Iron is iron 'til it is rust: Trade and Ecology in the Decline of West African Iron-Smelting

1981 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candice L. Goucher
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
West African ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Iron Smelting ◽  
Coastal Exploitation ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Term Response

Archaeological evidence and historical accounts have been used to examine the impact of trade and ecology on the decline of West African iron industries. Environmental changes including an increasingly desiccating climatic shift and widespread deforestation as a direct result of fuel procurement over centuries of iron-smelting and European coastal exploitation, seriously affected the survivability of these industries. While the increasing importation of European iron bars and other manufactured goods necessitated a certain amount of technological innovation, the only viable long-term response and adaptation to the ecological devastation became the increased reliance on imported supplies of iron.

Designing a CRM Framework for online & offline sports footwear retailers

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Cueva ◽  
Guillem Rufian ◽  
Maria Gabriela Valdes
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Customer Relationship ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Brick And Mortar ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Impact

The use of Customer Relationship Managers to foster customers loyalty has become one of the most common business strategies in the past years.  However, CRM solutions do not fill the abundance of happily ever-after relationships that business needs, and each client’s perception is different in the buying process.  Therefore, the experience must be precise, in order to extend the loyalty period of a customer as much as possible. One of the economic sectors in which CRM’s have improved this experience is retailing, where the personalized attention to the customer is a key factor.  However, brick and mortar experiences are not enough to be aware in how environmental changes could affect the industry trends in the long term.  A base unified theoretical framework must be taken into consideration, in order to develop an adaptable model for constructing or implementing CRMs into companies. Thanks to this approximation, the information is complemented, and the outcome will increment the quality in any Marketing/Sales initiative. The goal of this article is to explore the different factors grouped by three main domains within the impact of service quality, from a consumer’s perspective, in both on-line and off-line retailing sector.  Secondly, we plan to go a step further and extract base guidelines about previous analysis for designing CRM’s solutions focused on the loyalty of the customers for a specific retailing sector and its product: Sports Running Shoes.

scholarly journals The implications of vehicle collisions for the Endangered endemic Zanzibar red colobus Piliocolobus kirkii

Oryx ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Harry Olgun ◽  
Mzee Khamis Mohammed ◽  
Abbas Juma Mzee ◽  
M. E. Landry Green ◽  
Tim R. B. Davenport ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Ecology ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Red Colobus ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Life History Data ◽  
Natural Predation ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Roads affect wildlife in a variety of negative ways. Road ecology studies have mostly concentrated on areas in the northern hemisphere despite the potentially greater impact of roads on biodiversity in tropical habitats. Here, we examine 4 years (January 2016–December 2019) of opportunistic observations of mammalian roadkill along a road intersecting Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park, Unguja, Zanzibar. In particular, we assess the impact of collisions on the population of an endemic primate, the Endangered Zanzibar red colobus Piliocolobus kirkii. Primates accounted for the majority of roadkill in this dataset. Monthly rainfall was not associated with roadkill frequency for mammals generally, nor for the Zanzibar red colobus. No single age–sex class of colobus was found dead more often than expected given their occurrence in the local population. The overall effect of roadkill on colobus populations in habitats fragmented by roads is unknown given the lack of accurate, long-term life history data for this species. Our findings suggest that mortality from collisions with vehicles in some groups of colobus is within the range of mortality rates other primates experience under natural predation. Unlike natural predators, however, vehicles do not kill selectively, so their impact on populations may differ. Although a comparison with historical accounts suggests that the installation of speedbumps along the road near the Park's entrance has led to a significant decrease in colobus roadkill, further actions to mitigate the impact of the road could bring substantial conservation benefits.

The Impact of Climate Change on the Long-Term Response of Offshore Structures: A Study Case

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irvin Alberto Mosquera ◽  
Luis Volnei Sudati Sagrilo ◽  
Paulo Maurício Videiro
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Model ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Wave Parameter ◽  
Greenhouse Emissions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Term Response

Abstract This paper discusses the influence of the climate change in the long-term response of offshore structures. The case studied is a linear single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system under environmental load wave characterized by the JONSWAP spectrum. The wave parameter data used in the analyses were obtained from running the wind wave WaveWatch III with wind field input data derived from two Global Climate Models (GCMs): HadGEM2-ES and MRI-CGCM3 considering historical and future greenhouse emissions scenarios. The study was carried out for two locations: one in the North Atlantic and the other in Brazilian South East Coast. Environmental contours have been used to estimate the extreme long-term response. The results suggest that climate change would affect the structure response and its impact is highly depend on the structure location, the global climate model and the greenhouse emissions scenario selected.

scholarly journals Simulated retreat of Jakobshavn Isbræ since the Little Ice Age controlled by geometry

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2249-2266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Steiger ◽  
Kerim H. Nisancioglu ◽  
Henning Åkesson ◽  
Basile de Fleurian ◽  
Faezeh M. Nick
Keyword(s):  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Climate Forcing ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Regional Warming ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Term Response

Abstract. Rapid retreat of Greenland's marine-terminating glaciers coincides with regional warming trends, which have broadly been used to explain these rapid changes. However, outlet glaciers within similar climate regimes experience widely contrasting retreat patterns, suggesting that the local fjord geometry could be an important additional factor. To assess the relative role of climate and fjord geometry, we use the retreat history of Jakobshavn Isbræ, West Greenland, since the Little Ice Age (LIA) maximum in 1850 as a baseline for the parameterization of a depth- and width-integrated ice flow model. The impact of fjord geometry is isolated by using a linearly increasing climate forcing since the LIA and testing a range of simplified geometries. We find that the total length of retreat is determined by external factors – such as hydrofracturing, submarine melt and buttressing by sea ice – whereas the retreat pattern is governed by the fjord geometry. Narrow and shallow areas provide pinning points and cause delayed but rapid retreat without additional climate warming, after decades of grounding line stability. We suggest that these geometric pinning points may be used to locate potential sites for moraine formation and to predict the long-term response of the glacier. As a consequence, to assess the impact of climate on the retreat history of a glacier, each system has to be analyzed with knowledge of its historic retreat and the local fjord geometry.

scholarly journals An Empirical Study of Institutional Investor and Enterprise Innovation

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
Cheng Min
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Institutional Investors ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Institutional Investment ◽  
National Competitiveness ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Enterprise Innovation ◽  
The Impact

Innovation is the driving force of social and economic development, and a decisive factor in enhancing national competitiveness. In recent years, more and more countries have taken innovation to a strategic height. Chinese institutional investors have an increasing share of the overall ownership and make a remarkable improvement in the market position. Based on an increasingly significant role in the capital market, they actively intervene in the management of the enterprise, focusing on long-term improvement of corporate performance. Correspondingly, Institutional investors can also affect the level of technological innovation by participating in corporate governance. This study analyzes the mechanism of institutional investment affecting the technological innovation of enterprises, and takes an empirical test of institutional investors on the impact of technological innovation. The results show that the overall ownership of institutional investors has a significant positive impact on corporate R&D expenditure. This paper proposes that the future policies should still be oriented toward the development and support of institutional investors, and give further play to their efforts to promote technological innovation of enterprises.

scholarly journals Housing Needs of Ageing Veterans Who Have Experienced Limb Loss

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1791
Author(s):  
Gemma Wilson ◽  
Gill McGill ◽  
Alison Osborne ◽  
Matthew D. Kiernan
Keyword(s):  
Life Story ◽  
Military Veterans ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Limb Loss ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Housing Needs ◽  
Life Story Interviews ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
The Impact

Military veterans can experience limb loss as a direct result of conflict, an accident, illness or injury. Whatever the cause, there is a need to recognise the long-term consequences and challenges of limb loss on maintaining independence in one’s home. This study aimed to examine the housing needs of veterans experiencing limb loss, and the impact of limb loss on housing needs and home adaptations of ageing military veterans. Thirty-two military veterans (aged 43–95) participated in this study and up to three life-story interviews were carried out with each participant. Two themes were generated: availability of support and changing housing needs. It is evident from the findings that military veterans are unique in various ways, specifically due to military culture, geographical relocation and the additional support that is available to the Armed Forces Community. This must be considered in long-term support to maintain independence in the home.

scholarly journals The History of Pastoral Activities in S Italy Inferred from Palynology: A Long-Term Perspective to Support Biodiversity Awareness

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assunta Florenzano
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Coprophilous Fungi ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Mediterranean Habitats ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Impact

The present-day Mediterranean landscape is a result of the long-term human–environment–climate interactions that have driven the ecological dynamics throughout the Holocene. Pastoralism had (and still has) an important role in shaping this landscape, and contributes to maintaining the mosaic patterns of the Mediterranean habitats. Palaeoecological records provide significant multi-proxy data on environmental changes during the Holocene that are linked to human activities. In such research, the palynological approach is especially useful for detailing the complexity of anthropogenically-driven landscape transformations by discriminating past land uses and pastoral/breeding activities. This paper focuses on the palynological evidence for the impact of centuries of grazing on the vegetation of Basilicata, a region of southern Italy where animal breeding and pastoralism have a long tradition. A set of 121 pollen samples from eight archaeological sites (dated from the 6th century BC to the 15th century AD) and five modern surface soil samples were analyzed. The joint record of pollen pasture indicators and spores of coprophilous fungi suggests that continuous and intense pastoral activities have been practiced in the territory and have highly influenced its landscape. The palaeoecological results of this study provide us with better knowledge of the diachronical transformations of the habitats that were exposed to continuous grazing, with a shift toward more open vegetation and increase of sclerophyllous shrubs. The palynological approach gives insights into the vocation and environmental sustainability of this southern Italy region on a long-term basis.

scholarly journals Disaster Preparedness and Response as Primary Health Care

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D. Kirsch
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Search And Rescue ◽  
External Assistance ◽  
Impact Area ◽  
Local Populace ◽  
Disaster Preparedness And Response ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Term Response

The need for search and rescue and medical care following a sudden impact disaster is immediate and often overwhelming. In the past, governments and international organizations have relied on external assistance for these efforts. Because the life expectancy of severely injured and trapped victims is limited, the response must come first from the impact area itself. The preponderance of disaster research demonstrates that the local populace overwhelmingly is responsible for search-and-rescue efforts. Emergency medical care, e.g., that delivered in the first 24 hours to 48 hours after a disaster, also is overwhelmingly from local or regional resources. Outside and, perhaps, even international assistance is required for medium- and long-term response, but is of limited benefit for the “emergency phase.”

scholarly journals A comparison of direct macrofaunal mortality using three types of clam dredges

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.B Gaspar ◽  
F Leitão ◽  
M.N Santos ◽  
L Chícharo ◽  
M.D Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Communities ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Gear Efficiency ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
By Catch ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The white clam Spisula solida is harvested along the entire coast of Portugal using mechanical dredges. In this study, the total direct mortality of the macrobenthic community caused by three types of clam dredges (north dredge—ND, traditional dredge—TD, and the metallic grid dredge—GD) used in the S. solida fishery was determined and compared. The relationship between mortality and catching efficiency for each type of dredge was also assessed. Our results showed significant differences for total direct mortality between the ND and both the GD and TD dredges. This difference was largely attributed to the mortality of animals that died in the dredge track as a direct result of the physical damage inflicted by the dredge passing. It was also found that the damage to uncaught individuals is directly related to gear efficiency. The lower catching efficiency of the ND (64%) led to a higher proportion of damaged individuals being left in the dredge path, when compared with the more efficient GD (98%) and TD (90%) dredges. Short and long-term implications of the impact of dredging on the composition of benthic communities are discussed. From fisheries management and ecological points of view, there are obvious advantages to introduce into the bivalve dredge fisheries more efficient and selective dredges in order to reduce the number of damaged individuals and by-catch, and consequently decreasing the impact on the macrobenthic communities.

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