scholarly journals Ethnic Fundraising in America and the Irish and Lithuanian Wars of Independence, 1918–1923

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
R. J. C. Adams ◽  
Vaida Nikšaitė
Keyword(s):  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Recognition ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
War Bonds ◽  
First World

Abstract The close of the First World War signalled a proliferation of newly established nation-states across Europe. However, the unilateral proclamations of these states’ independence did not guarantee their international recognition, nor did it guarantee their financial viability. This article examines the funding of two such states: the unrecognized Lithuanian (1919–23) and Irish (1919–21) republics. Both funded their wars of independence by selling ‘war bonds’ to their respective diasporas in the United States; the Lithuanians raising almost $1.9m from c. 28,000 subscribers and the Irish raising $5.8m from c. 300,000 subscribers. Communication between the organizers of these bond drives was virtually non-existent, but following the example of the US Liberty Loans they employed remarkably similar tactics. Yet, issued by self-proclaimed nation-states with neither territorial integrity nor a credible history of borrowing, the Lithuanian and Irish war bonds promised a return only when the states had received international recognition. In this sense, they were examples of what the authors term Pre-Sovereign Debt. Practically, they were a focal point for agitation for governmental recognition and rousing of American public opinion. Symbolically, they were tangible representations of the Lithuanian and Irish pretensions to statehood.

scholarly journals Carrying their native land and their new home in their hearts Mihailo Pupin and Bishop Nikolai of Zica between their native and adopted country

Balcanica ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 245-259
Author(s):  
Maxim Vasiljevic
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Native Land ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World

The present study gives us an opportunity to look at the Christian heritage that the Serbian immigrants brought to the new land of Americas through the examples of Mihailo Pupin and Nikolai Velimirovic, Bishop of Zica, since these two names are indelibly inscribed in the history of the so-called Serbica Americana. The paper is divided into two sections dealing specifically with their Serbianism and Americanism to show that a distribution of love and loyalty between their native and adopted country functioned in a fruitful way. Based on a detailed analysis of their writings, the author suggests that Serbians and Americans remember Pupin and Velimirovic because they enjoy the benefits of their remarkable contributions. The following aspects of Pupin?s and Nikolai?s lives are examined: their deep concern with the fate of Serbia during and after the First World War; their leading roles among the Serbs in the United States through their assistance in establishing Serbian churches and communities, through their scholarship funds, philanthropic work, etc. Their genuine care for Serbia and Serbs was in no way an obstacle in their adjustment to their adopted country.

Remembrance Begins, 1919–1923

2018 ◽  
pp. 15-51
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Conner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World ◽  
The U.S

This chapter looks at the establishment of the ABMC and the history of American cemeteries and monuments in Europe. During the First World War, in a span of about seven months, America left more than 75,000 American soldiers dead in Europe. Torn between bringing the soldiers home and the expense of doing so, the U.S. government allowed the families to decide the fates of their fallen loved ones. Two parties arose from the controversy over whether the fallen soldiers should be brought home or left in American cemeteries abroad. The “Bring Home the Soldier Dead League” wanted the former, and the “Field of Honor Association” wanted the latter. Most of the soldiers’ bodies were shipped home to America, but in 1920-1921, eight permanent cemetery sites were designated in Europe: Suresnes, Romagne, Belleau Wood, Bony, Brookwood, Fère-en-Tardenois, Thiaucourt, and Waregem. In addition to the American cemeteries, it was also decided that American monuments would be erected in Europe. General Pershing emerged as the “chief of national remembrance” for the United States, and the first chairman of the ABMC.

Jacob Spolansky

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Scare ◽  
Business Associations ◽  
World War ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Us ◽  
Palmer Raids ◽  
First World

This chapter examines the rise of Jacob Spolansky as part of a class of professional spies fostered by the growth of anticommunism during the First World War and the Red Scare. Spolansky was a migrant from Ukraine who arrived in the United States around 1910 and was recruited into the US Army's Military Intelligence Division as well as the Bureau of Investigation. During a thirty-year career, Spolansky rotated in and out of government and corporate service and spied on and infiltrated radical and labor organizations. He used legislative committees, business associations, and media outlets to engender support for harsh measures to deal with political and industrial radicals. His career highlights included coordinating the Palmer Raids in Chicago, arresting several Communist Party leaders in Michigan in 1922, and formulating Michigan's 1931 “Spolansky Act.” This chapter first considers Spolansky's early life and how he became a spy active both in law enforcement and political and industrial counterespionage before discussing his career highlights, his later years, and his legacy as a professional spy and anticommunist.

scholarly journals Book Reviews

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Jacob L. Susskind ◽  
Robert Fischer ◽  
Robert B. Luehrs ◽  
Joseph M. McCarthy ◽  
Pasquale E. Micciche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
American Business ◽  
State University ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
First World

J. M. MacKenzie. The Partition of Africa, 1880-1900. London and New York: Methuen, 1983. Pp. x, 48. Paper, $2.95. Review by Leslie C. Duly of Bemidji State University. C. Joseph Pusateri. A History of American Business. Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1984. Pp. xii, 347. Cloth, $25.95; Paper, $15.95. Review by Paul H. Tedesco of Northeastern University. Russell F. Weigley. History of the United States Army. Enlarged edition. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984. Pp. vi, 730. Paper, $10.95. Review by Calvin L. Christman of Cedar Valley College. Jonathan H. Turner, Royce Singleton, Jr., and David Musick. Oppression: A Socio-History of Black-White Relations in America. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1984. Cloth, $24.95; Paper, $11.95. Review by Thomas F. Armstrong of Georgia College. H. Warren Button and Eugene F. Provenzo, Jr. History of Education and Culture in America. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1983. Pp. xvii, 370. Cloth, $20.95. Review by Peter J. Harder. Vice President, Applied Economics, Junior Achievement Inc. David Stick. Roanoke Island: The Beginnings of English America. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1983. Pp. xiv, 266. Cloth, $14.95; Paper, $5.95. Review by Mary E. Quinlivan of the University of Texas of the Permian Basin. John B. Boles. Black Southerners 1619-1869. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1983. Pp. ix, 244. Cloth, $24.00; Paper, $9.00. Review by Kay King of Mountain View College. Elaine Tyler May. Great Expectations: Marriage and Divorce in Post-Victorian America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980. Pp. viii, 200. Cloth, $15.00; Paper, $6.95. Review by Barbara J. Steinson of DePauw University. Derek McKay and H. M. Scott. The Rise of the Great Powers, 1648-1815. London: Longman, 1983. Pp. 368. Paper, $13.95. Review by Linda Frey of the University of Montana. Jack S. Levy. War in the Modern Great Power System, 1495-1975. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1983. Pp. xiv, 215. Cloth, $24.00. Review by Bullitt Lowry of North Texas State University. Lionel Kochan and Richard Abraham. The Making of Modern Russia. Second Edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1983. Pp. 544. Paper, $7.95. Review by Pasquale E. Micciche of Fitchburg State College. D. C. B. Lieven. Russia and the Origins of the First World War. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983. Pp. 213. Cloth, $25.00. Review by Joseph M. McCarthy of Suffolk University. John F. V. Kieger. France and the Origins of the First World War. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983. Pp. vii, 201. Cloth, $25.00. Review by Robert B. Luehrs of Fort Hays State University. E. Bradford Burns. The Poverty of Progress: Latin Amerca in the Nineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980. Pp. 185. Paper, $6.95. Review by Robert Fischer of the Southern Technical Institute. Anthony Seldon and Joanna Pappworth. By Word of Mouth: Elite Oral History. London and New York: Methuen, 1983. Pp. xi, 258. Cloth, $25.00; Paper, $12.95. Review by Jacob L. Susskind of the Pennsylvania State University, The Capitol Campus.

scholarly journals Aphrodisiacs in the global history of medical thought

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Alison M. Downham Moore ◽  
Rashmi Pithavadian
Keyword(s):  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Global History ◽  
Scientific Medicine ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Medical Category ◽  
First World

Abstract The study of aphrodisiacs is an overlooked area of global history which this article seeks to remedy by considering how such substances were commercially traded and how medical knowledge of them was exchanged globally between 1600 and 1920. We show that the concept of ‘aphrodisiacs’ as a new nominal category of pharmacological substances came to be valued and defined in early modern Latin, English, Dutch, Swiss, and French medical sources in relation to concepts transformed from their origin in both the ancient Mediterranean world and in medieval Islamicate medicine. We then consider how the general idea of aphrodisiacs became widely discredited in mid-nineteenth-century scientific medicine until after the First World War in France and in the US, alongside their commercial proliferation in the context of new colonial trade exchanges between Europe, the US, Southeast Asia, Africa, India, and South America. In both examples, we propose that global entanglements played a significant role in both the cohesion and the discreditation of the medical category of aphrodisiacs.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Alex Dowdall
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
World War ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Twentieth Century Europe ◽  
First World

The introduction sets out the main lines of argument of the book, and introduces the four case studies—Nancy, Reims, Arras, and the coal-mining region of the Pas-de-Calais. It provides relevant historical context and situates the work within the existing historiography. It pays particular attention to the new cultural history of the First World War, and the literature surrounding the relationships between local communities and nation states in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Europe. It introduces the main civilian experiences of war discussed in the book—artillery bombardment, military occupation, and forced displacement. It concludes by outlining the main aims of the book, which are to explore how, on the one hand, war placed these civilian populations at the forefront of a broad process of militarization and how, on the other, it shaped their attitudes towards their bombarded home towns and the wider national community.

The Neo-Hegelian Tradition in America

1980 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Watson
Keyword(s):  
Social Institutions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The University ◽  
First World ◽  
History Of Institutions

Hegel, in the posthumously published Lectures on the Philosophy of History (1837), saw America as “the land of the future, where, in the ages that lie before us, the burden of the World's History shall reveal itself.” Such enthusiasm was reciprocated in a curious and revealing manner both by American philosophers and by the representatives of other American social institutions, as I hope to show in this article. American neo-Hegelianism was, like its British counterpart, belated but significant in its influence on academic or “professional” philosophy. However, in contrast to the story of Anglo-Hegelianism as we know it through the lives and work of such figures as Benjamin Jowett, T. H. Green, Bernard Bosanquet, F. H. Bradley and their followers, academic influence in America was short-lived, while its general cultural significance, as measured through the history of institutions other than the university, was much more profound.In the bulk of this article I shall try to support these contentions as follows. First, I shall offer a definition of the philosophical position adopted by neo-Hegelian groups in Great Britain and the United States, beginning in the 1860s. Secondly, I shall give an outline of the career of Absolute Idealism (and Hegelianism in particular) in America up to the First World War.

A History of the Development of Flight Refuelling

1960 ◽  
Vol 64 (599) ◽  
pp. 687-691
Author(s):  
J. A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Great Idea ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
First World

Whenever a new and truly great idea is put forward for the first time it is usually received with scorn and derision by those whom it directly concerns. Such was the initial reception of the idea of refuelling aircraft in flight.Soon after the First World War air carnivals became very popular around the flying fields of the United States of America and it was in a search for new stunts that two intrepid fliers hit on the idea of transferring fuel by hose pipe from one aircraft to another. The two single-seater aeroplanes flew one above the other, the upper one carrying the extra fuel; in order to transfer it the pilot threw a length of hose overboard leaving it trailing behind him. The receiver aircraft then manoeuvred into position and the pilot caught the hose and put the nozzle into his reserve fuel tank. When a small quantity of fuel had been transferred, he pulled out the hose and threw it clear of his aircraft, leaving the donor aircraft to haul it in.

scholarly journals Reforming the veteran: propaganda and agency in the First World War Reconstruction hospitals

2019 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
Veterans Health ◽  
World War ◽  
Hospital System ◽  
Disabled Veterans ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Us ◽  
First World

The United States’ entry into the First World War prompted progressives to reform veterans’ entitlements in the hopes of creating a system insulated from corruption and capable of rehabilitating disabled veterans into productive members of society. The replacement of pensions with medical care for wounded and disabled soldiers through the Reconstruction Hospital System was originally intended as a temporary measure but resulted in establishing the foundations of the modern veterans’ health care system. Yet, these reforms would not have been possible without the support from the community of war veterans to which these reforms applied. By examining the communal values expressed in publications produced by and for soldiers, this paper explores the ways in which the Great War’s veteran community expressed agency in the process of reforming the US veteran entitlements.

scholarly journals Niko Županić and the Construction of the Yugoslav Ethnogenesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 717
Author(s):  
Monika Milosavljević
Keyword(s):  
Political Activism ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
First World

The paper considers the role of Niko Županić in the processes of translation of the anthropological and archaeological knowledges into the language of the political activism during the First World War and immediately after. As recorded by Sima Trojanović, Županić was employed at the Ethnographic Museum in Belgrade in May 1914, as "anthropological clerk" with the duty to "first of all measure the Serbian people, and only after that the foreigners on the Balkan Peninsula". He was officially stationed here up to 1922, although he spent the war years out of the country, involved in political activism, along with other Serbian and Yugoslav intellectuals, with the aim of creating the state of the Yugoslavs. At the outbreak of the First World War, Županić spent the first three months as a volunteer in Niš, and was then sent to Rome and London, where he took part in the activities of the Yugoslav Board. During 1916 the Serbian Government sent him to the United States, to secure the support of the American Slovenes for the Yugoslav idea. From 1915 till the end of the war, he wrote studies on the South Slavic past and political announcements, drew the borders of the desired territories, held speeches on the unity of the Serbs, Slovenes, and Croats. His book Ethnogenesis of the Yugoslavs (1920), written during the war and at first aimed at the English-speaking audience, richly illustrates the ways in which all these activities intertwined. Here Županić stresses the "creative potency of the blood and racial source" of brachycefaly of the Illyrian natives observed in the case of the Yugoslavs. The critical analysis and contextualization of this volume makes possible the new insights into the concepts of identity in the history of the Serbian anthropology and archaeology. This study did not receive much attention in the archaeological circles, but its ideas have subsequently, selectively and indirectly become the part of the history of the Serbian archaeology.

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