Anti-Calvinist? : ceremonial conformity and Laudian writing, reconsidered (c. 1590-1640)

In recent studies of religion in early modern England, scholars have come to the consensus that the religious identity of the Church of England was never quite as stable or uniform as commonly perceived, with a wide variety of religious beliefs and practices coexisting in practice and print. While a significant portion of work has been done exploring the various ranges of puritan thought, diminishing the restrictive stereotypes of the often-derogatory label, less work has been done on the Laudians, a group of English churchmen known for their ceremonial worship practices, often considered to be uniformly anti-Calvinist or anti-puritan, marked partially by their (exclusive) emphasis on external markers of worship. This dissertation examines a wide range of Laudian texts, most published between 1610 and 1633 across the genres of court sermons, private devotionals, polemics, and poetry, to explore the various nuances of Laudianism. It argues that, in practice and especially before William Laud became Archbishop of Canterbury, the religious ideology now called Laudianism was less exclusive and authoritarian than commonly assumed. Rather than target Calvinist critics to force conformity in gesture, sacramental and liturgical observance, Laudian writers seek to reform religious behavior amenably. While Laudians do emphasize external worship practices, these practices are informed by internal markers of piety, where the external shows of worship become meaningless if the worshippers' hearts and souls are not oriented to the worship and service they display with their bodies.

Stocking Rate Has No Confounding Effect on the Use of Internal and Inert Markers to Predict Botanical Composition, Diet Quality, Degradability and Passage Rate Kinetics in Sheep

This study investigated if there is any confounding effect of stocking rate on the use of internal markers to determine and predict the dietary ingredient composition, dry matter intake (DMI) and digestibility of diets consumed by sheep. Fifteen sheep were randomly allocated to stocking rate treatments of one (SR1), two (SR2), four (SR4) and eight (SR8) sheep per pen (space allowance: 31.04 m2, 15.52 m2, 7.76 m2 and 3.88 m2 per sheep, respectively) and fed ad libitum maize stover, sorghum stover and veld hay by supplying 110% of previous day’s intake. Sheep were rotated across the treatments in four periods of 10 days. The proportion of feeds selected and total DMI were similar across all stocking rate treatments. However, diets selected by sheep in SR2 had the highest digestibility compared to other treatments. The prediction of the effective degradability of dry matter using acid detergent fibre content achieved an accuracy of 84.6%. A combination of crude protein and neutral detergent fibre contents achieved 63% accuracy in the prediction of the rate of degradation of feeds. The use of acid insoluble ash (AIA) as an internal marker to predict nutrient intake, digestibility, DMI and dietary ingredient intake accounted for 84.3%, 81.2%, 53.0% and 64.1% of the variation, respectively. The predictions of dietary feed proportions and nutrient quality selected obtained with least squares procedure using a combination of modified acid detergent fibre (MADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and AIA accounted for 81.0% and 72.4% of the variation, respectively. In conclusion, regardless of the different stocking rate tested in this study, a combination of MADF, ADL and AIA as internal markers can be used to estimate diet and nutrient selection by sheep using the least squares procedure. Hence, these markers can be used to predict ingredient composition of diet, diet and nutrient selection, nutrient intake and digestibility in free ranging animals.

Comparison of in situ techniques to evaluate the recovery of indigestible components and the accuracy of digestibility estimates

Indigestible components, including indigestible dry matter (iDM) and indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), play an integral role as internal markers for determining ruminal kinetics and digestibility estimations. However, the accuracy of internal markers is dependent upon the incubation technique utilized as bag type (BT) and incubation length (IL) can be significant sources of error. Previous studies have primarily focused on iDM and iNDF as digestibility markers, but few studies have compared digestibility estimates to those of acid detergent insoluble ash (ADIA). Therefore, our objective was to investigate the effect of BT (F57, F58, and Dacron) and IL (288 and 576 h) on iDM and iNDF residues, DM and NDF digestibilities, and fecal recoveries when using in situ incubations. Additionally, we evaluated the accuracy of digestibility estimates when using iDM, iNDF, and ADIA. For iDM and iNDF, feed residues demonstrated a BT × IL interaction (P < 0.01). However, fecal residues were only influenced by the main effects of BT and IL (P < 0.01), with the F58 BT and 288-h IL having the greatest residues for both iDM and iNDF. The variation in residues was greatly reduced when using iNDF compared with iDM. Fecal recovery estimates most closely approximated 100% recovery when utilizing ADIA and iDM using the F57 × 576 h incubation method (P < 0.01), although recovery was overestimated for all incubation combinations. Fecal NDF recovery estimates better represented the excretion profiles when the F57 × 576 h combination was used with iDM as the internal marker (P < 0.01). Estimates of DM and NDF digestibility were the most accurate when utilizing ADIA (P < 0.01) relative to all other treatments. Our results indicate that the proper methodological application is specific to the purpose of the inferences. When evaluating fecal recoveries and digestibility, ADIA or iDM with F57 at 576-h in situ incubation provides the greatest accuracy.

Digestibility of diets with passion fruit by-product estimated through external and internal markers in dairy heifers

This study examined the influence of the external markers chromium oxide (CO), titanium dioxide (TD), isolated, purified and enriched lignin (LIPE®) and isolated, purified, enriched lignin in nanoparticles (NANOLIPE®) as well as the internal markers indigestible dry matter (iDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) in diets with inclusion of passion fruit by-product for dairy heifers on the estimation of fecal output and nutrient digestibility. Sixteen Holstein × Zebu crossbred heifers at an average live weight of 363 ± 28 kg were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design where they received diets in which Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) hay was replaced with passion fruit by-product (0, 12, 24 and 36%, as-fed basis). The CO, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® and iNDF markers did not differ from the total collection method (p > 0.05) in the estimation of fecal output and nutrient digestibility. The TD and iDM markers overestimated, while iADF underestimated fecal output. Under the presented conditions, we recommend using the CO, LIPE®, NANOLIPE® and iNDF markers to estimate fecal output and nutrient digestibility in diets with inclusion of passion fruit by-product for dairy heifers.

PSI-35 Comparison of in situ techniques to evaluate the recovery of indigestible components and the accuracy of digestibility estimates

Our objective was to evaluate the effects of bag type (BT) and incubation length (IL) when using in situ incubations for determination of indigestible components. Indigestible components play an integral role as an internal marker for rumen kinetics and digestibility estimations, as well as providing parameter estimates for nutritional models. However, the accuracy of internal markers is dependent upon the incubation technique utilized, with BT and IL acting as sources of error. A 3 × 2 factorial design was used to investigate the effect of BT (F57, F58, and Dracon) and IL (288 and 576 h) on indigestible dry matter (iDM) and neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) residues, as well as estimated DM and NDF digestibilities. Feed and fecal samples were obtained from two animals from an independent trial that collected total fecal production over 4 days. All bags contained a sample size-to-surface area ratio of 20 mg/cm2 and were ruminally incubated within three rumen-cannulated steers (229.5 ± 10 kg). For iDM and iNDF, feed residues demonstrated a BT × IL interaction (P < 0.01). Fecal residues for iDM and iNDF had BT and IL effects (P < 0.01) with the Dracon BT and 576 h IL having the least residues. Digestibility estimates for DM and NDF were influenced by BT × IL (P < 0.01) with the accuracy of estimates demonstrating a BT × IL interaction (P < 0.01) in which F57 at 576 h had the greatest accuracy. Resultant fecal recovery estimates for DM and NDF excreted exhibited a BT × IL interaction (P < 0.01), with F57 at 576 h better representing the excretion profiles. Based upon our analysis, utilizing the F57 BT at 576 h IL combination provides more accurate estimates relative to all other combinations used within the current study.

Estimation of the balance of metabolizable lysine and methionine for dairy cows

Objective.The aim of this study was to determine in grazing cows,the reproducibility and accuracy of the balance between predicted values,when compared with theobserved valuesfor the most limiting amino acids in milk protein synthesis, the methionine (Met)andLysine (Lys).Materials and methods.Twelve lactatingcows were used for a 20-día experimental period. Control: animals grazing and supplemented with balanced food; Met-Lys: same as control and supplemented with adjusted rumen protected Met and Lys.For Met and Lys supply predicted values, it was taking in account the average of the dry matter intake (DMI) of the herd, based in offer and foraging control and values of microbial protein data. Observed values were determined based in the individual DMI intake, using external and internal markers and the individual microbial protein production. A t-paired-sample test was performed and the efficiency of the model’s prediction was determined using the mean square prediction error (MSPE) and the concordance coefficient (CCC). Results. Significant differences were found between the predicted and observed values for DMI forage, digestible microbial protein and microbial protein production, supply and the balance of Lys and Met. The CCC for Lys and Met balance were low (0.10), the MSPE was high except for the total DMI with a moderate concordance (0.63) and low MSPE (4.42). Conclusions. These results indicate a lack of precision of the tools, which underestimates the supply and balance of amino acids in individual grazing cows.

Use of indigestible markers to estimate the apparent dry matter digestibility of diets containing a cocoa by-product

Fecal production and apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) were evaluated using external markers (chromium oxide; titanium dioxide; isolated, purified, and enriched lignin (LIPE®); and isolated, purified, and enriched lignin nanoparticles (NANOLIPE®) and internal markers (indigestible DM (IDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (INDF), and indigestible acid detergent fiber (IADF) in diets based on Tifton 85 bermuda grass (Cynodon sp.) hay containing different concentrations of a cocoa by-product. Sixteen crossbred (Holstein × Zebu) dairy heifers with a mean live weight of 363.00 ± 27.70 kg were evaluated and distributed in a completely randomized block design with a split-plot arrangement. The plots corresponded to the diets, which differed in the substitution of bermuda grass hay with different concentrations (0, 8, 16, and 24% of DM) of the cocoa by-product, whereas the splitplots represented the indigestible markers. Chromic oxide, LIPE®, NANOLIPE®, and INDF accurately estimated ADMD and fecal production whereas titanium dioxide, IDM, and IADF did not accurately estimate these parameters.

Evaluation of internal and external markers to estimate faecal output and feed intake in sheep fed fresh forage

The objectives of the present study were to estimate dry-matter intake and output of faeces using two external and four internal markers in sheep fed Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu on an ad libitum basis over 3- and 5-day periods. Six sheep fitted with ruminal cannulas were randomly assigned in a crossover design experiment to receive either of two treatments of external markers, namely titanium dioxide (TiO2) and chromic oxide (Cr2O3). Faecal output was obtained by total faecal collection and faecal grab sampling. Faeces were collected for 3- or 5-day periods, and, for each collection period, two sampling methods were compared; grab samples were collected directly in the rectum once daily, and a second sample was taken at the same time directly in faecal collection bags after having determined the daily total output of faeces. Faecal concentrations of the internal markers, indigestible dry matter, indigestible neutral detergent fibre, indigestible acid detergent fibre and indigestible acid detergent lignin (iADL), were determined. Faecal output was not accurately predicted with indigestible dry matter, indigestible neutral detergent fibre, indigestible acid detergent fibre and iADL. Dry-matter intake was predicted with iADL and TiO2 when faeces were collected for 5 days as grab samples once daily, or as total collection and with Cr2O3 when faecal grab samples were collected for 5 days. The results using external markers indicated that TiO2 is not a marker equivalent to Cr2O3 for estimating intake and faecal output. TiO2 was the only external marker to accurately estimate faecal output, independent of the method (total or grab) and time period (3 or 5 days) used; this suggests that TiO2 is the best marker tested for predicting the faecal output of sheep that are fed a diet of fresh Brachiaria brizantha (cv. Marandu) grass ad libitum.