The value of electrically warmed floors for fattening pigs

1955 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
R. S. Barber ◽  
R. Braude ◽  
K. G. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Surface Temperatures ◽  
Floor Surface ◽  
Fattening Pigs

1. Three experiments are described in which the value of electrically warmed floors for fattening pigs, aged 9 weeks or more at the start of the trials, was determined.2. Under the conditions of the experiments, no benefit was obtained either in live-weight gain or efficiency of food utilization by the provision of artificial floor warming.3. Data relating to the effect on floor surface temperatures of ambient inside temperature, electrical warming, provision of straw and the pigs themselves were presented.

The value of Australian sorghum for fattening pigs

1950 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 84-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Braude ◽  
K. G. Mitchell ◽  
K. L. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Maize Meal ◽  
Fattening Pigs

1. At two centres, Hillsborough and Shinfield, forty-eight pigs in four groups were fattened on rations containing Australian sorghum. The control ration consisted of 30%, wheatfeed, 30% barley meal, 30% maize meal and 10% fish meal. In the three experimental rations either barley meal or maize meal or both were replaced by sorghum.2. The rations containing 30% of sorghum proved to be equal to the control ration as far as live-weight gain of the pigs and the efficiency with which they utilized food was concerned. When 60% of the ration consisted of sorghum there were indications that both rate of gain and food utilization suffered.3. Some aspects of carcass quality suffered when either sorghum alone or sorghum plus maize formed 60% of the ration. The quality of the control carcasses, although quite good by present-day standards, would not qualify for first grade when commercial grading is re-introduced.4. Bacon produced on rations containing up to 60% sorghum had no off-taste or unpleasant flavour.5. In general, the value of sorghum in the ration of fattening pigs was found to be about equal to that of maize.

The influence of dietary concentration of calcium and phosphorus on their retention in the body of the growing pig

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Mudd ◽  
W. C. Smith ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
A Value ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
Growing Pig

SUMMARYThree gilts and three castrated males weighing 23 kg live weight were given four semi-synthetic diets containing increasing amounts of Ca and P. The Ca and P contents (% dry basis) and Ca:P ratios for the four diets were A, 0·30, 0·38, 1:1·27; B, 0·58, 0·68, 1:1·17; C, 0·94, 1·13, l:l·20; D, 1·16, 1·47, 1:1·27. Each animal was slaughtered at 41 kg live weight and the whole body contents of Ca and P determined. Six pigs were slaughtered at 23 kg live weight and their bodies also analysed for Ca and P contents. Dietary concentration of Ca and P did not influence rate or efficiency of live weight gain nor carcass characteristics. Net retention of Ca and P increased with increasing dietary concentration of these elements. Analyses of isolated femurs suggested that optimal mineralization of the bone was associated with a net retention of 8·2 g Ca/kg live weight gain. The data were used to calculate a value of 32·9 mg/kg live weight/day for the endogenous loss of Ca in pigs of 23–41 kg body weight. The values have been used to compute a mineral requirement of dietary calcium which is in excellent agreement with that derived from estimates in the literature.

Evaluation of British Friesian, Canadian Holstein and beef breed × British Friesian steers slaughtered over a commercial range of fatness from 16-month and 24-month beef production systems 1. Live-weight gain and efficiency of food utilization

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Southgate ◽  
G. L. Cook ◽  
A. J. Kempster
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
Breed Crosses ◽  
Sire Breed

ABSTRACTThe live-weight gain (LWG) and efficiency of food utilization of purebred British Friesian and Canadian Holstein steers and of crossbred steers out of British Friesian dams by Charolais, Hereford, Limousin, Lincoln Red, Simmental, South Devon and Sussex sires were examined in two beef production systems. One was similar to the commercial 18-month grass/cereal system (16-month) and the other to a commercial 2-year system (24-month). The cattle were serially slaughtered at three levels of fatness covering the commercial range and determined by the use of the Scanogram ultrasonic machine. The trial extended over 4 years and involved a total of 650 cattle. Data for the two production systems were analysed separately. Changes in growth performance were examined relative to estimated carcass subcutaneous fat content (g/kg; SFC) and sire breed crosses compared at the mean fatness level within system: 65 g/kg SFe for 16-month and 74 g/kg SFe for 24-month.Sire breed differences were not detected (P > 0·05) in the regressions on SFe of age and live weight at slaughter, overall daily LWG and overall efficiency of weight gain. Pooled within sire breed, live at slaughter and age at slaughter increased by 2·5 kg and 2·8 days (16-month) and 2·2 kg and 2·1 days (24-month) for each g/kg increase in SFe.Charolais crosses and Canadian Holsteins were heaviest at equal SFC in both systems, but the latter were 63 days older (16-month) and 42 days older (24-month): Hereford, Lincoln Red and Sussex crosses were lightest and among the youngest in both systems.Sire breed crosses differed significantly in daily LWG: Charolais crosses grew fastest in both systems; the relative growth rate of other sire breed crosses was less consistent between the two although the Hereford crosses and British Friesians grew slowly in both systems. Overall efficiency of LWG (g gain per kg digestible organic matter intake) ranged from 164 to 205 (16-month) and 146 to 171 (24-month). Canadian Holsteins and British Friesians had the lowest efficiency of LWG in both systems of production; differences between the other breeds were not statistically significant (P > 0·05).

Efficiency of food utilization and carcass characteristics of steers marketed at different weights

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hironaka ◽  
B. H. Sonntag ◽  
G. C. Kozub
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
High Weight ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTHereford and Charolais x Hereford steer calves were given an all-concentrate diet ad libitum. The Hereford steer calves were marketed at about 400, 440 and 475 kg live weight. The Charolais x Hereford steer calves were marketed at about 525, 570 and 610 kg. For each kg increase in slaughter weight of Hereford steers, the digestible energy required per unit live weight gain increased by 0·024 (s.e. 0·009) MJ, the killing-out proportion increased by 0·22 (s.e. 0·08) g/kg, and the backfat thickness by 0·004 (s.e. 0·002) cm. The area of m. longissimus increased by 0·245 (s.e. 0·037) cm2 and 0·139 (s.e. 0·048) cm2 for Hereford and Charolais X Hereford steers, respectively, for each kg increase in carcass weight. Among Hereford steers, mean backfat thickness as indicated by carcass grade scores (score of 1 to 4 as backfat increases) at the two lowest slaughter weights were similar and lower than scores at the high weight. Among Charolais X Hereford steers, the carcass grade was not influenced by slaughter weight. Slaughtering Hereford and Charolais x Hereford steers at light weights does not ensure that all the carcasses will be lean when the cattle are given a high concentrate diet to appetite from weaning to slaughter.

A comparison of the progeny of British Friesian dams and different sire breeds in 16- and 24-month beef production systems 1. Live-weight gain and efficiency of food utilization

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Southgate ◽  
G. L. Cook ◽  
A. J. Kempster
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Ultrasonic Machine ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Breed Crosses ◽  
Sire Breed

ABSTRACTThe live-weight gain and efficiency of food utilization of purebred British Friesian steers and of crossbred steers out of British Friesian dams by Aberdeen-Angus, Charolais, Devon, Hereford, Lincoln Red, Simmental, South Devon and Sussex sires were examined in two beef production systems. One system was similar to the commercial 18-month grass/cereal system (16-month system) and the other to a commercial 2-year system (24-month system). The cattle were slaughtered at a standard level of fatness, determined by the use of the Scanogram ultrasonic machine.The trial extended over 3 years and a total of 579 cattle were involved.Data for the two production systems were analysed separately. Adjustment was made to equal age at the beginning of the test and to equal carcass subcutaneous fat concentration.There were important differences between sire breeds in daily live-weight gain (P < 0.05), the order of performance for the different sire breeds being similar in the two systems. Charolais and Simmental crosses grew fastest, followed by South Devon crosses, and then by the purebred British Friesian and the other native breed crosses. Faster growing sire-breed crosses were generally heavier and older at slaughter; they ate more, and there was no obvious relationship between sire-breed means for growth rate and efficiency. The range in efficiency between sire breeds was 27 g and 17 g live-weight gain per kg digestible organic matter intake for the 16- and 24- month systems respectively. In both systems, Hereford crosses ranked highest and the purebred British Friesian among the lowest. Probability levels for sire breed differences were P < 0.1 (16 month) and P < 0.01 (24 month).

PERFORMANCE OF STEERS FED RATIONS CONTAINING UREA AND CHLORTETRACYCLINE ALONE AND IN COMBINATION

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. June Sutherland ◽  
T. D. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Response Criteria ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Supplemental Protein

Two trials were conducted to investigate interactions in the effects of urea and chlortetracycline on the growth of steers. Rate and efficiency of live-weight gain were the response criteria used. Trial I consisted of an 84-day trial in which steers were individually fed. Trial II consisted of a 102-day trial in which cattle were group fed. In neither trial was any interaction found between the effects of urea and chlortetracycline on rate of gain. In both trials, replacing soybean meal with urea as a source of supplemental protein reduced gains. The inclusion of the chlortetracycline in the ration did not produce any significant effect on rate or efficiency of gain. In trial II, a significant interaction (P < 0.10) was found between urea and chlortetracycline for feed required per pound of gain. Since only 12 observations are involved in this comparison, the significant interaction requires confirmation.

A note on the comparative growth performance of pigs sired by Piétrain × Hampshire, Hampshire × Large White and Large White boars

1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. Lishman ◽  
W. C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Large White ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Breed Differences

ABSTRACTThe performance of progeny sired by Piétrain × Hampshire, Hampshire × Large White and Large White boars was compared over the live-weight range 28 to 65 kg. Feeding was twice daily to ‘appetite’ up to a maximum of 2·27 kg meal/day. Breed of boar did not influence rate or efficiency of live-weight gain, mid-line or internal fat depths nor muscle quality. Progeny of Pietrain × Hampshire and Hampshire × Large White sires, compared with those of Large White boars, had higher killing-out percentages (1·4 and 1·2 units) and larger eye muscles in cross-section (19·3 and 11·6%). Significant but small breed differences were noted in joint proportions of the carcass.

The effect of early-weaning rations upon the efficiency of growth and carcass production with some observations on the development of forestomachs in calves

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Ternouth ◽  
W. J. Pryor
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Propionate Group ◽  
Liquid Portion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Digestible Protein

SUMMARYThe live-weight gain, efficiency of food conversion, energy and nitrogen accretion as edible carcass, and the forestomaeh development were measured in three groups of calves fed for 10 weeks (days 19–89 of life) either a diet of 4·5 1 of milk daily, or a concentrate meal containing 4% sodium propionate ad libitum, or a concentrate meal ad libitum. All groups had access to lucerne chaff and water ad libitum.The mean live-weight gains of the three groups of calves were 47·5, 36·6 and 37·1 kg respectively even though their total energy and nitrogen intakes were not significantly different. The provision of dietary propionate did not improve the efficiency of food conversion or of energy or nitrogen accretion as the calves ate less of the meal containing propionate and more lucerne chaff. The differences in live-weight gain could be accounted for by the differences in carcass weight. Associated with the higher live-weight gain was a much higher efficiency of food utilization and of edible carcass energy and nitrogen accretion. The superior efficiency of the unweaned calves was concluded to be due to the liquid portion of the diet by-passing the rumeno-reticulum into the abomasum where the efficiency of utilization of highly digestible protein and carbohydrate is greater. The concentrate plus propionate fed calves ate less concentrate but more chaff and had a lower efficiency of food utilization and edible carcass energy accretion than the other weaned group of calves.The weight of rumeno-reticular tissues was greater in the weaned than in the unweaned calves, although the meal plus propionate group ate similar quantities of chaff to the unweaned group. In all groups, the degree of papillary development was related to the intake of concentrates plus roughage. The most appropriate manner to describe ruminal tissue weight is discussed.

Cereal processing and food utilization by sheep 2. A note on the effect of feeding unprocessed barley, maize, oats and wheat on food utilization by early-weaned lambs

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
I. McHattie
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

SUMMARYAn experiment was carried out with 64 lambs to determine the digestibility and efficiency of food utilization of barley, maize, oats and wheat when they were offered whole and loose, or roughly ground and pelleted.Apparent digestibilities of the organic matter (%) for the four cereals in the order given above were 81·1, 84·3, 69·9 and 82·7 for the whole and 77·2, 82·1, 67·5 and 86·6 for the ground and pelleted grains. The corresponding live-weight gains (g/day) were 340, 345, 241 and 303, and 347, 346, 238 and 323. The corresponding conversions of dry matter (kg) to live-weight gain (kg), over the growth period from 15 to 35 kg weight, were 2·75, 2·52, 3·07 and 2·97 and 2·79, 2·62, 3·33 and 2·56.

The artificial rearing of calves and their growth on grass diets:III. The effect of length of period of feeding cold milk Substitute to calves given dride grass in different physical forms

1971 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Lonsdale ◽  
J. C. Tayler
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Milk Feeding

SUMMARYAn experiment was conducted with 63 July-born Friesian heifer calves, purchased at an average age of 10 days and fed cold reconstituted milk substitute for 4, 6 or 8 weeks. The sole ‘solid’ feed was dried grass, chopped and fed loose (a), milled through a 6 mm screen and pelleted (b) or milled through a 3 mm screen and pelleted (c). The experiment was of 3 x 3 factorial design.Calves fed milk for 4, 6 or 8 weeks consumed mean amounts of 20, 42 and 63 kg milk D.M. respectively. During the first 10 weeks the mean daily intake of grass b was significantly greater than that of grasses a or c (0.77, 1.09 and 0.89 kg D.M. for grasses a, b and c respectively) and during weeks 11 to 21 the mean intake of grasses b and c was greater than that of a (3.1, 4.1, 3.7 kg D.M. for grasses a, b and c respectively). Also during weeks 11 to 21 the previous milk feeding had a small but significant effect on the mean daily intake of grass (3.4, 3.7, 3.8 kg D.M./head/day for 4, 6 and 8 weeks of milk feeding respectively).Increasing the period of milk feeding significantly increased the rate of live-weight gain during the first 10 weeks, but subsequently had no effect. During the first 10 weeks and during weeks 11–21, feeding grass b or c significantly increased the rate of liveweight gain compared with grass a but had no effect during a period of uniform feeding, weeks 23–34.During the first 21 weeks feed conversion efficiency was positively related to duration of milk feeding, and was greater for calves given grass b or c than, for thoso given grass a.During weeks 23–34, 36 calves (4 from each original treatment) were fed another uniformly milled and pelleted dried grass. There were no significant differences in voluntary intake, live-weight gain or efficiency of food conversion between the groups of calves during this period. Hence the results of this experiment support previous observations, that when only forage diets are fed the effect of level of early nutrition is still evident in live weights of calves at 6 months of age.

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