The use of internal markers to estimate herbage digestibility and intake: 1. Potentially indigestible cellulose and acid insoluble ash

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Penning ◽  
R. H. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Internal Markers

SUMMARYConcentrations of potentially indigestible cellulose (PIC) and acid insoluble ash (AIA) were determined in samples of feed and faeces in a study to determine their value as internal markers. PIC and AIA were then used to predict the organic-matter digestibilities (OMD) of samples of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and lucerne (Medicago sativa)of known OMD which had been determined using wether sheep. The mean values for OMD (%) measured in vivo were 67·2 and 62·8 for ryegrass and 58·0 and 55·8 for lucerne at intakes of 15 and 25 g D.M./kg live weight, respectively.The in vitro digestibility technique, using rumen liquor, gave OMD values of 69·5 and 57·4 for ryegrass and lucerne which are in close agreement with the in vivo values at the lower level of intake.The mean differences between OMD measured in vivo and that estimated using PIC were: -1·1 (± 0·65) and -1·6 (± 0·46) percentage units for ryegrass and lucerne respectively, and using AIA were: -1·4 (± 0·57) and -3·5 (± 1·61).For the two feeds tested, OMD was predicted more precisely by PIC than by AIA or the in vitro digestibility technique. However, the PIC technique required the use of rumen-fistulated animals and 10 days to digest samples of faeces; this may make the technique impractical if large numbers of determinations of PIC are required.

The herbage intake of cattle grazing lucerne and cocksfoot pastures

1963 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Alder ◽  
D. J. Minson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Grazing Experiment ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
The Mean

1. From 1955 to 1957 a cattle grazing experiment was carried out on lucerne and cocksfoot pastures. Hereford-cross steers were used. Results obtained on the assessment of herbage intake either by the use of chromic oxide and faecal index methods or by herbage sampling are presented here.2. Except in 1955, when techniques were being developed, the digestibility of the herbage on offer to the bullocks was estimated by cold storing herbage, cut with an Allen Autoscythe and later feeding it to sheep in indoor digestion trials. The in vitro digestibility of herbage samples cut in 1955 and 1956 was also determined.3. In 1956 the mean intake of organic matter (lb.) per 100 lb. live weight by faecal methods was 2·38, 2·07, 2·20 and 2·29 on pastures of lucerne, cocksfoot, lucerne/cocksfoot (broadcast) and lucerne/cocksfoot (alternate 1 ft. drills), respectively, and 1·99, 1·76, 2·02 and 1·97, respectively, in 1957.4. In 1956 the mean intake of organic matter (lb.) per 100 lb. live weight by herbage sampling methods was 2·14, 1·70, 2·11 and 1·99 on the same pastures of lucerne, cocksfoot, lucerne/cocksfoot (broadcast) and lucerne/cocksfoot (drills), respectively, and 2·49, 1·32, 2·35 and 2·03, respectively, in 1957. The modified Tarpen trimmer, cutting to within 1 in. of the ground was used for sampling in 1956 and the Allen Autoscythe cutting to within 2 or 3 in. of ground level in 1957.5. Detailed botanical separation of herbage samples showed that the bullocks were selecting the more digestible parts of the plants; the top 4 in. of lucerne and the ends of leaves and stems of cocksfoot. This and other factors which could affect the estimates of digestibility of herbage eaten by the cattle are discussed together with possible sources of error in the herbage sampling methods.

The effects of method of processing on the intake and digestibility by lambs of dried perennial rye-grass and tall fescue

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Tetlow ◽  
R. J. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Live Weight Gain

SUMMARYCobs and pellets which differed in particle size (modulus of fineness, MF) were prepared from dried perennial ryegrass and tall fescue and given to sheep. The MF values of the feeds were 2·45,1·09,0·81 and 0·74 for perennial ryegrass and 2·28,0·84,0·67 and 0·57 for tall fescue. Organic matter digestibility was similar for the two grass species when measured in vivo, but when measured in vitro values for perennial ryegrass were about 3 units higher than those for tall fescue. Voluntary intake and live-weight gain were higher for sheep given tall fescue, the difference in live-weight gain being just significant at P < 0·05. The response to change in particle size was similar for the two grass species. Intake was lowest and digestibility highest for the feeds with the highest MF, but differences between the three finely-ground forms of each species were not significant. There was a tendency for the intake of digestible organic matter to be lower for the feeds with lowest MF than for those with intermediate values for MF. The rate of passage of undigested particles was slower for cobs with the highest MF than for the other feeds, which did not differ significantly one from another.

The apparent digestibility of Atriplex barclayana and its effect on nitrogen balance in sheep

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Benjamin ◽  
E. Oren ◽  
E. Katz ◽  
K. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
The Mean

AbstractAn in vivo digestibility trial was conducted by feeding sheep the leaves, fruits and twigs of Atriplex barclayana in a proportion roughly equivalent to that eaten by sheep grazing freely in Atriplex plantations. Four treatments were imposed on each of four sheep in a 4 × 4 Latin-square experimental design: Atriplex offered alone or with 100, 200 or 300 g/day tapioca meal.The mean apparent digestibility of the Atriplex dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) consumed were 0·59 and 0·56, respectively. Addition of tapioca to the Atriplex in the diet did not improve these digestibility coefficients. The low OM content of 760 g/kg together with its digestibility of 0·56 resulted in the Atriplex having a low metabolizable energy concentration of 6·28 MJ per kg DM. The in vitro apparent DM digestibility of Atriplex was approximately 0·09 higher than the in vivo apparent digestibility.The mean nitrogen concentration of the Atriplex DM was 16·6 g/kg, and its apparent digestibility 0·73, which was not improved by the addition of tapioca to the diet. Nitrogen retention of the sheep eating only Atriplex was proportionately 0·17 of the nitrogen intake. The addition of 300 g tapioca improved nitrogen retention to 0·27 but was not significantly different from the other treatments.Water intake and urine excreted were as high as 14 and 12 I/day respectively, for an Atriplex DM intake of about 1300 g/day. During the experiment the sheep only maintained live weight, despite daily intakes of up to 1200 g Atriplex DM and up to 300 g tapioca.

scholarly journals Comparison of three in vitro methods for determining and predicting the organic matter digestibility of complete diets for ruminants

2009 ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Palic ◽  
Klaas-Jan Leeuw
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Analytical Laboratories

In this study, the organic matter digestibility (OMD) of six complete diets for ruminants has been determined in-vivo in trials with sheep and in-vitro using two-stage Tilley and Terry (T&T) method, gas production (GP) technique and multi-enzyme incubation (EDOM) procedures. The mean OMD values obtained in vivo and using T&T, GP and EDOM techniques were 684, 716, 685 and 710 g OM/kgDM respectively and did not differ significantly (P>0.05). The obtained in vitro results were regressed against determined in-vivo values to derive prediction equations. Using the T&T technique, the prediction equation OMD (in_vivo) = -17.36 + 0.98 x OMD (in_vitro_T&T), (R2 = 0.75; RMSE = 37.59) has been obtained. The equation OMD (in_vivo) = 198.98 + 0.71 x OMD (in_vitro_GP), (R2 = 0.21; RMSE = 66.36) has been derived for Gas production procedure, while the equation OMD (in_vivo) = 102 + 0.82 x OMD (in_vitro_EDOM), (R2 = 0.86; RMSE = 27.30) has been generated for multi-enzyme incubation technique. The results of this study showed that the OMD of complete diets for ruminants can be successfully determined, and in-vivo values predicted, using multi-enzyme incubation procedure, which is important because of the fact that rumen liquor, needed for the in-vitro twostage T&T and GP techniques is not always available to analytical laboratories.

scholarly journals Esterification of 4β-hydroxycholesterol and other oxysterols in human plasma occurs independently of LCAT

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1287-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Yamamuro ◽  
Hisataka Yamazaki ◽  
Jun-ichi Osuga ◽  
Kenta Okada ◽  
Tetsuji Wakabayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Plasma Cholesteryl Ester ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lcat Deficiency ◽  
Fish Eye

The acyltransferase LCAT mediates FA esterification of plasma cholesterol. In vitro studies have shown that LCAT also FA-esterifies several oxysterols, but in vivo evidence is lacking. Here, we measured both free and FA-esterified forms of sterols in 206 healthy volunteers and 8 individuals with genetic LCAT deficiency, including familial LCAT deficiency (FLD) and fish-eye disease (FED). In the healthy volunteers, the mean values of the ester-to-total molar ratios of the following sterols varied: 4β-hydroxycholesterol (4βHC), 0.38; 5,6α-epoxycholesterol (5,6αEC), 0.46; 5,6β-epoxycholesterol (5,6βEC), 0.51; cholesterol, 0.70; cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol (CT), 0.70; 7-ketocholesterol (7KC), 0.75; 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24SHC), 0.80; 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), 0.81; 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), 0.86; and 7α-hydroxycholesterol (7αHC), 0.89. In the individuals with LCAT deficiency, the plasma levels of the FA-esterified forms of cholesterol, 5,6αEC, 5,6βEC, CT, 7αHC, 7KC, 24SHC, 25HC, and 27HC, were significantly lower than those in the healthy volunteers. The individuals with FLD had significantly lower FA-esterified forms of 7αHC, 24SHC, and 27HC than those with FED. It is of note that, even in the three FLD individuals with negligible plasma cholesteryl ester, substantial amounts of the FA-esterified forms of 4βHC, 5,6αEC, 7αHC, 7KC, and 27HC were present. We conclude that LCAT has a major role in the FA esterification of many plasma oxysterols but contributes little to the FA esterification of 4βHC. Substantial FA esterification of 4βHC, 5,6αEC, 7αHC, 7KC, and 27HC is independent of LCAT.

scholarly journals Effect of in vitro fermentation using human faecal inoculum on the water-holding capacity of dietary fibre

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. McBurney ◽  
P. J. Horvath ◽  
J. L. Jeraci ◽  
P. J. Van soest
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Osmotic Suction ◽  
Dialysis Membranes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Water Holding

1. The water-holding capacities (WHC) of four sources of fibre were measured using dialysis membranes and osmotic-suction pressures of 45, 89 and 178 mosmol/l (1, 2 and 4 atm). At all pressures, pectin had the highest WHC, followed by cabbage (Brussicu oleruceu) and lucerne (Medicago sativu) and then cellulose. A suction pressure of 89 mosmol/l (2 atm) was used in the subsequent fermentation study since it had the lowest standard error of the mean and most closely approximated physiological conditions.2. The four fibres were anaerobically fermented in vitro with human faecal inoculum for 24 h. The WHC of the fermentation residues were measured. The potential water-holding capacity (PWHC), a function of the extent of fermentability and the WHC of the fermentation residues, was highest for lucerne, followed by cellulose, then cabbage and, finally, pectin. Only the PWHC values ranked the four fibres in the same order as in vivo values.3. It was concluded that the ethanol-insoluble residues containing unfermented fibre organic matter and microbial organic matter, both of which hold water, should be used to calculate PWHC and to predict the effect of fibre on rate of passage and faecal mass in humans.

scholarly journals Semen cryopreservation of Piau swine breed submited to three freezing protocols

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 914-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurício Hoshino da Costa Barros ◽  
Hugo Hideki Shiomi ◽  
Lincoln da Silva Amorim ◽  
Simone Eliza Facioni Guimarães ◽  
Paulo Sávio Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Cooling Curve ◽  
Sperm Viability ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Color Test ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean

The objective of this study was to verify the effect of three protocols of cryopreservation on the sperm viability post-thawing of swine from the Piau breed (Sus scrofa), by means of evaluation assays in vitro and in vivo. Twenty-two ejaculates of 5 adult males of the Piau breed trough the gloved-hand method. In order to verify the sperm viability of the raw semen and post-thawing, the following traits were evaluated: sperm motility and vigor, hypoosmotic test, supra-vital color test and percentage of normal acrosomes. To freezing, the ejaculates were fractioned and submitted in: method 1, method of freezing recommended by Fürst et al. (2005), modified according to media extender; method 2, recommended by Fürst et al. (2005), modified according to the cooling curve; and method 3, recommended by Ohata et al. (2001). To test the in vivo fertility of the frozen/thawed semen, 23 intra-uterine (post-cervical) inseminations were performed in 14 females of the Piau breed, with semen from method 3. The mean values obtained with the use of methods 1 and 2 and post-thawing were inferior to those obtained with method 3. Four adult sows got pregnant (28.6% fertility rate). The freezing method recommended by Ohata et al. (2001), with balance period of 90 minutes at 22-26 ºC, enables higher results of in vitro sperm viability in comparison with the two other methods. The absence of balance period of method 1 and the cooling curve utilized in protocol 2 affect negatively the parameters of sperm viability evaluated in the present study. In spite of the satisfactory results in vitro for the freezing of semen with the utilization of method 3, it presents low fertility rate (28.6%).

Influence of Platelet Membrane Sialic Acid and Platelet-Associated IgG on Ageing and Sequestration of Blood Platelets in Baboons

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (04) ◽  
pp. 676-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
H F Kotzé ◽  
V van Wyk ◽  
P N Badenhorst ◽  
A du P Heyns ◽  
J P Roodt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Senescent Cell ◽  
Platelet Membrane ◽  
Antigen Complex ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Aggregation Of Platelets

SummaryPlatelets were isolated from blood of baboons and treated with neuraminidase to remove platelet membrane sialic acid, a process which artificially ages the platelets. The platelets were then labelled with 111In and their mean life span, in vivo distribution and sites of Sequestration were measured. The effect of removal of sialic acid on the attachment of immunoglobulin to platelets were investigated and related to the Sequestration of the platelets by the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Removal of sialic acid by neuraminidase did not affect the aggregation of platelets by agonists in vitro, nor their sites of Sequestration. The removal of 0.51 (median, range 0.01 to 2.10) nmol sialic acid/108 platelets shortened their life span by 75 h (median, range 0 to 132) h (n = 19, p <0.001), and there was an exponential correlation between the shortening of the mean platelet life span and the amount of sialic acid removed. The increase in platelet-associated IgG was 0.112 (median, range 0.007 to 0.309) fg/platelet (n = 25, p <0.001) after 0.79 (median, range 0.00 to 6.70) nmol sialic acid/108 platelets was removed (p <0.001). There was an exponential correlation between the shortening of mean platelet life span after the removal of sialic acid and the increase in platelet-associated IgG. The results suggest that platelet membrane sialic acid influences ageing of circulating platelets, and that the loss of sialic acid may have exposed a senescent cell antigen that binds IgG on the platelet membrane. The antibody-antigen complex may then provide a signal to the macrophages that the platelet is old, and can be phagocytosed and destroyed.

scholarly journals Formulation and in vitro evaluation of self-nanoemulsifying liquisolid tablets of furosemide

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Dalal ◽  
Abdul Wahab Allaf ◽  
Hind El-Zein
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Peg 400 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Usp Apparatus ◽  
Solid System

AbstractSelf-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) were used to enhance the dissolution rate of furosemide as a model for class IV drugs and the system was solidified into liquisolid tablets. SNEDDS of furosemide contained 10% Castor oil, 60% Cremophor EL, and 30% PEG 400. The mean droplets size was 17.9 ± 4.5 nm. The theoretical model was used to calculate the amounts of the carrier (Avicel PH101) and coating materials (Aerosil 200) to prepare liquisolid powder. Carrier/coating materials ratio of 5/1 was used and Ludipress was added to the solid system, thus tablets with hardness of 45 ± 2 N were obtained. Liquisolid tablets showed 2-folds increase in drug release as compared to the generic tablets after 60 min in HCl 0.1 N using USP apparatus-II. Furosemide loaded SNEDDS tablets have great prospects for further in vivo studies, and the theoretical model is useful for calculating the adequate amounts of adsorbents required to solidify these systems.

Animal Models and Alternatives in the Quality Control of Vaccines: Are In Vitro Methods or In Vivo Methods the Scientific Equivalent of the Emperor's New Clothes?

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73
Author(s):  
Coenraad Hendriksen ◽  
Johan van der Gun
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
Vitro Test

In the quality control of vaccine batches, the potency testing of inactivated vaccines is one of the areas requiring very large numbers of animals, which usually suffer significant distress as a result of the experimental procedures employed. This article deals with the potency testing of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, two vaccines which are used extensively throughout the world. The relevance of the potency test prescribed by the European Pharmacopoeia monographs is questioned. The validity of the potency test as a model for the human response, the ability of the test to be standardised, and the relevance of the test in relation to the quality of the product are discussed. It is concluded that the potency test has only limited predictive value for the antitoxin responses to be expected in recipients of these toxoids. An alternative approach for estimating the potency of toxoid batches is discussed, in which a distinction is made between estimation of the immunogenic potency of the first few batches obtained from a seed lot and monitoring the consistency of the quality of subsequent batches. The use of animals is limited to the first few batches. Monitoring the consistency of the quality of subsequent batches is based on in vitro test methods. Factors which hamper the introduction and acceptance of the alternative approach are considered. Finally, proposals are made for replacement, reduction and/or refinement (the Three Rs) in the use of animals in the routine potency testing of toxoids.

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