ASSISTED EMIGRATION AND THE MORAL DILEMMAS OF THE MID-VICTORIAN IMPERIAL STATE

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 1027-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHILIP HARLING
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
New South ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Irish Famine ◽  
Slave Emancipation ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Ethical Controversy ◽  
Plantation Society ◽  
Imperial State

ABSTRACTThis article examines three voyages of the late 1840s to advance the argument that emigration – often treated by its historians as ‘spontaneous’ – actually involved the laissez-faire mid-Victorian imperial state in significant projects of social engineering. The tale of the Virginius exemplifies that state's commitment to taking advantage of the Famine to convert the Irish countryside into an export economy of large-scale graziers. The tale of the Earl Grey exemplifies its commitment to transforming New South Wales into a conspicuously moral colony of free settlers. The tale of the Arabian exemplifies its commitment to saving plantation society in the British Caribbean from the twin threats posed by slave emancipation and free trade in sugar. These voyages also show how the British imperial state's involvement in immigration frequently immersed it in ethical controversy. Its strictly limited response to the Irish Famine contributed to mass death. Its modest effort to create better lives in Australia for a few thousand Irish orphans led to charges that it was dumping immoral paupers on its most promising colonies. Its eagerness to bolster sugar production in the West Indies put ‘liberated’ slaves in danger.

Factors affecting post-fire seedling establishment of selected mallee understorey species

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Cohn ◽  
R. A. Bradstock
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
New South ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Acacia Species ◽  
Introduced Herbivores ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Rabbit Grazing ◽  
Seedling Germination

Factors affecting the survival of post-fire germinants in mallee communities, in central western New South Wales, were examined. Experiments compared the relative effects of native and introduced herbivores (kangaroos, goats, rabbits), after small- and large-scale fires (20–50 and > 10 000 ha, respectively), with particular emphasis on edge effects, seedling clustering, topography and eucalypt canopy presence. The experiments (1985–1997) focused on common understorey species Acacia rigens Cunn. ex Don, A. wilhelmiana F.Muell. and Triodia scariosa N.T.Burb. subsp. scariosa, in mallee dominated by Eucalyptus species. Following a large fire (1985), high spring rainfall and rabbit grazing on A. rigens only, survival of Acacia species and T. scariosa remained relatively high 4 years later (60–70%). After small burns (1987, 1988), low spring rainfall and grazing by rabbits and kangaroos, survival of Acacia species declined to between 0 and 30% of the germinants by the second summer. In most cases, local extinction had occurred within 8 years. After small burns (1988, 1989) and low spring rainfall, the survival of T. scariosa declined to between 0 and 35% of germinants by the second summer (effect of grazing unknown). No consistent effect of edge, topography and eucalypt canopy was found. Survival of clustered Acacia seedlings was between 10 and 20% lower than unclustered seedlings. Given the high frequency of low rainfall and its interaction with grazing, prescribed burning of mallee for wildfire control and nature conservation may require the local elimination of rabbits and a reduction in kangaroo numbers, especially in the first spring and summer following seedling germination.

Fleets of Fodder: The Ecological Orchestration of Agrarian Improvement in New South Wales and the Cape of Good Hope, 1780–1830

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 532-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maura Capps
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Cape Of Good Hope ◽  
Agricultural Revolution ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
Fodder Crops ◽  
Independent Process ◽  
Imperial State

AbstractThis article challenges the dominant historical paradigms used to analyze imperial plant and animal transfers by examining the role of fodder crops in early colonial development in New South Wales and the Cape of Good Hope. In Alfred Crosby's enduring formulation of ecological imperialism—that is, the ecological transformation of temperate colonies of settlement by European plants, animals, and pathogens—was a largely independent process. To Crosby's critics, his grand narrative fails to acknowledge the technocratic management of plant and animal transfers on the part of increasingly long-armed colonial states from the mid-nineteenth century. Yet neither approach can adequately explain the period between the decline of Britain's Atlantic empire in the 1780s and the rise of its global empire in the 1830s, a period dominated by an aggressive ethos of agrarian improvement but lacking the institutional teeth of a more evolved imperial state. Traveling fodder crops link these embryonic antipodean colonies to the luminaries of the Agricultural Revolution in Britain. The attempt to transfer fodder-centric mixed husbandry to these colonies points to an emerging coalition of imperial ambition and scientific expertise in the late eighteenth-century British Empire.

Variation in algal assemblages on wave-exposed rocky shores in New South Wales

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Underwood ◽  
M. G. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Explanatory Models ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rocky Shores ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Algal Assemblages

Data were collected in New South Wales from replicate sites on five wave-exposed shores separated by hundreds of kilometres at three-monthly intervals for four years, to examine large and small spatial and temporal patterns in low-shore algal assemblages. These data were used to test hypotheses from the models that algal assemblages show large-scale, predictable changes in structure or, alternatively, that variation from time to time is small-scale and differs from shore to shore or site to site on a shore. There was considerable variation at all scales examined — among replicate quadrats within sites, between sites on a shore and among shores. Similarly, assemblages differed from one sampling period to the next and changes in the assemblages over time periods of three months were as great as from year to year. These changes were interactive, with no two sites or shores showing similar temporal patterns. Thus, understanding diversity along a coast-line requires detailed understanding of local processes. Without adequate spatial and temporal replication in sampling designs and without explanatory models, the large and complex variability in intertidal assemblages at different scales cannot be documented and understood.

Large-scale patterns in habitat structure on subtidal rocky reefs in New South Wales

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. L. Andrew ◽  
A. L. O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Subtidal Rocky Reefs ◽  
A Site

Aerial photography was used to estimate the representation of shallow subtidal habitats in New South Wales. Sixty sites, each between 4 and 5 hectares, were mapped with Geographical Information Systems software using ortho-rectified images digitized from 1:8000-scale photographs and ‘ground truthed’ in the field by divers. Barrens habitat covered an estimated 50% (s.e. = 3.9) of nearshore reefs between Port Stephens and Disaster Bay. Coverage of barrens habitat was greatest in Disaster Bay (68%, s.e. = 6.7) and least south of Disaster Bay (1%, s.e. = 0.3). There were clear differences among localities in the area of reef within the mapped sites; those at Cape Howe, Nadgee, and Turingal were significantly smaller in area than all others. There was no clear latitudinal trend in these differences but there was evidence of sand inundation at a site at Nadgee, where the reef was small. Differences in the densities and size-structure of the sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersiiat 27 of the mapped sites provide a basis for testing relationships between the demography of this species and the persistence of the barrens habitat. The extensive coverage of the barrens habitat in New South Wales is likely to limit the productivity of the abalone industry. The development of a sea urchin fishery may have large impacts on habitat representation on nearshore reefs.

scholarly journals Automatic Extraction of Mental Health Disorders From Domestic Violence Police Narratives: Text Mining Study (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Karystianis ◽  
Armita Adily ◽  
Peter Schofield ◽  
Lee Knight ◽  
Clara Galdon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Text Mining ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Mental Health Disorders ◽  
Free Text ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Health Disorders

BACKGROUND Vast numbers of domestic violence (DV) incidents are attended by the New South Wales Police Force each year in New South Wales and recorded as both structured quantitative data and unstructured free text in the WebCOPS (Web-based interface for the Computerised Operational Policing System) database regarding the details of the incident, the victim, and person of interest (POI). Although the structured data are used for reporting purposes, the free text remains untapped for DV reporting and surveillance purposes. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we explore whether text mining can automatically identify mental health disorders from this unstructured text. METHODS We used a training set of 200 DV recorded events to design a knowledge-driven approach based on lexical patterns in text suggesting mental health disorders for POIs and victims. RESULTS The precision returned from an evaluation set of 100 DV events was 97.5% and 87.1% for mental health disorders related to POIs and victims, respectively. After applying our approach to a large-scale corpus of almost a half million DV events, we identified 77,995 events (15.83%) that mentioned mental health disorders, with 76.96% (60,032/77,995) of those linked to POIs versus 16.47% (12,852/77,995) for the victims and 6.55% (5111/77,995) for both. Depression was the most common mental health disorder mentioned in both victims (22.30%, 3258) and POIs (18.73%, 8918), followed by alcohol abuse for POIs (12.24%, 5829) and various anxiety disorders (eg, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder) for victims (11.43%, 1671). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that text mining can automatically extract targeted information from police-recorded DV events to support further public health research into the nexus between mental health disorders and DV.

scholarly journals Equine influenza in Australia

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
NR Perkins
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
New South ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Health Response ◽  
National Response ◽  
Response Capacity ◽  
Major Disruption

A large-scale outbreak of equine influenza (EI) virus in Australia in 2007 resulted in major disruption to horse activities and related industries across the nation and particularly in the two infected states (Queensland and New South Wales). In a major test of animal health response capacity, the outbreak was successfully contained and the EI virus eradicated as a result of a coordinated national response that relied heavily on the cooperation of government and industry stakeholders. Quarantine measures have been strengthened to minimise the risk of future incursions and ensure that Australia remains free of this important and highly contagious disease.

scholarly journals Large-scale Field Trials of Imidacloprid for Control of the Spined Citrus Bug

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-559
Author(s):  
J. Mo ◽  
K. Philpot
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New South ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Orange Trees

Four large-scale field trials were carried out in 2001 and 2002 in lemon orchards in south-western New South Wales to assess the suitability of imidacloprid as a replacement for endosulfan in controlling the spined citrus bug (SCB), Biprorulus bibax Breddin (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). The results showed that imidacloprid was at least as effective as endosulfan in controlling SCB, even when it was applied at a rate corresponding to half of its discriminate dose (100% kill). The application of imidacloprid did not reduce numbers of wasps and spiders foraging in tree canopies. However, imidacloprid was more toxic than endosulfan to parasitoids of the red scale and to lacewings. These negative effects can be minimised by timing the sprays in winter, when SCB adults congregate in neighbouring orange trees and the numbers of natural enemies of citrus pests are generally low.

scholarly journals A strategy for developing scientific sampling tools for fishery-independent surveys of estuarine fish in New South Wales, Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 1512-1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Rotherham ◽  
A. J. Underwood ◽  
M. G. Chapman ◽  
C. A. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Independent Study ◽  
Estuarine Fish ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Cost Efficient

Abstract Rotherham, D., Underwood, A. J., Chapman, M. G., and Gray, C. A. 2007. A strategy for developing scientific sampling tools for fishery-independent surveys of estuarine fish in New South Wales, Australia. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1512–1516. The limitations of using fishery-dependent data, i.e. from commercial and recreational fisheries to assess harvested stocks of fish and invertebrates, are well known. Increasingly, fishery-independent surveys are used to validate data from fishery-dependent sources and to provide indices of recruitment and broader ecological information about species not normally retained in fishing operations. Any large-scale, long-term, fishery-independent study must develop sampling gear and designs that are standardized, representative, optimal with respect to the quantity and structure of catch, and replicated over relevant spatial and temporal scales. We present a strategy for achieving appropriate sampling designs. This involves: (i) identifying suitable sampling gears for target species; (ii) testing different configurations of gear and sampling practices to ensure that samples are optimal, representative, and cost efficient; (iii) understanding scales of spatial and temporal variability; and (iv) cost–benefit analyses to optimize replication. Examples of this strategy are illustrated, with brief considerations of the values of pilot research in developing fishery-independent sampling.

Studies on the yellow-footed rock-wallaby, Petrogale xanthopus Gray (Marsupialia : Macropodidae). 3. Distribution and management in western New South Wales

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Lim ◽  
J. R. Giles
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Aerial Survey ◽  
Isolated Population ◽  
Faecal Pellets ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
South Wales ◽  
North Western

Contrary to previous literature, P. xanthopus had not been recorded in western New South Wales before its existence was reported by Fox (1966). There is only one geographically isolated population of less than 250 animals in two separate colonies in the Gap and Coturaundee Ranges, where they are confined to two cliff systems and two outcrops. Their distribution is therefore more limited than first reported by Wilson et al. (1976). They were more widespread in the past, being found also in the Barrier and Bynguano Ranges. These conclusions have been reached from data collected from: (1) a large-scale low-level aerial survey and subsequent ground inspections to record this species' presence in specific locations in north-western New South Wales; (2) a systematic detailed survey of the Gap and Coturaundee Ranges to establish its pattern of habitat use from the accumulated density of faecal pellets; (3) low-level aerial surveys over these and other areas, by helicopter, to confirm the results of earlier surveys and check on reported sightings. The results of this study are being used for the management of this rare rock-wallaby in New South Wales. It is recommend that this species be re-established in the Bynguano Range.

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