The losses in the tower silo

1926 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Ernest Woodman ◽  
Arthur Amos
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bacterial Activity ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Dry Matter Loss ◽  
Bacterial Decomposition ◽  
Made In

An investigation has been described in which an attempt has been made to measure the losses of dry matter in a number of regularly spaced layers of silage contained in a tower silo, the immediate object being to determine theaverageloss of nutrient matter in the entire mass of material. The work was continued over the period of two silage seasons. The more important findings are summarised below:1. It is usually asserted by writers on ensilage that the attainment of such high temperatures as are necessary for the production of “sweet” silage necessarily involves an excessive loss of the dry matter of the crop as a consequence of the oxidation of carbohydrate. This statement has been shown to be erroneous both on theoretical grounds and on the grounds of actual measurements of the losses of dry matter entailed in the production of “sweet” silage. The amount of destruction of carbohydrate bears no significant relation to the temperature attained during preservation, and the factors of (a) juice drainage, (b) bacterial decomposition of carbohydrate, (c) partial spoiling by undesirable bacterial activity, as with “sour” silage, are of much greater significance in causing unduly large losses of carbohydrate.2. The results obtained in this investigation with crops containing from 26·5 to 33·9 per cent. of dry matter show that “acid brown” silage can be made in the tower silo with anaverageloss of dry matter equal to 5–6 per cent. of that contained in the green crop. It is further concluded that “sweet” silage, if made under good conditions, can also be produced in the tower silo with anaveragedry matter loss of the same order. With “green fruity” silage, theaverageloss under proper conditions of ensilage in tower silos is of the order of 8–9 per cent. The evidence affords strong disproof of the statement that the ensilage of green crops cannot be accomplished without large losses of nutrient matter.

Rumen degradation of straw. 7. Effects of chemical pre-treatment and addition of propionic acid on degradation characteristics of botanical fractions barley stra treated with a cellulase preparation

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Nakashima ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Bacterial Activity ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
B Values ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Dry Matter Loss ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Pre Treatment

ABSTRACTFour experiments were carried out to measure the effects of exposure to a cellulase preparation on the degradation characteristics of whole barley straw and its botanical fractions. The effect of chemical pre-treatment (NaOH and H2O2) on treatment with a cellulase preparation and the addition of propionic acid to inhibit loss of dry matter were also studied during the fermentation of ensiled straws. Samples of each preparation were incubated in polyester bags in the rumens of three sheep to estimate degradability. The data were described using the equationp = a + b (1—ec) where p is degradability at time t and a, b and c are constants.The pH of ensiled straw was consistently decreased (P < 0·01) and the solubility increased (P < 0·01) by treatment with a cellulase preparation and by increasing the period of ensiling. The b values were decreased by increasing the length of the ensiling period (F < 0·01). The increase in the solubility of the treated botanical fractions was particularly apparent for the leaf blades, followed by leaf sheath, with the internodes being least affected (P < 0·01). However, treatment with a cellulase preparation had little or no effect in increasing the potential degradability (a + b) of any botanical fraction. The degradability of the whole plant and botanical fractions of straw increased (P < 0·01) with NaOH treatment and was further improved (P < 0·01) by alkaline H2O2 treatment. The increase was greater in internodes than in leaf sheath (P < 0·01). Treatment with a cellulase preparation and chemical pre-treatment had little or no effect on the 48-h dry-matter loss (DML) and the (a + b) values, but it increased (P < 0·01) the a values and solubility.DML from straw treated with a cellulase preparation during fermentation decreased (P < 0·01) from about 60 to less than 10 g/kg with 30 g propionic acid added per kg straw to inhibit bacterial activity. The decreased fermentation loss was reflected in an increase in the 48-h DML and potential (a + b) values of straw treated with a cellulase preparation.

Machine learning algorithms to predict the dry matter loss of stored soybean grains ( Glycine max L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Soares Zeymer ◽  
Felipe Guzzo ◽  
Marcos Eduardo Viana Araujo ◽  
Richard Stephen Gates ◽  
Paulo Cesar Corrêa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Dry Matter Loss ◽  
Glycine Max L

scholarly journals II. On some phenomena exhibited by gun-cotton and gunpowder under special conditions of exposure to heat

1864 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 204-217
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Method ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Sufficient Accuracy ◽  
Hot Wire ◽  
Full Extent ◽  
Mechanical Condition ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Wire ◽  
Made In

The experiments upon which I have been engaged for some time past, in connexion with the manufacture and properties of gun-cotton, have brought under my notice some interesting points in the behaviour of both gun. cotton and gunpowder, when exposed to high temperatures, under parti­cular conditions. I believe that these phenomena have not been previously observed, at any rate to their full extent, and I therefore venture to lay before the Royal Society a brief account of them. Being anxious to possess some rapid method of testing the uniformity of products obtained by carrying out General von Lenk’s system of manu­facture of gun-cotton, I instituted experiments for the purpose of ascer­taining whether, by igniting equal weights of gun-cotton of the same com­position, by voltaic agency, within a partially exhausted vessel connected with a barometric tube, I could rely upon obtaining a uniform depression of the mercurial column, in different experiments made in atmospheres of uniform rarefaction, and whether slight differences in the composition of the gun-cotton would be indicated, with sufficient accuracy, by a corre­sponding difference in the volume of gas disengaged, or in the depression of the mercury. I found that, provided the mechanical condition of the gun-cotton, and its position with reference to the source of heat, were in all instances the same, the indications furnished by these experiments were sufficiently accurate for practical purposes. Each experiment was made with fifteen grains of gun-cotton, which were wrapped compactly round the platinum wire; the apparatus was exhausted until the column of mercury was raised to a height varying from 29 inches to 29·5 inches. The flash which accompanied the deflagration of the gun-cotton was apparently similar to that observed upon its ignition in open air ; but it was noticed that an interval of time always occurred between the first application of heat (or incandescence of the wire) and the flashing of the gun-cotton, and that during this interval there was a very perceptible fall of the column of mercury. On several occasions, when the gun-cotton, in the form of “roving,” or loosely twisted strand, was only laid over the wire, so that it hung down on either side, the red-hot wire simply cut it into two pieces, which fell to the bottom of the exhausted vessel, without continuing to burn. As these results appeared to indicate that the effects of heat upon gun-cotton, in a highly rarefied atmosphere, differed importantly from those observed under ordinary circumstances, or in a very imperfect va­cuum, a series of experiments, under variously modified conditions, was instituted, of which the following are the most important.

Evaluation of the position of the hyoid bone in relation to vertical facial development

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aslihan Ertan Erdinc ◽  
Banu Dincer ◽  
Münire Sabah
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Hyoid Bone ◽  
T Test ◽  
Reference Plane ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Vertical Growth ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Facial Development ◽  
Cephalometric Measurements ◽  
Made In

Evaluation of the position of the hyoid bone in relation to vertical facial development and comparative evaluation of the relation of this position with the dentofacial system was made on 25 patients with hyperdivergent vertical growth, 25 patients with hypodivergent vertical growth, and 25 patients with normal vertical facial development. SN-Go-Gn, Gonion, ANS-PNS/Go-Gn angles and S-Go, N-Me, S-Go/N-Me measurements from lateral cephalometric films were used as identification parameters. Seven horizontal, five vertical and five angular cephalometric measurements were made in order to determine the position of the hyoid bone. SN plane was used as the reference plane. Results were evaluated through "t" test. No significant relation was found between hyoid bone position and gender. When gender distinction was disregarded, and the group with normal facial development was compared with the hyperdivergent group, statistically significant differences were observed for CVTH distance in horizontal measurements and for H-SN, H-F, H-PD, H-OD distances in vertical measurements. When the group with normal facial development was compared with the hypodivergent group, only the horizontal measurement Pg-H was statistically significant. The hyoid bone location in the hyperdivergent group was in a more of a posterior and superior position. The hyoid bone location in the hypodivergent group was not changed vertically, however, it had more of a posterior placement with the increase of Pg-H distance.

Seasonal changes in growth and nodulation of perennial tropical pasture legumes in the field. I. The influence of planting date and grazing and cutting on Desmodium uncinatum and Phaseolus atropurpureus

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Whiteman ◽  
A Lulhan
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Nodule Number ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Made In

Plantings of D. uncinatum and P. atropuvpureus were made in October and December 1965 and February and April 1966, and subsequently the plots were either rotationally grazed by sheep, cut with a mower at 3 inches, or left undefoliated. Monthly samples were taken to determine individual plant dry weight, nodule weight per plant, nodule number, and mean weight per nodule. Three samples for plot dry matter yield were also taken. Individual plant dry weight was higher in the October and December sowings, although by the end of the second growing season dry matter yield per plot was higher in the December and February sowings. Dry matter yield of legume was depressed by April planting. D. uncinatum began regrowth in spring 2 months earlier than P, atropurpureus, when minimum temperatures exceeded 48-50�F compared with 57' for P. atropurpureus. Both species had marked seasonal peaks in nodule and plant dry weight. The rapid decline in nodule weight could not be directly related to the onset of flowering or frosts. Grazing caused a greater reduction than cutting in terms of plant and nodule weight and legume yield. In P. atropurpureus nodule weight per plant was reduced through a decline in mean weight per nodule, while in D. uncinatum grazing and cutting reduced nodule number per plant.

Effects of time and rate of paraquat application on yield and botanical composition of annual pastures containing subterranean clover in a Mediterranean climate

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (64) ◽  
pp. 556
Author(s):  
DW Barrett ◽  
GW Arnold ◽  
NA Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Minimum Loss ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Clover Content ◽  
Made In

Pastures containing subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and either Vulpia spp. or Bromus rigidus as the other major species were sprayed at 0, 0.07, 0.14 and 0.21 kg a.i. ha-1 of paraquat ion between June and early October in Western Australia. Spraying removed the grasses and produced pastures containing up to 95 per cent clover. Mid-winter applications were more effective in increasing clover content than those made in spring. These changes in botanical composition were evident in the year following spraying, but were less marked. Yields of dry matter were reduced by paraquat, especially 'in the period immediately following spraying. These losses tended to decline as the growing season progressed, but at the close they were still evident on the Bromus rigidus pasture sprayed in July. Yields at the end of the subsequent season were similar on all treatments. Paraquat applied in mid-August at 0.14 kg a.i. ha-1 to both pastures produced the greatest change in botanical composition with the minimum loss of yield. The concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium were higher in mature herbage on paraquat treatments. Total yields of nutrients were similar between treatments because of reduced dry matter yield.

Selection for resistance to Colletotrichum trifolii in the lucerne cultivars Hunter River and Siro Peruvian

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (105) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAG Irwin ◽  
DL Lloyd ◽  
RA Bray ◽  
PW Langdon
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Mortality ◽  
River Population ◽  
Colletotrichum Trifolii ◽  
F2 Population ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Glasshouse Screening ◽  
Made In

Seedlings of lucerne (Medicago sativa) with increased resistance to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, were obtained from cvv. Hunter River and Siro Peruvian by selection through two generations under laboratory conditions. Glasshouse screening of half sib F1 and F2 families confirmed that rapid progress was made in increasing the level of resistance in both populations. In the field, after two years, F1 derivatives had lower percentages of plant mortality and disease indices than their parent cultivars, and F2 derivatives had lower values than their F1 parents. The F2 population of Siro Peruvian, in the second year, yielded 55% and 45% more dry matter than the unselected populations of Siro Peruvian and Hunter River respectively. However, the level of resistance in the field of the Siro Peruvian F2 population was only the equivalent of the unselected Hunter River population, and was inferior to the F1 and F2 populations of Hunter River.

scholarly journals Evaluating the effects of storage conditions on dry matter loss and nutritional quality of grain legume fodders in West Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 262 ◽  
pp. 114419
Author(s):  
D.B. Akakpo ◽  
I.J.M de Boer ◽  
S. Adjei-Nsiah ◽  
A.J. Duncan ◽  
K.E. Giller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Dry Matter Loss

Carbon Dioxide Evolution from High-Moisture Shelled Corn Treated with Iprodione†

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 673-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
SLAVEN ALJINOVIC ◽  
CARL J. BERN ◽  
PRINCE N. DUGBA ◽  
MANJIT K. MISRA
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Storage Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Evolution ◽  
Dry Matter Loss

Carbon dioxide evolution was used to determine the storage life of 22.7% moisture shelled corn. Four iprodione fungicide treatments plus an untreated control were tested. The fungicide was tested on corn having three levels of mechanical kernel damage: 7% (hand shelled), 25% (combine harvested), and 16% (a blend of the other two damage levels). All iprodione treatments significantly increased storage life. Corn samples with higher levels of kernel damage took shorter times to reach the 0.5% dry-matter loss (DML) level. For combine-shelled corn, the fungicide increased storage life 17% at 15 mg/kg of corn and 46% at 20 mg/kg of corn.

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