The Rays of Šamaš: Light in Mesopotamian Architecture and Legal Practice

Iraq ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
Mary Shepperson
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Ur Iii ◽  
Architectural Change ◽  
To Receive

As part of ongoing research into the significance of light in ancient Mesopotamian architecture and ideology, a reorientation of the main external gateways of city temples can be identified, occurring from around the beginning of the Ur III period. This change in orientation allowed temple gateways to receive direct sunlight onto their external façades during the morning throughout the year. One possible explanation for this architectural change is found in the legal practices of the late third and second millennia B.C. It is proposed that access to sunlight, and therefore the presence of the sun god, was significant for the taking of oaths and the administration of law at temple gateways from the Ur III period onwards, thereby promoting a south-easterly orientation for these gateways. With this in mind, the careful provision of morning light access to the doorways of the neighbourhood chapels of residential Ur may be taken as evidence for the local neighbourhood administration of some legal functions. This in turn suggests a possible cultic and legal basis for the formation of these localised subdivisions of urban communities.

scholarly journals The Position of Women's Heritage Rights in the Context of Islamic Heritage in Indigenous Mandailing in Sipirok District, Tapanuli Selatan Regency

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 531-539
Author(s):  
Muhammad Yusuf Siregar ◽  
Risdalina Risdalina ◽  
Sriono Sriono
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Inheritance Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Right ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Inheritance Laws

This study aims to analyze the legal aspects of the Position of Inheritance Rights of Girls in the Context of Islamic Inheritance in Indigenous Mandailing in Sipirok District, South Tapanuli Regency. This research is empirical normative namely research by looking at existing conditions in the field by linking the source of Islamic Law and the legal source of Regulations in force in the Republic of Indonesia. The benefits to be received from the results of this study are to determine the Position of Inheritance of Girls in the Context of Islamic Law and Regulations in Indonesia and the Position of Inheritance of Girls in the Context of Islamic Inheritance in Mandailing Customs in Sipirok District, South Tapanuli Regency, the results of the study stated that In Islamic Inheritance Law strongly recognizes the position of the daughter in receiving inheritance with a strong legal basis in accordance with the al-Qur’an. In Islamic Inheritance Laws, a daughter has a position as Nasabiyah's heir so that she has the right to receive inheritance. In the Mandailing customary inheritance law in Sipirok Mandailing Natal, the position of a daughter is considered as an heir when a male heir is found, but if the girl is a mere woman, the woman is not entitled to inheritance from her parents. The distribution of inheritance in the Mandailing Inheritance law in Sipirok Mandailing Natal uses local customary law, as a basis for the distribution of inheritance which is still being realized in the Community.

Continuity and Change in the Itinerary of the Malay Novelist, Shahnon Ahmad

1991 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Metzger
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
To Receive

Among the numerous Malay writers of our time Shahnon Ahmad stands as one of the most famous. Several points can be mentioned in that respect. First, he has published fourteen novels in twenty-five years apart from dozens of short stories. One of his novels, Ranjau Sepanjang Jalan (translated into English under the title “No harvest but a thorn”) is a household name in Malaysia as it has been for years a textbook for secondary school children. He has been awarded numerous literary distinctions such as Hadiah Sastera for his novel Srengenge (the sun) in 1973, Hadiah Pejuang Sastera (Prize for Literary Fighters) in 1976 and, finally in 1982, he was awarded the most prestigious literary award in Malaysia, i.e. Anugerah Sasterawan Negara which is the Writer Laureate Award and he was among the very first Malaysians to receive it. His most famous novel, Ranjau Sepanjang Jalan has been translated into several languages such as English, French, Dutch, Russian, Japanese and Danish. Dozens of articles have been written about him not only by Malaysian critics but also by foreigners. Finally several theses have been written on Shahnon Ahmad. So it appears that this writer is probably the most talked about author in Malaysia at present.

Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies

2007 ◽  
Vol 463 (2080) ◽  
pp. 1081-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramón Hegedüs ◽  
Susanne Åkesson ◽  
Rüdiger Wehner ◽  
Gábor Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Linear Polarization ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Birefringent Crystal ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Skylight Polarization ◽  
Imaging Polarimetry

In sunshine, the Vikings navigated on the open sea using sundials. According to a widespread hypothesis, when the Sun was occluded by fog or clouds the Vikings might have navigated by skylight polarization detected with an enigmatic birefringent crystal (sunstone). There are two atmospheric optical prerequisites for this alleged polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy/cloudy skies: (1) the degree of linear polarization p of skylight should be high enough and (2) at a given Sun position, the pattern of the angle of polarization α of the foggy/cloudy sky should be similar to that of the clear sky. Until now, these prerequisites have not been investigated. Using full-sky imaging polarimetry, we measured the p - and α -patterns of Arctic foggy and cloudy skies when the Sun was invisible. These patterns were compared with the polarization patterns of clear Arctic skies. We show here that although prerequisite (2) is always fulfilled under both foggy and cloudy conditions, if the fog layer is illuminated by direct sunlight, prerequisite (1) is usually satisfied only for cloudy skies. In sunlit fog, the Vikings could have navigated by polarization only, if p of light from the foggy sky was sufficiently high.

scholarly journals Comet C/2018 V1 (Machholz–Fujikawa–Iwamoto): dislodged from the Oort Cloud or coming from interstellar space?

2019 ◽  
Vol 489 (1) ◽  
pp. 951-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
C de la Fuente Marcos ◽  
R de la Fuente Marcos
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Dynamical Evolution ◽  
Oort Cloud ◽  
Interstellar Space ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Past ◽  
Using Data ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Practical Feasibility

ABSTRACT The chance discovery of the first interstellar minor body, 1I/2017 U1 (‘Oumuamua), indicates that we may have been visited by such objects in the past and that these events may repeat in the future. Unfortunately, minor bodies following nearly parabolic or hyperbolic paths tend to receive little attention: over 3/4 of those known have data-arcs shorter than 30 d and, consistently, rather uncertain orbit determinations. This fact suggests that we may have observed interstellar interlopers in the past, but failed to recognize them as such due to insufficient data. Early identification of promising candidates by using N-body simulations may help in improving this situation, triggering follow-up observations before they leave the Solar system. Here, we use this technique to investigate the pre- and post-perihelion dynamical evolution of the slightly hyperbolic comet C/2018 V1 (Machholz–Fujikawa–Iwamoto) to understand its origin and relevance within the context of known parabolic and hyperbolic minor bodies. Based on the available data, our calculations suggest that although C/2018 V1 may be a former member of the Oort Cloud, an origin beyond the Solar system cannot be excluded. If extrasolar, it might have entered the Solar system from interstellar space at low relative velocity with respect to the Sun. The practical feasibility of this alternative scenario has been assessed within the kinematic context of the stellar neighbourhood of the Sun, using data from Gaia second data release, and two robust solar sibling candidates have been identified. Our results suggest that comets coming from interstellar space at low heliocentric velocities may not be rare.

The Design of Sunlight Collecting Machine in the Fiber Optic Lighting System

2012 ◽  
Vol 178-181 ◽  
pp. 189-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zong Jiu Zhu ◽  
Jia Xing Cai
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Lighting System ◽  
Single Chip ◽  
Single Chip Microcomputer ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Electrical Signals ◽  
System A ◽  
Electromagnetic Relay

As the sunlight must illuminate the optical fiber in a certain angle in the fiber optic lighting system, a sunlight collecting machine is designed. It uses the 3DU51 light activated triode to transform the changes of sunlight's intensity which is caused by the position of the sun into electrical signals. And after the processing of ADC0809 converter, the signal is sended to AT89S51 single-chip microcomputer which will produce electrical signals to control the electromagnetic relay switches closed or disconnected, realizing that the driving motor can be controlled to start rotating and stop rotating automatically. So the sunlight collecting machine can track the position of the sun, collecting the most strong direct sunlight, improving the system's efficiency of collecting sunlight.

scholarly journals II. Note on the relative chemical intensities of direct sunlight and diffuse daylight at different altitudes of the sun

1867 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 20-24
Keyword(s):  
Diffuse Light ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
First Case ◽  
Total Light ◽  
Apparent Diameter ◽  
Shadow Cast ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Diffused Light ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

The method of determining the chemical intensity of daylight described by one of us presents a convenient means of experimentally comparing the intensity of the chemically active rays which reach the earth’s horizontal surface directly from the sun with that of the same rays reflected from the atmosphere and constituting diffuse daylight. For this purpose it is only necessary alternately to expose pieces of the standard sensitive paper, according to the method described in the memoir above mentioned, to the action of the total light of day, and to the diffuse daylight alone, which is easily done by cutting off the sun’s direct rays from the sensitive paper, by throwing upon the paper a shadow cast by a small screen, having an apparent diameter slightly greater than that of the solar disk. In the first case the chemical intensity of the total daylight, in the second that of the diffuse light is determined; the difference between these two observations giving the chemical intensity of the direct sunlight. As the experiments which we have already made in this direction have led us to conclusions differing altogether from those derived from theoretical considerations concerning the relative chemical intensities of direct and diffuse sunlight, we think that, although this investigation is incomplete, the results are worthy of the attention of the Society. No direct photometrical determinations of the relative intensity of sun and diffuse light have up to this time been made; but Clausius has calculated this relation for varying altitudes of the sun, founding his calculations upon the hypothesis (generally adopted by meteorologists to explain the red tints of the morning and evening sky) that the diffused light is reflected, not from the particles of air or solid floating material, but from the minute vesicles of water which are supposed to be always contained in large quantities in the atmosphere. According to this hypothesis, Clausius obtained the following numbers as expressing the intensities of direct sunlight and diffused daylight for altitudes varying from 20° to 60°:— The measurement of the relative chemical intensities were made at three localities: (1) Owens College, Manchester, 53° 29' N., and 0 h 9 m 0 s W.; (2) the Observatory, Cheetham Hill, near Manchester; and (3) the summit of the Königstuhl, near Heidelberg, 1900 feet above the sea, in 49° 24' N., and 34 m 48" E. We are indebted for the latter observations to Dr. Wolkoff, who kindly forwarded us his results through Professor Bunsen.

Shorn and unshorn Awassi sheep IV. Skin temperature and changes in temperature and humidity in the fleece and its surface

1963 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Eyal
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Awassi Sheep ◽  
Break Points ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Skin Temperatures

1. A comparison was made between the skin temperature, humidity and temperature within and on the surface of the fleece of unshorn and shorn sheep. This study was conducted during various seasons of the year, at different environmental temperatures, while sheep were maintained in the shade or subjected to direct sunlight.2. Accompanying the rise of ambient temperature (in the shade) from 10 to 43° C. there was an increase in skin temperature from 34 to 40° C. and from 28 to 40° C. of the unshorn and shorn sheep, respectively.3. The relationship between the rise in skin temperature and that of ambient temperature was not linear, but showed a stepwise pattern in which the ‘breaks’ occurred at similar environmental temperatures for both groups, although skin temperatures of shorn sheep were lower than the unshorn.4. The diurnal change in skin temperature of the shorn sheep was similar to that of the ambient temperature. The decrease in skin temperature of unshorn sheep sometimes lagged behind the fall in environmental temperature. The seasonal variations between summer and winter were more significant in shorn than in unshorn sheep.5. Fleece surface temperatures measured at the same ambient temperatures ranged between 13 and42° C. and 16·5–39·5° C. in the unshorn and shorn sheep, respectively. In the break points of the rise in skin temperature, there occurred a drop in temperature gradients between the skin and fleece surface. This probably indicates a rise in thermal conductivity of the fleece at these points.6. The temperature gradient per unit of fleece thickness is inversely related to the depth of fleece and is greater the nearer to the skin.7. With exposure to the sun, skin temperatures of both groups greatly increased and occasionally reached 47° C. Under these conditions the differences between shorn and unshorn groups were not consistent.8. Fleece temperatures of unshorn sheep increased greatly upon exposure to the sun. The maximal temperatures were recorded midway between the fleece surface and skin. These temperatures generally reached 55° C. and sometimes even exceeded 60° C.9. At ambient temperatures of 30–35° C. the vapour pressure close to the skin of unshorn sheep ranged between 35–40 mm. Hg. With shorn sheep, however, the vapour pressure close to the skin was similar to that of the environment. In Yotvata there was a rise in vapour pressure close to the skin when the ambient temperature increased to 40–43° C. This rise in humidity was paralleled by a rise of vapour pressure throughout the wool. It was not linear but rather showed a ‘step-wise’ pattern.10. The vapour pressure in fleece and near the skin of sheep subjected to direct sunlight increased considerably (up to 80 mm. Hg). This rise showed a wave-like curve with various degrees of persistency. Appearance of fluid on the skin of Awassi sheep was observed on several occasions.

scholarly journals Design and Development of a Single-Axis Solar Tracking System

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Md. Taslim Mahmud Bhuyain ◽  
Robin Kuri ◽  
Nayeem Al-Tamzid Bhuiyan ◽  
Md Sahadat Hossain Sagor ◽  
Riazul Haidar
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Solar Panel ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Maximum Light ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Solar Tracking ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Over Time

With solar tracking, it will become possible to generate more energy since the solar panel can maintain a perpendicular profile to the rays of the sun. Even though the initial cost of setting up the tracking system is considerably high, there are cheaper options that have been proposed over time. This research discuss the design and construction of a prototype for a solar tracking system that has a single axis of freedom. Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) are used for sunlight detection. The control circuit is based on an ATMega328P microcontroller. It was programmed to detect sunlight via the LDRs before actuating the servo to position the solar panel. The solar panel is positioned where it is able to receive maximum light. As compared to other motors, the servo motors are able to maintain their torque at high speed. They are also more efficient with efficiencies in the range of 80-90%. Servos can supply roughly twice their rated torque for short periods. Through tracking, there will be increased exposure of the panel to the sun, making it have increased power output. The trackers can either be dual or single axis trackers. As a single tracking system is cheaper, less complex, and still achieves the required efficiency, so it was used.

scholarly journals Direct Sunlight Influences Postharvest Temperature Responses and Ripening of Five Avocado Cultivars

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan B. Woolf ◽  
Asya Wexler ◽  
Dov Prusky ◽  
Elana Kobiler ◽  
Susan Lurie
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Proteins ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Class I ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Shock Proteins

Effect of direct sunlight on the postharvest behavior of five avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cultivars (Ettinger, Fuerte, Hass, Horshim and Pinkerton) was examined. Probes placed 6 to 7 mm under the peel showed that the temperature an the side exposed to the sun could be as much as 15 to 20 °C higher than the temperature of shade fruit, while the nonexposed side of the fruit was ≈5 °C higher than the shade fruit. With the exception of `Ettinger', sun fruit, and especially the exposed side, were found to be most tolerant to postharvest 50 and 55 °C hot water treatments. Similarly, storage of fruit at 0 °C for between 3 to 6 weeks caused severe chilling injury to shade fruit, with less effect on sun fruit. Furthermore, there was little or no damage on the exposed side of the sun fruit. During postharvest ripening at 20 °C, sun fruit showed a delay of between 2 to 5 days in their ethylene peak compared with shade fruit. The exposed side of the sun fruit was generally firmer than the nonexposed side, and the average firmness was higher than that of shade fruit. Activities of polygalacturonase and cellulase were similar in shade and sun fruit of similar firmness. After inoculation with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz@sacc., the appearance of lesions on sun fruit occurred 2 to 3 days after shade fruit. Levels of heat-shock proteins were examined using western blotting with antibodies for Class I and II cytoplasmic heat-shock proteins. Class I reacted with proteins from the exposed side of sun fruit and Class II with proteins from both sides of sun fruit. Thus, it is clear that preharvest exposure of fruit to the sun can result in a wide range of postharvest responses.

Der Arbeitseinsatz von Matrixmanagern

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiko Michael Zieske
Keyword(s):  
Special Focus ◽  
Matrix Structure ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Labour Law ◽  
Practical Solution ◽  
Management Positions ◽  
The Cross

„Der Arbeitseinsatz von Managern" shows in an understandable and comprehensible way which labour law particularities are associated with the cross-company employment of workers in management positions and how these can be implemented in legal practice. After an introduction to the legal basis of a matrix structure, the author discusses which contractual variants can be considered for the deployment of matrix managers. A special focus is placed on the internal and cross-company delegation of instruction rights under labour law. Furthermore, questions of individual and collective labour law are elaborated and presented in a practical solution.

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