The utilization by beef cattle of concentrate diets containing different levels of milled barley straw and of protein

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Raven ◽  
T. J. Forbes ◽  
J. H. D. Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Live Weight Gain

Summary1. An experiment consisting of two separate trials was carried out to study the utilization by beef cattle of high concentrate diets containing different amounts of milled barley straw and of protein. For each trial twenty-four Friesian steers, initially weighing about 270 kg, were divided into three groups and the animals within each group then allocated at random to eight dietary treatments. The treatments were based on an all-concentrate diet and three others containing 10, 20 and 30% of milled (1 in screen) barley straw. Four of the treatments consisted of giving the same concentrate mixture with each level of straw, and the other four involved giving concentrate mixtures with increasing levels of protein so that the percentage of protein in the diets was maintained. All the diets were fed ad libitum until slaughter.2. Performance in terms of live-weight gain was considered as the net result of a number of factors, notably the total intake of dry matter, the digestibility of the dry matter, the efficiency of utilization of the end products of fermentation in the rumen and the composition of the live-weight gain. The inclusions of 20 and 30% of straw in the diet were associated with lower rates of gain than on corresponding all-concentrate and 10% straw treatments but the differences obtained did not attain significance. Total intakes of dry matter were greater on treatments containing 10 and 20% of straw than on corresponding all-concentrate treatments, but then declined with further increase in level of straw to 30%. This trend was significantly curvilinear (P < 0·01), the equation for the relationship beingY = 5·881 + 0·131X - 0·004X2,with Y being the daily intake of dry matter (kg) and X the percentage of straw in the diet. The maximum intake of dry matter was calculated to occur with a level of 16·4% straw in the diet and represents an increase in total dry matter intake of 18·2% over that on an all-concentrate diet. Food conversion ratio, expressed as total dry matter consumed per kg live-weight gain, tended to increase with increasing proportion of straw in the diet.3. The mean digestibility of organic matter fell sharply with the inclusion of 10% straw in the ration, the decrease being 8·2% where the protein level was not maintained and 9·1% where it was maintained. Further reductions in digestibility occurred on the 20 and 30% straw diets, but the magnitude of the reductions were considerably less than those brought about by the initial introduction of straw into the ration.4. The molar percentage of acetic acid in the steam volatile acids of rumen liquor increased markedly, and that of propionic acid decreased sharply from the all-concentrate to the 10% straw treatment with a similar level of dietary protein. Increase in the level of straw to 30% gave rise to a further increase in the proportion of acetic acid and reduction in that of propionic acid. Analysis of samples taken at 3, 6, 9 and 12 h after feeding showed appreciable differences in pattern between treatments.5. Effects of treatment on killing-out percentage were different for each trial. In trial 1 the inclusion of straw in the diet did not cause any reduction in killing-out percentage, but the maintenance of protein level gave rise to a significantly higher killing-out percentage than was obtained with the lower protein groups. In trial 2 the killing-out percentages showed a significantly linear (P < 0·01) decrease with increasing proportion of straw in the ration, and maintenance of protein level did not give any improvement.

The effect of wilting and short-chopping of grass on the subsequent voluntary intake of silage, and live-weight gain of calves

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. England ◽  
M. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Forage Harvester

ABSTRACTFour silages were prepared from perennial ryegrass. Half the crop was picked up soon after mowing and the remainder left to wilt for 24 h. Half the unwilted and half the wilted grass was chopped by a forage harvester with its normal complement of knives; the remainder was chopped by a forage harvester with all but two of its knives removed. The ensiled material was offered ad libitum for 80 days as the sole food to 32 British Friesian male castrates initially 14 weeks of age and 111 kg live weight.Wilting raised silage dry-matter content by 31 g/kg fresh weight and gave lower concentrations of acetic acid whilst short chopping gave lower butyric acid. Concentrations of acetic acid, butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen were high on all treatments. Organic matter digestibility was significantly increased by wilting (P < 0·001) and significantly depressed by chopping (P < 0·001). There was no response in dry-matter intake to short chopping, but wilting raised daily intake from 18·4 to 19·9 g silage dry matter per kg live weight (P < 0·001). Live-weight gain was increased from 0·42 to 0·46 kg/day by short chopping (P < 0·05) and from 0·40 to 0·48 kg/day by wilting (P < 0·01)

Single cereal diets for bacon pigs: 2. The effect of methods of storage and preparation of barley on performance and carcass quality

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
G. W. Dean ◽  
J. R. Luscombe
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Feeding Value

SUMMARYBarley which had been stored after treatment with 0·8 % propionic acid was incorporated into pig diets in either the milled or the rolled form and its feeding value compared with that of barley stored dry and then ground, and of moist barley stored anaerobically and then rolled. The pigs were fed from 50 to 200 lb live weight on the four diets. Their performance was not affected by the method of storage of the barley, but those given rolled barley required 11% more dry matter per unit of live-weight gain than those given milled barley. There were no significant differences between the treatments in carcass measurements, or in apparent digestibility coefficients as measured by the chromic-oxide method.

Studies on the nutrition of ruminants: 5. The effect of diets containing up to 70% ground barley straw on the live-weight gain and carcass composition of yearling Friesian cattle

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Swan ◽  
G. E. Lamming
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Friesian Cattle

SUMMARY1. Three groups, each of eight steers, were fed on pelleted diets containing 30, 50 or 70% ground barley straw, maize and soya bean meal. On an air-dry basis the diets contained 12% crude protein.2. Daily live-weight gain was 1·29, 1·19 and 1·02 kg/day for the 30, 50 and 70% straw diets respectively, and was negatively related to the percentage of crude fibre in the dry matter (r = −0·61, P < 0·05).3. The apparent digestibility of dry matter, determined in sheep at the maintenance level of feeding was negatively related to percentage crude fibre in the dry matter (r = −0·91, P < 0·001).4. All animals were killed at approximately the same live weight, which was reached on average in 140,153 and 163 days by the 30, 50 and 70% groups, respectively.5. The differences in mean carcass weight between treatments were significant (P < 0·05). Killing-out percentage was significantly reduced (P < 0·05) as the proportion of ground barley straw in the diet was increased from 30 to 70%.6. The proportion of straw in the diet had no direct effect on the composition of carcass gain.7. The results are discussed in relation to the intake of digestible energy.

Effect of winter environment on growth of young beef cattle 1. Effects of exposure during winter to rain or wind and rain combined on performance of 9-month-old Friesian steers fed on two planes of nutrition

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. McCarrick ◽  
M. J. Drennan
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Weight Gains

SUMMARYThree experiments were conducted to compare the performance of 9-month-old Friesian steers wintered in three environments, (a) conventional cattle houses, (b) wind-sheltered roofless sawdust pads and (c) unsheltered roofless sawdust pads. Within each environment animals were fed on two planes of nutrition.In each experiment, winter live-weight gains of animals accommodated on the three winter environments were similar as were weight changes during the subsequent four weeks at grass in Experiments 2 and 3.No interaction on live-weight gain was found between plane of nutrition and winter environment. Health of outwintered animals was good throughout. The response to feeding barley with hay in these experiments (obtained by comparing low-plane with high-plane treatment groups) showed that on average 5·5 kg of barley dry matter were required to produce 1 kg of additional live-weight gain above that obtained from hay fed alone.

Beef production from silage 3. The effect of supplements of hay and dried grass on the performance of beef cattle

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
R. M. Tetlow ◽  
B. G. Gibbs ◽  
Margaret Gill
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACT1. The primary growth of perennial ryegrass was cut between 7 and 9 June and ensiled with formic acid at 2·5 1/t. The regrowth was cut on 24 July; part was dried at high temperature (dried grass), the remainder was left to dry in the field (hay). The dried grass (DG) and part of the hay were ground and pelleted, the hay being pelleted alone (PH) or with the addition of formaldehyde at 20 g/kg crude protein (PHF). The remainder of the hay was offered in the chopped form (CH). The four supplements (CH, PH, PHF, DG) were offered at two levels, 6·5 (L) and 130 (H) g dry matter per kg live weight to 54 British Friesian steers (initial live weight, 110 kg) receiving the silage ad libitum.2. The silage had a high pH and a high proportion of the total nitrogen was in the form of ammonia, indicating poor fermentation. The solubility of nitrogen in the supplements was highest (262 g/kg total nitrogen) in CH, progressively less in PH and PHF and lowest (122 g/kg total nitrogen) in DG.3. Total dry-matter intake was highest with DG at the higher level of inclusion. Dry-matter intake was significantly higher for PH and PHF than for CH (P < 0·001). However, intake of digestible energy did not differ between hays. Live-weight gain was increased from a low level of 0·24 kg/day (silage alone) by all supplements, but this effect was greater with DG than with the hays (P < 0·001). Level of supplementation increased live-weight gain from 0·54 to 0·74 kg/day.4. Supplements of dried grass gave higher live-weight gains than did hay made from the same sward. However, the results indicate that supplementation of badly preserved silage with grass hay of good quality can produce acceptable levels of performance of up to 0·70 kg/day in 4-month-old steers. Processing of the hay had little effect on animal performance.

Feeding value of high moisture ammonia-treated wheat straw for lambs

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Streeter ◽  
G. W. Horn ◽  
D. G. Batchelder
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Cellulose Digestibility ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Supplemental Protein

ABSTRACT1. Two experiments were conducted to determine the feeding value of high moisture wheat straw treated with ammonia. The straw was chopped, water added to attain 350 g dry matter per kg treated straw, then treated with 84 or 90 g anhydrous ammonia per kg wheat straw dry matter and stored in a large plastic bag.2. In Experiment 1, the treated straw was providedad libitumto lambs in individual pens with either a control supplement (molasses and minerals), or 200 or 400 g of a soya bean meal- or maize gluten meal-based supplement.3. Lambs fed the control supplement consumed 24·8 g of treated straw dry matter per kg live weight and lost 32 g live weight per day during the 28-day study. Source of supplemental protein did not affect live-weight gain or treated straw consumption. Level of supplement increased live-weight gains (P< 0·01) but did not affect treated straw consumption.4. In Experiment 2, the lambs were fed one of three levels of supplement that each supplied 58 or 116 g of crude protein per day. Supplemental protein level increased cellulose digestibility (P< 0·01) with no effect on hemicellulose digestibility. Protein level did not affect treated straw consumption or live-weight gain.5. Supplement level decreased cellulose digestibility (P< 0·01), hemicellulose digestibility (P< 0·01), and treated straw intake (P< 0·01) but increased live-weight gain.6. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of amount and type of supplemental protein and level of supplementation on utilization of the treated straw.

Intensive beef production: 10. Replacement of cereals with chopped straw

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kay ◽  
A. Macdearmid ◽  
N. A. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility

SUMMARY1. Two growth trials and a digestibility trial were carried out with 48 Friesian steers given diets containing approximately 5, 20, 35 and 50% chopped barley straw and concentrates up to 100%.2. Rates of live-weight gain between 130 and 400 kg declined from 1·18 to 0·65 kg/day and carcass gain declined from 0·62 to 0·30 kg/day as the straw content of the diet increased from 5 to 50%.3. Alimentary tract ‘fill’ increased from 10·5% of live weight with 5% straw to 21% of live weight with 50% straw, and killing-out percentage dropped from 55·5% to 48·3%.4. Both dry-matter digestibility and apparent nitrogen digestibility were lowest for the diet with 50% straw.

Inter-relationships between pasture growth and senescence and their effects on live-weight gain of grazing beef cattle

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-301
Author(s):  
J. P. Ebersohn ◽  
K. W. Moir ◽  
F. Duncalfe
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Quadratic Form ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Live Weight Gain

SummaryOn 13 pastures grazed by beef cattle live-weight gain (range, 0·34–1·12 kg/head/day) was significantly correlated with non-green grass content of pasture. In turn, non-green grass in pasture was not significantly correlated with non-green grass in oesophageal extrusa. Live-weight gain was largely explained (adjusted R2 = 0·91) by non-green grass content of pasture, cell-wall content of green-grass leaf and pasture dry matter on offer in a quadratic model. The quadratic form was best understood in terms of pasture growth with which non-green grass content of pasture was significantly and negatively correlated.

A report on the treatment of beef cattle with tranquilisers and antibiotics

1961 ◽  
Vol 3 (03) ◽  
pp. 315-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Dodsworth ◽  
C. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Trial Period ◽  
Live Weight Gain

The results are given from trials which were designed to demonstrate the effects of feeding antibiotics and a tranquiliser to beef cattle. In Trial 1 the feeding of 80 mg. aureomycin daily produced no significant effect. In Trial 2 the feeding of neither 2·5 mg. hydroxyzine nor 80 mg. terramycin nor the two combined produced any significant effect except to depress the level of intake of dry-matter over the whole trial period. This reduction in drymatter intake did not lead to an increase in efficiency of conversion (lb. dry-matter intake per lb. live-weight gain). In trial 2 the tranquiliser tetrahydrozoline was unsuccessfully used at the beginning of the trial in an attempt to reduce the loss in live-weight suffered when the animals were tied up.

Effect of animal size on the response in the performance of beef cattle to an improvement in silage quality

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen ◽  
W. A. McIlmoyle
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Silage Quality ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Animal Size

ABSTRACTTwo experiments have been carried out to examine the interaction between animal size and the response in animal performance to an increase in the digestibility of grass silage. In experiment 1, grass silages harvested during July and August after regrowth intervals of 43 and 85 days were offered ad libitum both unsupplemented and supplemented with 2 kg of concentrates per head per day to British Friesian steers of (±s.e.) 170±1·9, 300±2·9 and 420±3·6 kg initial live weight. Earlier cutting did not affect silage dry-matter intake or live-weight gain but increased carcass gain by 0·12kg/day (P<0·01).In experiment 2, early-cut grass silage, made from two regrowths of perennial ryegrass, which were harvested during July and August after regrowth intervals of 43 and 48 days, and late-cut silage, made from a single regrowth, which was harvested in August after a regrowth interval of 90 days, were offered ad libitum to 84 Hereford-cross steers of (±s.e.) 170±3·4, 300±4·4 and 420±5|·2kg initial live weight. Earlier cutting increased silage dry-matter intake by 340 g/kg, live-weight gain by 0·23 kg/day and carcass gain by 0·18 kg/day (P<0·001). It i s concluded that increasing the digestibility of grass silage by cutting grass at an earlier stage of growth is likely to produce a substantial increase in the daily carcass gain of beef cattle and that the response to higher digestibility is as great with mature cattle as with young, growing animals.

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