discussed here. By interpreting malandragem as a response to the ideologia da vadiagem, and as one of many identities and strategies employed by black entertainers, the article provides unique insights about the relationship between race, class, gender, and sexuality and a new way to understand the long-term effects of slavery and related assumptions about race and masculinity in Brazil.

scholarly journals Piketty’s Capital. The Revival of Political Philosophy, Political Economy and Social Sciences in the Light of the Declaration of Human and Citizens’ Rights in the French Revolution of 1789

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Øjvind Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
First Century ◽  
World Population ◽  
Classical Political Economy ◽  
The World ◽  
Wealth Of Nations ◽  
The French Revolution

Piketty’s Capital in Twenty-First Century has posed a totally new platform for the discussion of the economy and capitalism. Piketty has reinvented the classical political economy founded by Adam Smith in his 1776 Wealth of Nations. Piketty has shown via massive historical research how growth and inequality have developed since 1793. Piketty’s conclusion is that the French Revolution did not change the existing inequality either in the medium or in the long term. Piketty’s prediction is that a new form of global capitalism will arise, patrimonial capitalism, in which inequality will develop further and the 1% of the World population will control 95% of all wealth in the World.

scholarly journals Children's Schooling and Parental Migration: Empirical Evidence on the 'Left-behind' Generation in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol III (I) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Shahid Iqbal ◽  
Anwaar Mohyuddin ◽  
Riaz Ahmad Muazzmi
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
School Level ◽  
School Type ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Parental Migration ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Children's Schooling ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the long-term effects of parental international migration on the schooling of children left behind in Pakistan. Although parents' migration usually benefits children economically but the lack of parental care may cause relational and psychological problems that may affect children's welfare in the long term. The locale of the present study is district Gujrat where the labor migration is considered as the best viable way to cope with an increasing poverty and the scarcity of public resources for sustaining households' incomes. To gain the objectives of the study, a mix methods approach has been used for the collection and analysis of data. In the present study the impact of migration on the education of the children was measured through their enrolment in school, type of institution and level of investment on education, dropout from the school, level of achievement. The results show that parental migration has a positive impact on the enrolment of children and investment on education, but it has negative impact on the dropout and level of achievement especially in case of boys.

From John Smith to Adam Smith

Virginia 1619 ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 282-308
Author(s):  
Jack P. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Systematic Survey ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Settler Colonization ◽  
Wealth Of Nations ◽  
The Many ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Considerable Experience

This chapter explores the long-term legacies of 1619 for the construction of an English settler colonial model. While contemporary Irish plantation projects gave the English colonizing movement considerable experience with settler colonization in densely populated and recognizably European areas, that experience by no means prepared that movement for planting in far-off lands inhabited by unfamiliar people with exotic cultures. As England’s first sustained experience with settler colonization at a distance, the Virginia colony played a foundational role in identifying, confronting, and working out solutions to the many problems that colonizers throughout the Anglo-American world would face as they created in the Americas the powerful and highly successful settler empire that many observers, including Adam Smith in the Wealth of Nations (1776), would celebrate during the last half of the eighteenth century. This essay treats the Virginia colony as a learning laboratory and offer a systematic survey of the problems the colony confronted and how its solutions would inform and influence later English settler colonizing projects.

Unilateral Free Trade Versus Reciprocity in The Wealth of Nations

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin G. West
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Main Topic ◽  
Domestic Industry ◽  
First Case ◽  
Wealth Of Nations ◽  
At Home

In Chapter 2, Book IV, of The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith assesses the appropriateness of the policy of tariff retaliation or reciprocity. His deliberations are prefaced by a discussion of two rather innocuous cases that turn out to have very little to do with the main topic. In the first case it is advantageous “to lay some burden upon foreign, for the encouragement of domestic industry” (WN, p. 463) when that particular industry is necessary for the defence of the country. Smith's second case refers to the situation when some domestic tax is being imposed on a good produced at home. In this situation Smith believed it reasonable that an equal tax should be imposed on the same good when it was imported (WN, p. 465).

scholarly journals Impacts of international labor migration on the mental health and well-being of left-behind children

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Antia ◽  
J Boucsein ◽  
A Deckert ◽  
P Dambach ◽  
J Racaite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Transnational Families ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Health And Well Being

Abstract Background Labor migration is a challenge for the globalised world due to its long-term effects such as the formation of transnational families with the particularly vulnerable groups of left-behind children (LBC). These families, where family members of migrant workers are 'left-behind' are becoming common practice in many developing countries. In this systematic literature review, we aimed to investigate the impacts of parental labor migration on the mental health and well-being of their LBC. Methods Following the PRISMA guidelines, we performed a systematic literature search in English using PubMed, PsychINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar for studies, investigating mental health and well-being among LBC who live in transnational families. Case-reports, qualitative studies as well as opinion papers were excluded. We summarized the evidence and additionally compared quantitative results. Results 25 studies were selected for the final analysis. We found that mental health and well-being outcomes of LBC differ across regions and sometimes even within regions. Only studies conducted in South America and South Asia observed purely negative effects. Overall, LBC show abnormal SDQ (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) scores and report higher levels of depression and loneliness, than children who do not live in transnational families. Evidence suggests that gender of migrant parent, culture and other transnational family characteristics such as family arrangement, the role of the mother and the role of the father contribute to the well-being and psychological health of LBC. Conclusions International migration of parents has more negative than positive effects (e.g. through remittances) on the mental health and well-being of LBC. However, the effects strongly depend on family arrangements and care giving practices in migrants' sending countries. Key messages Further research utilizing longitudinal data is needed to better explore the complex and long-term effects of parental migration on LBC. Multidimensional family characteristics are crucial and should be better explored when examining the impacts of migratory separation on left-behind children.

The New World of Adam Smith

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kenneth Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
New World ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Wealth Of Nations ◽  
Trade Competition

This chapter examines Adam Smith's theories during the Industrial Revolution, which came to England and southern Scotland in the last third of the eighteenth century. During the Industrial Revolution, the workers who previously had been producing goods in their cottages or food and wool on their farms moved to the factories and the factory towns. Merchants began to invest their capital in factories and machinery or in the far from munificent wages that kept alive the workers. This change was made possible by the industrialist, whose orientation was to the production of goods, rather than their purchase or sale. The chapter discusses Smith's views on a variety of subjects, which he articulated in the Wealth of Nations, including borrowing, capitalism, free trade, competition, credit, distribution, innovation, justice, labor, manufacturing, merchants, monopolies, political economy, prices, production and productivity, profit, public policy, rent, standard of living, and value.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document