The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part VI. A study of the effect of intensive nitrogen fertilizer treatment on species and strains of grass, grown alone and with white clover

1955 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Holmes ◽  
D. S. MacLusky
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Nitrogen Response ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments ◽  
Clover Content

1. An experiment is described which lasted for 5 years and in which a comparison was made of twelve grasses or grass mixtures under different fertilizer nitrogen treatments and also when grown with clover. The herbage was cut 4–6 times in each season. Adequate amounts of mineral fertilizers (280–340 lb. K2O and about 100 lb. P2O5 per acre per annum), and the following nitrogen treatments were applied: (1) no nitrogen, no clover, (2) grass sown with clover, (3) 140–208 lb. nitrogen per acre per annum in four to six equal dressings, (4) 350–416 lb. nitrogen per acre per annum in five and six equal dressings.In 1951, 1952 and 1953 the clover dominant swards (treatment 2) were split between the following treatments; (X) as (3) above, (Y) 35 lb. nitrogen per acre in spring and again in late summer, (Z) no nitrogen as (2) above.2. The average yields for the 4 years were 2180, 5940 and 8300 lb. dry matter per acre, and 290, 850 and 1460 lb. crude protein per acre for treatments 1, 3 and 4. With treatment 2 the average yields were 2830 lb. dry matter and 400 lb. crude protein in 1949 and 4270 lb. dry matter and 820 lb. crude protein in 1950. An approximate average yield for the 4 years from treatment 2 was 4630 lb. dry matter and 860 lb. crude protein. In 1951–3 average yields for treatments 2X, 2Y and 2Z were, 7240, 6340 and 5750 lb. dry matter and 1240, 1180 and 1100 lb. crude protein per acre.3. There were considerable differences between grasses in nitrogen response and compatibility with clover. The highest yields with fertilizer nitrogen were given by cocksfoot strains, but, in the presence of clover, ryegrass and timothy strains gave the highest yields. There were also differences between strains within each species.4. Mean crude protein contents were, for treatments 1, 3 and 4, 13·3, 14·3 and 17·6%, and for treatments 2X, 2Y and 2Z in 1951–3, 17·2, 18·6 and 19·1%. Differences between species were significant in only a few instances.5. The distribution of yield over the season was most regular with treatment 4. Cocksfoot species gave the least variable yields from cut to cut, while those from timothy and ryegrass swards were the most variable.6. Treatments 3 and 4 maintained a high proportion of sown grasses in the swards. In treatment 2 the clover percentage rose to a high level by 1950. A high percentage was maintained under treatment 2Z in 1951–3. Treatment 2Y depressed the clover content in some grasses, and treatment 2X further depressed it in those grasses. A fairly high clover content was maintained, however, even with treatment 2X with some timothy strains and meadow fescue.7. The mineral fertilizers applied maintained the soil analysis at a satisfactory level.8. The results are discussed with special reference to the relative merits of fertilizer nitrogen and clover nitrogen and to the differences between species and strains.

The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V. The effect of continued massive applications of nitrogen with and without phosphate and potash on the yield of grassland herbage

1954 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Holmes ◽  
D. S. Maolusky
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments

1. A small-scale plot experiment which had been carried out from 1947 to 1949 (Holmes, 1951) to study the effect of massive dressings of nitrogen, with and without phosphate and potash, on the yield of a ryegrass dominant sward was continued in 1950–2. A 4 × 4 Graeco-Latin square was used.The nitrogen treatments applied each year were:(1) no nitrogenous fertilizer, (2) 260 lb., (3) 520 lb. and (4) 416 lb. (312 lb. in 1951) nitrogen per acre per annum applied in four or five equal dressings, one for each cut. Treatments 1, 2 and 3 were cut each time they reached the long leafy stage (8–11 in. in height), treatment 4 was cut when 13–16 in. in height.The mineral treatments were (A) no mineral fertilizer, (B) 336–538 lb. K2O per acre per annum depending on nitrogen treatment, (C) 120–180 lb. P2O5 per acre per annum, (D) treatments B and C combined. Mineral applications were applied in four or five dressings each year, one for each cut.2. Applications of phosphate did not affect the yield or protein content of the herbage, but yields were severely restricted in the absence of potash. Where potash was applied the yields under each nitrogen treatment were maintained or increased over the 6-year period. Average yields of dry matter for the 6-year period when potash was present were 4760, 8050, 9620 and 9320 lb. per acre per annum for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4. Without potash the corresponding average yields were 3980, 5610, 5190 and 5100 lb. Average crude protein yields with potash were 710, 1410, 1990 and 1640 lb. per acre per annum and without potash 550, 1090, 1190 and 1020 lb.3. The presence of potash resulted in earlier growth in each season through the maintenance of the earlier vigorous grasses in the sward. Although the growth curve was variable with treatment 1, treatments 2, 3 and 4 gave nearly uniform distribution of herbage production over the season.4. The weighted mean contents of crude protein for each year ranged from 13·9% for treatment 1 to 20·6% for treatment 3 when potash was given and from 12·9% for treatment 1 to 23·6% for treatment 3 when potash was absent. There was a gradual increase in protein content at the later cuts in each season, but the range was less where nitrogen was applied.5. The efficiency of utilization of fertilizer nitrogen was calculated. When the yield was compared with that of a no-clover sward the average response was 15·6, 10·8 and 11·8 lb. dry matter per lb. of nitrogen applied for treatments 2, 3 and 4 respectively. In terms of crude protein the percentage recovery was 53, 44 and 42 respectively. When the yields were compared with those of the clovery swards the nitrogen recovery figures were reduced by about one-third.6. The botanical composition of the plots was determined by the nitrogen and potash treatments. Where both were adequate a vigorous sward of ryegrass and timothy was maintained. Where nitrogen was absent but potash present a clovery sward developed. In the absence of potash with or without nitrogen the better grasses declined and were replaced by poor grasses.7. Provided potash was applied there were no marked changes in the soil analysis.8. The results are discussed with particular reference to the maintenance of high grass yields and the relative roles of clover and fertilizer nitrogen.

A comparison of the effects of liquid manure (urine and water) and nitrogen fertilizers applied to a grass-clover sward on soils of different pH value

1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Castle ◽  
D. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Liquid Manure ◽  
Clover Content

SummaryIn a 3-year plot experiment on a perennial ryegrass plus white clover sward the pH of the soil on the main plots was adjusted to, and maintained as nearly as possible at, target levels of 5·25, 6·00 and 6·75 by applying either sulphur or lime. Within the main plots the effects on herbage yield, clover content and crude-protein content of applying four fertilizers were compared at nitrogen rates of 225 and 450 kg/ha annually. The fertilizers were liquid manure (urine plus water), prilled urea, a urea solution and an ammonium-nitrate fertilizer. The applications of the urea and the ammonium-nitrate fertilizers were accompanied by dressings of a potassium fertilizer which supplied the same weights of potassium as in the liquid manure. On average the smallest yields of dry matter and crude protein were associated with the lowest soil pH with no significant interactions between pH and fertilizer treatment. The liquid manure gave slightly smaller total yields of mixed herbage dry matter than the other fertilizers, particularly at the low nitrogen rate. The herbage from the liquid manure treatment had a higher clover content and produced a greater total yield of clover dry matter. The effects of the liquid manure on the clover agree with those noted in previous experiments, but no evidence was found that these effects resulted from the liquid manure increasing the pH of the soil and improving the conditions for clover growth. Similarly, no proof was obtained that the clover effects were due to the nitrogen in the liquid manure being wholly in the ammonium form. However, the value of liquid manure as a fertilizer for grassland was demonstrated clearly.

scholarly journals THE USE OF NITROGENOUS FERTILIZER IN THE PRODUCTION OF GRASSLAND HERBAGE

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Leefe
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Calcium Cyanamide ◽  
Nitrogenous Fertilizer ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
Clover Content ◽  
Effective Source

Ammonium nitrate and calcium cyanamide were applied to an orchard grass, ladino clover sward over a 3-year period. Rates to give 0, 50, 100 and 150 lb. of nitrogen per acre were applied in two ways: single spring applications, and split applications, one-half in the spring and one-half immediately following an early first cutting.Ammonium nitrate proved to be the more effective source of nitrogen whether measured by yield, crude protein of the herbage or net recovery of nitrogen.Single spring applications of nitrogenous fertilizer gave greater seasonal total yields of dry matter and crude protein and more efficient net recovery of nitrogen than did split applications.Where no nitrogen was applied there was an increase in the clover content of the sward, total yield of dry matter and the total yield of crude protein during the 3 years of the test. However, the greatest seasonal total from these plots did not equal that obtained from the highest rate of application of fertilizer nitrogen. The highest of the rates almost completely suppressed clover development but gave the greatest yields of dry matter and crude protein and the most efficient net recoveries of nitrogen.

Studies on the cutting management of grass-clover swards. I. The effect of varying the closeness of cutting on the yields from an established grass-clover sward

1959 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Nitrogen Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments ◽  
Heavy Nitrogen

1. A 3-year experiment is described in which perennial rye-grass/white clover swards were cut to within either 1 in. of 2–2½ in. of ground level when the herbage had reached either the ‘grazing’ or the ‘silage’ stage of growth. Superimposed on the cutting treatments were several fertilizer treatments which involved application of varying amounts of nitrogen at different dates over the season.2. Throughout the experiment cutting to within 1 in. of ground level gave greater dry-matter and crude-protein yields of mixed herbage and of clover than cutting to within 2–2½ in. of ground level, the increase in dry-matter yield ranging from 39 to 49%.3. The response of clover to these ‘height of cutting’ treatments developed more slowly than the response of the sward as a whole, and was modified in the later stages by the particular fertilizer nitrogen treatment applied.4. It is suggested that the greater herbage yields obtained from close- than from lax-cut swards resulted from the differential effects of the two cutting treatments on stem and leaf formation in the grasses, but the need for further investigation is stressed.5. Discrepancies between the effects of the ‘height of cutting’ treatments in this experiment and those reported by other workers are indicated, and it is shown that these discrepancies probably result from the varying cutting frequencies adopted.6. Cutting the sward at varying stages of growth and increasing the rate of fertilizer nitrogen application had very similar effects on mixed herbage and clover yields in this experiment to those reported previously by other workers.7. Where the total amount of fertilizer nitrogen applied over the season was small (4 cwt. ‘Nitro-Chalk’/acre) delaying the first dressing until after the first or second cut reduced the dry-matter and crude-protein yields of mixed herbage, and had little effect on those of clover. A similar delay where greater total amounts of fertilizer nitrogen were used (8–12 cwt. ‘Nitro-Chalk’/acre) reduced the dry-matter yields of mixed herbage, and slightly increased the dry-matter and crude-protein yields of clover. Under these heavy nitrogen treatments the crude-protein yields of mixed herbage decreased only where the delay involved a reduction in the total amount of fertilizer nitrogen applied over the season.8. Although delaying the first dressing of the season reduced mixed herbage yields at all fertilizer nitrogen levels, it resulted in a more uniform distribution of production over the season. The practical significance of this is discussed.

The effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the seasonal production of an irrigated ryegrass-clover pasture at Badgery's Creek

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (19) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
FC Crofts
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Clover Pasture

Nitrogen fertilizer applied as sulphate of ammonia at 23 to 92 pounds of nitrogen an acre in early spring made forage available for grazing six weeks earlier and returned 19 to 22 pounds of additional dry matter (with 14 to 19 per cent crude protein) for each pound of fertilizer nitrogen applied. However, the responses to nitrogen fertilizer became progressively less over the late spring and summer period and the responses in the autumn, when additional forage is urgently needed for winter reserves, were relatively small.

scholarly journals The voluntary intake and digestibility, in sheep, of chopped and pelleted Digitaria decumbens (pangola grass) following a late application of fertilizer nitrogen

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Minson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Food Digestibility ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Chopped Grass

1. Experiments were conducted with wether sheep in 1964 and 1965 fed pelleted or chopped mature Digitaria decubemes Stent (pangola grass) bay containing different crude protein contents. The voluntary intake of food, digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen, nitrogen retention and apparent time of retention of feed organic matter in the reticulo-rumen were measured. The different crude protein contents of the grass were obtained by applications of urea to the sward 14 and 28 days before cutting for hay in 1964 and 1965 respectively. This treatment increased the crude protein content of the dry matter from 4.9% to 8.7% in 1964 and from 3.7% to 7.2% in 1965. The size of the particles of the ground hay before pelleting is given.2. The mean voluntary intake of chopped fertilized grass was 10% and 54% greater than that of the unfertilized; the voluntary intake of pellets made from fertilized grass was 35% and 75% greater than of those made from the unfertilized grass in 1964 and 1965 respectively.3. The voluntary intake of pellets of unfertilized grass was 7% and 14% greater than that 30% greater than that of chopped fertilized grass in 1964 and 1965 respectively.4. The digestibility of the pellets was less than that of the chopped grass.5. The apparent digestibility of the feed nitrogen was increased by the fertilizer nitrogen, but grinding and pelleting had no consistent effect. Sheep eating chopped or pelleted fertilized hay were in positive nitrogen balance.6. The apparent retention time of organic matter in the reticulo-rumen was longer when the sheep were eating chopped hay than when they were eating pellets. In 1964 the apparent retention time of organic matter in the reticulo-rumen was shorter for chopped and pelleted unfertilized grass than for chopped and pelleted fertilized grass, but in 1965 the order was reversed.7. The relationship between voluntary intake, apparent retention time of organic matter in the rumen and the protein content of the food is discussed.

Effects of autumn harvest date on the performance of white clover/grass mixtures in Nova Scotia

1993 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Fraser ◽  
K. Sutherland ◽  
R. C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Clover Content

SUMMARYWhite clover (Trifolium repens L.) is well adapted to the cool moist climate of Atlantic Canada, where it improves digestibility and protein content in pastures, but little is known about its role in pasture stockpiled for autumn grazing in this region. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of autumn harvest dates on dry matter yield and clover content in herbage mixtures. Two experiments conducted in Nova Scotia between 1985 and 1991 on two different soil types showed that the effects of autumn harvest dates were inconsistent from year to year. Herbage growth rates ranged from 11 to 41 kg/ha per day between early September and mid-October. Clover content was generally lower in August–early September than in November harvests and declined in subsequent years irrespective of harvest date or forage species. Kersey White and Sonja white clovers were the highest yielding cultivars. Crude protein declined in late autumn harvests whereas acid detergent fibre tended to increase, and there were differences between years. Forage quality was significantly better in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) than orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.)/white clover mixtures.

scholarly journals Assessment of yield, quality and nitrogen index of Agrostietum capillaris grassland as affected by fertilizations

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-113
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Simic ◽  
Violeta Mandic ◽  
Savo Vuckovic ◽  
Zorica Bijelic ◽  
Rade Stanisavljevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition Index ◽  
Yield Quality

Managing N, P and K inputs in semi-natural meadow production systems is important for achieving maximum yields in livestock farming. The objective of the present study was to estimate the effect of different NPK levels (N0P0K0, N50P50K50, N100P50K50, N100P100K100, N150P100K100 and N200P150K150 kg ha-1 yr-1) on the yield, quality and nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) in a grassland community of Agrostietum capillaris (semi-natural meadow) in western Serbia. The study was conducted during the seasons of 2005-2008. The values of the investigated parameters, except for the unit N uptake, were the highest in 2004/2005 due to favorable climate conditions. The levels of nitrogen significantly increased all of the studied parameters compared to the control treatment, except for unit N uptake. Mineral fertilizers at N200P150K150 provided the highest green forage yield (25.12 t ha-1), dry matter yield (8.12 t ha-1), crude protein yield (876.3 kg ha-1), nitrogen uptake (140.2 kg ha-1) and nitrogen nutrition index (70.2%), and the lowest unit N uptake (0.0022 kg N kg DMY-1). The use of mineral fertilizers increased green forage yield, dry matter yield and crude protein yield, increasing fertilizer from lowest to highest rate increased fresh and dry matter yield, as well as protein yield. Based on the results of the study, monitoring of nutrition indices would be necessary in order to increase productivity and economic benefits.

scholarly journals Maize Fertigation with Treated Olive Mill Wastewater: Effects on Crop Production and Soil Properties

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria I. Kokkora ◽  
Chryssoula Papaioannou ◽  
Panagiotis Vyrlas ◽  
Konstantinos Petrotos ◽  
Paschalis Gkoutsidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Olive Mill Wastewater ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Olive Mill

<p>The present study investigates the potential of olive mill wastewater, treated by microfiltration and XAD4 macroporous resin, to be used as liquid fertilizer in maize production through a 2-year field experiment. The treated olive mill wastewater (T-OMWW) was applied at two rates of 25 t and 50 t per ha per year, supplemented with mineral fertilization. There was also a treatment involving the application of only T-OMWW at the rate of 50 t per ha per year, and an only mineral fertilizer treatment. Mineral fertilizers and T-OMWW were applied progressively through a drip irrigation system.</p> Maize grain and soil analysis showed that T-OMWW was capable to meet crop requirements in N, P and K, and increase soil N, P and K availability. There was a tendency for increasing soil Na and electrical conductivity (EC) using the higher rate of T-OMWW. Therefore, for sustainable agriculture, it may be safer to apply the T-OMWW at the lower rate of 25 t per ha<sup> </sup>per year, or use the higher rate of 50 t per ha<sup> </sup>every other year.

scholarly journals Effects of plant species and harvesting system on grassland production in northern Finland

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 479-494
Author(s):  
Oiva Nissinen ◽  
Heikki Hakkola
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Favourable Effect ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Cutting Regimes

The dry matter yields and forage quality of seven grassland plant species and mixed stands which included three cutting regimes (pasture 4-5 cuts, silage 2-3 cuts, hay and aftermath) were studied at two locations in northern Finland, Ruukki (64°40’N) and Rovaniemi (66° 35’N). Increased cutting frequency lowered the total dry matter yields of all plant species. Production of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and smooth brome grass (Bromus inermis L.) swards was significantly reduced by taking four or five cuts instead of one or two cuts. Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) and meadow grass (Poa pratensis L.) showed only a minor interaction with harvesting regimes and were less affected by the cutting frequency. The increased cutting frequency raised the crude protein content, this causing the highest protein yields despite the smaller dry matter yields. The inclusion of red clover in seed mixtures had a favourable effect on the crude protein content of grass swards. Stands of sown plants decreased and the proportion of weeds in yields increased with time, reflecting the suitability of plant species to various cutting regimes. Meadow fescue and meadow grass with rapid regrowth had a positive effect on sward density and also caused less invasion of weeds when the cutting frequency was increased.

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