scholarly journals Estimation of Calcium Carbonate in Soils

1909 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
F. S. Marr
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
No Decomposition ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Decomposition Of Organic Matter

Boiling acid at atmospheric pressure decomposes organic matter in soil with evolution of carbon dioxide, and thus renders the results obtained for carbonate too high. Where there is a fairly large percentage of carbonate, the error introduced in this way is of no great importance, but in soils containing less than 1% of calcium carbonate and especially in acid soils, the error introduced by thus boiling with acid may be very considerable.The weaker the acid used the better so long as there is fair excess. The writer recommends for acid soils and those containing low percentages of carbonate (as can be seen by making a rough preliminary test), 2 c.c. of strong hydrochloric acid and about 100 c.c. of water: 20 grams of soil should be used when the amount of carbonate is small. The acid may be conveniently added by making up a solution containing 100 c.c. of strong hydrochloric acid per litre, and introducing 20 c.c. of this solution along with 80 c.c. of water. For most soils, 5 c.c. of strong hydrochloric acid to 100 c.c. of water will be found convenient.If possible distillation under reduced pressure should be used, as under this condition practically no decomposition of organic matter takes place, while carbonate is readily decomposed: the distillation should be continued for twenty minutes at a temperature of about 50° C.

The Potential of Ascophyllum Nodosum to Accelerate Green Waste Composting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Al-Dulaimi ◽  
Mostafa E Rateb ◽  
Andrew S Hursthouse ◽  
Gary Thomson ◽  
Mohammed Yaseen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Ascophyllum Nodosum ◽  
Green Waste ◽  
Decomposition Of Organic Matter ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Lower Carbon

Abstract Millions of tonnes of green waste are produced annually in the UK. The process of composting usually extends to more than two months as well producing greenhouse gases which affect the environment. We proposed a potential approach to use algal extract from Ascophyllum nodosum as a compost accelerator. Seaweed-based treatments offer an economical and effective biological solution which activates and stabilises the decomposition of organic matter. Reducing both the cost and time associated with widely used composting approaches. The seaweed was collected from Scottish coastline, extracted, and formulated to enhance application. Its effects on the timeline of the composting process was systematically investigated through physical, biological, and observational quantification. The emission of gases, the pH, temperature, humidity, consistency, and microbial growth of the compost were studied.Interestingly, the results showed that the compost reached a stability status within 6 weeks, less ammonia and lower carbon dioxide produced. The use of this formulation has the potential to minimise expense, reduce resources used, and lower the levels of harmful volatile organics. This approach is economically beneficial and environmentally crucial in compost formulation, the control of contamination, and reduction of greenhouse gases.

scholarly journals ORGANIC MATTER IN THE EXPIRED BREATH WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS INHIBITING POWER ON OXIDIZING FERMENTS

1913 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-151
Author(s):  
Harold Lindsay Amoss
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Alkaline Solution ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Food Particles

Weichardt claims to have demonstrated the presence of an organic body in the expired air. He allowed the exhaled breath to pass through hydrochloric acid solution, evaporated the resulting solution to dryness on a water bath, and obtained a weighable residue which charred on ignition. If he neutralized the acid solution and concentrated it under reduced pressure, he obtained a solution which inhibited the bluing of the guaiacum indicator by blood. By exposing calcium chloride in a room in which the air had been vitiated, he claimed also to have obtained a substance from the air which prevented the bluing of the guaiacum indicator by blood. The experiments here recorded show that a variable amount of matter is retained by weak hydrochloric solution when exhaled breath is passed through it, and that this matter is volatile on ignition. Contrary to the findings of Weichardt, there is no charring or blackening. Nesslerization shows the residue to consist mainly, if not wholly, of ammonium chloride. This ammonia is believed to have come from the decomposition of food particles about the teeth. In one case the person (S.) had smoked just before the experiment, so that a small amount of the ammonia from the tobacco smoke may have been held temporarily by the saliva and food particles in the mouth and been given off gradually during the experiment. Weichardt's experiments on the inhibition of the guaiacum test for blood by means of the substances retained when exhaled breath is passed through hydrochloric acid or over calcium chloride crystals are not corroborated. It is further shown that the guaiacum indicator is unreliable for these tests in view of the fact that a small amount of free acid or free alkali will inhibit the guaiacum test for blood. This fact is offered as a probable explanation of Weichardt's results. Calcium chloride alone gives a deep blue color with the guaiacin indicator. Weichardt used this salt to collect from the expired breath certain unknown substances which he claims inhibit the oxidation of guaiacum by blood. His results are therefore inconclusive. The phenolphthalin test for blood has been studied in this connection and further light has been thrown on this reaction. The sodium salt of phenolphthalin is colorless in alkaline solution, and is readily oxidized by minute quantities of blood to phenolphthalein which gives a characteristic deep purplish red color in alkaline solution. It has been found that the presence of calcium chloride and ammonium chloride in small amounts retards and, in large amounts, prevents this reaction. It is believed that any salt composed of a weak base combined with a strong acid will have the same effect. This is discussed in the text. It has also been shown that the presence of calcium chloride or ammonium chloride decreases the depth of color of phenolphthalein in sodium hydroxide solution. Carbon dioxide also prevents the oxidation of phenolphthalin by blood. Of course this does not mean that carbon dioxide prevents the action of the oxidizing ferments generally. In this particular case the substance to be oxidized, namely phenolphthalin, was not allowed by reason of the presence of the carbon dioxide to combine with the alkali and thereby assume a state in which it could be easily oxidized. The results of one experiment seem to indicate a relation between the amount of dissolved oxygen in the solutions and the percentage of oxidation. Sodium chloride either alone or with the aid of hydrogen peroxide is able to bring about the oxidation of phenolphthalin in alkali to a very slight extent (3.5 to 5 per cent. in twenty-four hours). Therefore phenolphthalin as a test for oxidizing ferments should not be used in the presence of an appreciable amount of inorganic salts or carbon dioxide. Complete dialysis is recommended in these cases. It is also to be noted that the great delicacy of the test allows considerable dilution. Liquids were obtained from the expired breath by passing this through weak hydrochloric acid or by condensing the moisture in it by conducting it through cooled Drechsel bottles. Attempts were then made to prove the presence in these liquids of some substance which inhibits the oxidation of phenolphthalin by blood, but all were unsuccessful. Moreover attempts to concentrate these liquids by evaporation under reduced pressure or by the passage of a direct current (colloidal travel) were also unsuccessful. It is planned to improve upon the apparatus used to concentrate colloids by the passage of a direct current, and to test the effect of expired breath products on the rate of oxidation of phenolphthalin by blood.

scholarly journals Electrical effects accompanying the decomposition of organic compounds. II.- Ionisation of the gases produced during fermentation

1915 ◽  
Vol 91 (632) ◽  
pp. 465-480 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Electric Charge ◽  
Metal Plate ◽  
Interesting Point ◽  
Saccharine Solution ◽  
Decomposition Of Organic Matter ◽  
Series Of Experiments

It is well known that the gases liberated during certain chemical actions carry charges of electricity. Thus Lavoisier and Laplace found that the hydrogen liberated from the action of hydrochloric acid upon iron is charged positively. More recently Enright (1) has noted the same effect, and Townsend (2) has shown that the gases liberated during electrolysis are also charged. Ina previous paper (3) evidence has been brought forward to show that the decomposition of organic matter gives rise to electrical effects which are of the same nature as those produced by the action of acids upon metals. It seemed therefore an interesting point to investigate whether the CO 2 escaping from the fermentation of a saccharine solution might carry an electric charge and be ionised. To determine this point a series of experiments were carried out by the employment of a good leaf electroscope and a Dolezalek electrometer. The method adopted was to suspend a metal plate with rolled edge a few centimeters above of the surface of glucose undergoing fermentation through the action of yeast, the metal plate being connected with the electroscope or electrometer, and the whole suitably screened in a box lined with tinfoil. Readings were then taken in the ordinary manner.

Experimental risk assessment of carbonate scaling in the operation of high temperature – aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hester E. Dijkstra ◽  
Cjestmir V. de Boer ◽  
Mariëlle Koenen ◽  
Jasper Griffioen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Thermal Energy Storage ◽  
Calcite Precipitation ◽  
Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage

<p>High temperature - aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) is gaining momentum as sustainable option for the (seasonal) storage of heat, where geothermal heat may be one of the sources. To maximize the impact of geothermal systems, the heat produced in the summertime, which is not directly needed, can be temporarily stored in a groundwater aquifer for use in the winter. However, HT-ATES does not come without technical complications. One potential complication is carbonate scaling of the technical installation and/or the aquifer in the vicinity of the injection well. Precipitation of carbonates may occur when carbonate-saturated groundwater becomes heated, upon which the groundwater becomes increasingly supersaturated for carbonates. As part of the GEOTHERMICA project HEATSTORE, both a sampling method and an experimental set-up were developed. This experimental procedure enables the sampling and testing of groundwater from HT-ATES sites or else to determine the likelihood of calcium carbonate scaling in a HT-ATES system and, if so, identify the nature and extent.</p><p>For the HEATSTORE project, Groundwater was sampled at a HT-ATES test well drilled in Middenmeer, the Netherlands down to 370 meter depth. The sampling was done with a double walled vessel, which made it possible to maintain pressure on the water sample to prevent degassing of natural occurring dissolved gases like methane and carbon dioxide during sampling and storage, as well as preventing atmospheric contamination of the groundwater. The experiments were performed in two stainless steel autoclaves which were kept at 85 degrees Celsius for up to 5 days. Three types of experiments were performed to mimic the different components of the HT-ATES system: addition of a plate of stainless steel, addition of calcium carbonate crystals and addition of aquifer sediment. The first experiment did not show any carbonate precipitation, although geochemical modelling suggests oversaturation of calcite for the applied conditions. Calcite precipitation and recrystallization were observed only in the experiments with calcite crystal seeds added. The experiment with the aquifer sediment added to the reaction vessel, containing shell fractions and intact shells (e.g. Foraminifera), did not show calcite precipitation, neither showed the chemical analysis of the water at the end of the experiment a reduction in calcium concentration. Isotope analysis suggests that carbon dioxide was released by thermally enhanced degradation of sedimentary organic matter, which would have lowered the supersaturation of calcite.</p><p>These results suggest that aquifers, in which calcite is already present and limited (or no reactive) organic matter is available, could face a risk of scaling and subsequent injectivity/productivity issues when HT-ATES is applied in these aquifers. A proper water treatment, such as the addition of carbon dioxide or hydrochloric acid to the groundwater abstracted prior to heating, could be required to prevent groundwater from getting supersaturated with carbonate minerals.</p>

scholarly journals Laminar Burning Velocity and Flammability Characteristics of Biogas in Spark Ignited Premix Combustion at Reduced Pressure

2013 ◽  
Vol 376 ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willyanto Anggono ◽  
I.N.G. Wardana ◽  
M. Lawes ◽  
K.J. Hughes ◽  
Slamet Wahyudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Burning Velocity ◽  
Initial Pressure ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Laminar Burning Velocity ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Premix Combustion ◽  
Flammability Characteristics

Biogas as a “Powergas” is an alternative fuel produced in digestion facilities, that is sustainable and renewable. Based on chemical analysis, the composition of the biogas produced in East Java is 66.4% methane, 30.6% carbon dioxide and 3% nitrogen. Methane is a flammable gas, whereas, nitrogen and carbon dioxide are inhibitors. Given it has a different composition to traditional fuels, a fundamental study of biogas flame propagation characteristics is desirable to quantify this important fuel property. Spherically expanding flames propagating at constant pressure are employed to measure the laminar burning velocity and flammability characteristics as mixture function of the mixture composition. These important parameters were measured using a photographic technique in a high pressure fan-stirred bomb. The characteristics of biogas-air flames were initially studied at reduced pressure and at various equivalence ratios from the lower flammable limit to the upper flammable limit. The results were compared with those from biogas-air flames at atmospheric pressure. Based on this experimental investigation, the laminar burning velocities of biogas-air mixtures at reduced pressure were 0.218 m/s for ϕ=0.75, 0.246 m/s for ϕ=0.80 and 0.269 m/s for ϕ=0.85 respectively and only for these biogas mixtures propagated at reduced pressure. At the same equivalence ratio (ϕ), the laminar burning velocities of the biogas-air mixtures at reduced pressure are higher than those at atmospheric pressure. The flammable region of biogas became narrower by reducing initial pressure. The dilution effect is stronger at reduced pressure. Therefore, the flammable composition mixture areas of biogas-air mixtures are more limited at reduced pressure than those at atmospheric pressure.

Note on the mechanical analysis of humus soils

1922 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert Wooding Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Masking Effect ◽  
Soil Particles

It is generally recognised that the mechanical analysis of soils containing large quantities of organic matter presents considerable difficulties and that in the case of peaty soils mechanical analysis can have little significance. Apart from the masking effect of organic matter on soil properties which will naturally vitiate any correlations with mechanical composition, the actual dispersion of humus soils is difficult owing to the cementing action of humified organic matter, whereby soil particles are aggregated together into compound structures which resist ordinary methods of dispersion. Various methods have been suggested for the destruction of organic matter as a preliminary to mechanical analysis. Atterberg recommends the use of alkaline sodium hypobromite solution. In the case of diatomaceous soils, however, oxidation of the organic matter with hot nitric acid (d. 1·14) is recommended. For soils free from calcium carbonate the use of hydrochloric acid (d. 1·12) is suggested.

scholarly journals A CONTRIBUTION TO TEACHING CHEMISTRY WITH ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS USING THE COMPOSITION AND SOME REACTIONS OF DOMESTIC WASTE

2008 ◽  
Vol 05 (10) ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Jaqueline Keiko TANIMOTO ◽  
Karla Amâncio Pinto FIELDS
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Teaching Chemistry ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
Decomposition Of Organic Matter ◽  
Soil And Water ◽  
Emission Of Greenhouse Gases

The garbage has caused several problems within a city, is the visual pollution, in addition to contamination from the decomposition of organic matter, which generates the effluent called slurry which contaminates the soil and water in addition to the emission of greenhouse gases such as methane, sulfidric acid, ammonia and carbon dioxide gas. Reflecting on the various problems in a city that affect the environment, propose to study the composition of the garbage generated in the home, and the reactions to the formation of the same, the decomposition of organic matter and environmental impacts. Therefore, the mini course can be well used by the students, who did not have a broad view of chemistry and its applications in daily life by increasing their knowledge conceptual, in addition to awakening the motivation through the same methods that interest them.

A NEW APPARATUS FOR RAPID CARBON DETERMINATION BY WET COMBUSTION

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 558-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Thorn ◽  
Ping Shu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Barium Chloride ◽  
Probable Error ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Cysteine Hydrochloride ◽  
New Apparatus ◽  
Carbon Determination

A simple, compact apparatus has been designed for the estimation of carbon in organic materials by a wet combustion procedure employing the Van Slyke–Folch oxidation liquid. Oxidation of the sample and absorption of the resultant carbon dioxide take place under reduced pressure. The carbon dioxide is transferred from the oxidation Mask by diffusion and is absorbed in stirred sodium hydroxide, the excess alkali being determined by titration with hydrochloric acid after addition of barium chloride. Samples containing from 0.3 mgm. to 15 mgm. of carbon may be analyzed with a probable error of 0.35%. Volatile compounds in aqueous solution may also be analyzed. Sulphur, nitrogen, and halogens do not interfere. Determinations were made on the following compounds; sucrose, succinic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, cholesterol, stearic acid, and acetone. An analysis requires from 20 to 25 min.

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