scholarly journals The voluntary intake and digestibility, in sheep, of chopped and pelleted Digitaria decumbens (pangola grass) following a late application of fertilizer nitrogen

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Minson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Food Digestibility ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Chopped Grass

1. Experiments were conducted with wether sheep in 1964 and 1965 fed pelleted or chopped mature Digitaria decubemes Stent (pangola grass) bay containing different crude protein contents. The voluntary intake of food, digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen, nitrogen retention and apparent time of retention of feed organic matter in the reticulo-rumen were measured. The different crude protein contents of the grass were obtained by applications of urea to the sward 14 and 28 days before cutting for hay in 1964 and 1965 respectively. This treatment increased the crude protein content of the dry matter from 4.9% to 8.7% in 1964 and from 3.7% to 7.2% in 1965. The size of the particles of the ground hay before pelleting is given.2. The mean voluntary intake of chopped fertilized grass was 10% and 54% greater than that of the unfertilized; the voluntary intake of pellets made from fertilized grass was 35% and 75% greater than of those made from the unfertilized grass in 1964 and 1965 respectively.3. The voluntary intake of pellets of unfertilized grass was 7% and 14% greater than that 30% greater than that of chopped fertilized grass in 1964 and 1965 respectively.4. The digestibility of the pellets was less than that of the chopped grass.5. The apparent digestibility of the feed nitrogen was increased by the fertilizer nitrogen, but grinding and pelleting had no consistent effect. Sheep eating chopped or pelleted fertilized hay were in positive nitrogen balance.6. The apparent retention time of organic matter in the reticulo-rumen was longer when the sheep were eating chopped hay than when they were eating pellets. In 1964 the apparent retention time of organic matter in the reticulo-rumen was shorter for chopped and pelleted unfertilized grass than for chopped and pelleted fertilized grass, but in 1965 the order was reversed.7. The relationship between voluntary intake, apparent retention time of organic matter in the rumen and the protein content of the food is discussed.

scholarly journals Development of yield and nutritive value of timothy in primary growth and regrowth in northern growing conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 252 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. NISSINEN ◽  
P. KALLIAINEN ◽  
L. JAUHIAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Percentage Unit ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

The development of the yield and nutritive value of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) both in the primary growth and in the regrowth were studied at MTT Plant Production Research, a unit of MTT Agrifood Research Finland, in Rovaniemi (66°35´N) in 1999–2001. The dry matter yield and leaf:stem ratio were measured from the crop samples, and the contents of crude protein and organic matter digestibility of both whole plant samples and leaf and stem fractions were analysed. In primary growth, the most rapid increase of dry matter, 220–240 kg ha-1 per day, was measured around the beginning of the heading stage. There was a very strong positive correlation between the proportion of stems and the amount of dry matter in the primary yield. The daily growth rate of the regrowth was less than half of that of the primary growth. The fastest decrease, 1 percentage unit per day, in crude protein content was measured at the pasture stage (4–5-leaf stage). During the entire sampling period, the average daily decline in crude protein content in the primary growth of timothy was 0.65 percentage units. The main cause for the rapid decline in crude protein content was the high proportion of stem matter and its low protein content. In the regrowth, during the last four weeks before the harvest, the average daily decline in crude protein content was 0.28 percentage units.The average decline in organic matter digestibility from early pasture stage to late silage stage was 0.9 percentage units per day. The most remarkable change was noticed at the growth stage of timothy when about the half of stems were heading and it was then that the digestibility decreased by more than one percentage unit per day. The rapid decline in organic matter digestibility was due to the low digestibility of stem matter. The daily change in forage digestibility in the regrowth was very small, on average 0.11%.;

Mixtures of annual legumes and small-grained cereals for forage production under low rainfall

1989 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Droushiotis
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Legume Seed ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Triticale Line

SUMMARYTwo small-grained cereals, Mulga oats and a triticale line, and two legumes, local vetch and local peas, were grown in pure stands and in mixtures at various cereal: legume seed ratios (20:80, 40:60, 60:40 and 80:20) for three successive cropping years, 1981/82 to 1983/84, at Laxia and Dromolaxia, Cyprus, in each year.The cereal pure stands produced, on average, more dry matter, 8·40 t/ha, and more digestible organic matter, 4·12 t/ha, than the legume pure stands, 3·68 and 2·18 t/ha, respectively. On average, total dry matter production decreased linearly as the seed proportion of the legume component in the mixture increased. The proportion of the legume in the harvested material was much lower than expected from the seed ratios. The highest proportion of legume was seen in the mixtures of peas with triticale and ranged from 8·1 to 35·5% at the various sowing rates. Digestibility and crude protein content were highest in the mixtures of triticale and peas.

Supplementation of rice straw with dry leucaena

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
PT Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The effects of supplementation with three levels (5, 10 and 15% of DM offered) of dry leucaena on the voluntary intake and digestion of rice straw by sheep were studied. These effects were compared with those of a supplement of urea and sulfate. In all cases, the rice straw was supplemented with minerals.Total dry matter intake (DMI) increased linearly with the level of leucaena, but there was no affect on intake of straw. Nor did supplementation with urea and sulfate affect straw intake. Neither of these supplements affected the apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM).There were significant linear relationships between DM1 and the amounts of total digesta or DM in the reticulo-rumen (RR). The amount of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) in the RR also increased with the amount of leucaena offered, as did the concentration of ammonia N in rumen fluid.While the flows of digesta constituents increased linearly with the amount of leucaena in the diet, there were no significant effects of dietary treatments on the fractional outflow rates of NDF from the RR. The fractional digestion rates of NDF in the RR were also not affected by supplementation. The intake of nitrogen, the amount of crude protein apparently digested in the intestines (DCPi) and apparent nitrogen retention all increased with the amount of leucaena given. In contrast, supplementationwith urea and sulfate increased N intake, but DCPi was not increased to the same extent as with leucaena. The proportion of NAN flowing through the abomasum which was of microbial origin was lower (0.66 v. 0.73) when 15% leucaena was in the diet than with straw alone or straw plus urea and sulfate.

The intensive production of herbage for crop-drying Part V. The effect of continued massive applications of nitrogen with and without phosphate and potash on the yield of grassland herbage

1954 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Holmes ◽  
D. S. Maolusky
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments

1. A small-scale plot experiment which had been carried out from 1947 to 1949 (Holmes, 1951) to study the effect of massive dressings of nitrogen, with and without phosphate and potash, on the yield of a ryegrass dominant sward was continued in 1950–2. A 4 × 4 Graeco-Latin square was used.The nitrogen treatments applied each year were:(1) no nitrogenous fertilizer, (2) 260 lb., (3) 520 lb. and (4) 416 lb. (312 lb. in 1951) nitrogen per acre per annum applied in four or five equal dressings, one for each cut. Treatments 1, 2 and 3 were cut each time they reached the long leafy stage (8–11 in. in height), treatment 4 was cut when 13–16 in. in height.The mineral treatments were (A) no mineral fertilizer, (B) 336–538 lb. K2O per acre per annum depending on nitrogen treatment, (C) 120–180 lb. P2O5 per acre per annum, (D) treatments B and C combined. Mineral applications were applied in four or five dressings each year, one for each cut.2. Applications of phosphate did not affect the yield or protein content of the herbage, but yields were severely restricted in the absence of potash. Where potash was applied the yields under each nitrogen treatment were maintained or increased over the 6-year period. Average yields of dry matter for the 6-year period when potash was present were 4760, 8050, 9620 and 9320 lb. per acre per annum for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4. Without potash the corresponding average yields were 3980, 5610, 5190 and 5100 lb. Average crude protein yields with potash were 710, 1410, 1990 and 1640 lb. per acre per annum and without potash 550, 1090, 1190 and 1020 lb.3. The presence of potash resulted in earlier growth in each season through the maintenance of the earlier vigorous grasses in the sward. Although the growth curve was variable with treatment 1, treatments 2, 3 and 4 gave nearly uniform distribution of herbage production over the season.4. The weighted mean contents of crude protein for each year ranged from 13·9% for treatment 1 to 20·6% for treatment 3 when potash was given and from 12·9% for treatment 1 to 23·6% for treatment 3 when potash was absent. There was a gradual increase in protein content at the later cuts in each season, but the range was less where nitrogen was applied.5. The efficiency of utilization of fertilizer nitrogen was calculated. When the yield was compared with that of a no-clover sward the average response was 15·6, 10·8 and 11·8 lb. dry matter per lb. of nitrogen applied for treatments 2, 3 and 4 respectively. In terms of crude protein the percentage recovery was 53, 44 and 42 respectively. When the yields were compared with those of the clovery swards the nitrogen recovery figures were reduced by about one-third.6. The botanical composition of the plots was determined by the nitrogen and potash treatments. Where both were adequate a vigorous sward of ryegrass and timothy was maintained. Where nitrogen was absent but potash present a clovery sward developed. In the absence of potash with or without nitrogen the better grasses declined and were replaced by poor grasses.7. Provided potash was applied there were no marked changes in the soil analysis.8. The results are discussed with particular reference to the maintenance of high grass yields and the relative roles of clover and fertilizer nitrogen.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of some range plants

2021 ◽  
pp. 094-098
Author(s):  
Musa Tibin Musa Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Significant Difference

This study was carried out to determine chemical composition and in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility of range plant species of the area. Samples were collected from range lands at full maturity stage, dried under shade and subjected to chemical analysis and dry matter and organic matter in vitro digestibility for Vigna sunhum, Andropogan gayanus, Pennisetum Pedicelatum, Shoenfeldia gracilis and Stylothanis flavicans were determined. The data was analyzed via analysis of variance and differences among means were determined using Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. The results showed that the legumes (Vigna sunhum and Stylothanis flavicans) were significantly higher (P≤0.01) in their crude protein content and the percentage of crude protein respectively was 13.4% and 10.00% while the grasses were significant (P≤0.05) higher in Crude Fibre (CF), ash, Acid Detergent Fibers (ADF) and Neutral Detergent Fibers (NDF). Crude fiber % values were 41.78, 43.37 and 46.07% for Pennisetum Pedicelatum, Andropogan gayanus and Shoenofeldia gracilis, respectively. The acid detergent values were 53.85, 47.74 and 53.39 for the three weeds. (P≤0.05), while the ratio of neutral detergent was significantly higher (P≤.05) in grasses than in the two legume species; 87.22, 82.35 and 88.99% for the three grasses respectively. Similarly higher in vitro dry matter and organic digestibility coefficients were obtained from legume species than grasses. The study concluded that, the studied grasses were higher in fiber content and lower in their protein content but, legumes grasses (Vigna sunhum, Pennisetum Pedicelatum and Stylothanis flavicans) had high nutritive value and in vitro digestibility which may provide ruminants with the needed protein and energy.

Some effects of formaldehyde treatment of hay on the production of Corriedale weaners fed in pens

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (59) ◽  
pp. 596 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Sharkey ◽  
GR Pearce ◽  
EK Simmons ◽  
RS Jeffery ◽  
J Clark
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Feeding Study ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Voluntary Intake

A high protein hay (16 per cent crude protein) was treated with formalin, either during baling or before feeding. During one three-week feeding study, the acceptability and voluntary intake of both treated and untreated hay by Corriedale weaner sheep were similar. In another 12-week feeding study where the formalin treated and untreated hay were fed at 1 kg dry matter per day there were no differences between sheep in wool growth, liveweight gain, nitrogen retention, and the apparent digestibility of dry matter. In vitro fermentation tests showed that treatment with formaldehyde reduced the solubility of the crude protein from 50 to 35 per cent. High losses of formaldehyde occurred when formalin was applied to hay during baling. Methods of reducing these losses have not been defined.

scholarly journals Energy and nitrogen retention in milk-fed lambs

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 79-79
Author(s):  
A.R. Mantecon ◽  
R. Pelaez ◽  
F.J. Ovejero
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Age And Sex

The effect of the level of energy intake (EI), crude protein content of the diet (CP), age and sex of growing lambs fed milk diets upon the retention of energy (ER) and nitrogen (NR) was studied.A total of 114 lambs of the Churra breed removed from their dams at birth were used. The lambs were kept in metabolism cages and during the first two days of life were bottle-fed colostrum in quantity equivalent to 40% of their birth weight.Afterwards milk-diets in which the protein-energy concentrations were between 15 and 35% were reconstituted at 180 g/kg of dry matter and given to the lambs according to the experimental design.

Effect of ensilation of lucerne on voluntary intake, digestibility, and eating and rumination behaviour in sheep

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 315 ◽  
Author(s):  
MO Etheridge ◽  
CR Stockdale ◽  
PD Cranwell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Chewing Behaviour

Twelve wether sheep were used in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment in which voluntary intake, diet digestibility, and eating and ruminating behaviour were compared when sheep were offered lucerne (Medicago sativa) as either wilted silage or hay. Chemical characteristics suggested that the lucerne silage was well fermented, and chemical compositions of the silage and hay were similar. Voluntary intakes were not significantly (P<0.05) different and were 1201 and 1220 g/day for silage and hay, respectively. Digestibilities of dry matter and organic matter were similar for both feeds, as were chewing behaviour and rumen physical function. Apparent crude protein digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher for silage than for hay (73.8 v. 70.3%). It was concluded that well-preserved lucerne silage has at least as high a feeding value as well-made lucerne hay.

Evaluation of tropical legumes: Chemical composition, in vitro degradability, and ingestive selectivity by bovines and caprines.

1969 ◽  
Vol 94 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
Abner A. Rodríguez ◽  
María Vázquez ◽  
Jorge Olivares ◽  
Francisco Rivera ◽  
Luis Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Arachis Glabrata ◽  
Tropical Legumes ◽  
Voluntary Intake

An experiment, divided into three trials, was conducted to determine the chemical composition, in vitro degradability, and ingestive selectivity of the tropical legumes (TL) Stylosanthes guianensis (Stylo; SG), Cajanus cajan (pigeon-pea; CC) and Arachis glabrata (rhizome perennial peanut; AG). In the first trial the organic matter (OM), inorganic matter (IM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF, hemicelulose), cellulose, lignin and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) content in the whole plant and botanical components (stems and leaves) of the three TL were determined. The second trial evaluated the in vitro apparent (AIVDMD) and true dry matter degradability (TIVDMD) of the three TL during 48 h of incubation in bovine and caprine ruminal fluid. Trial three, of cafeteria type, evaluated the voluntary intake by goats and heifers of the three TL during one hour. In all trials tropical grass hay (HG) was used as control forage. A qualitative scale (none, low, medium and high) was used to express the intake of TL and GH. Organic matter content was lower (P < 0.05) but IM was higher (P < 0.05) in AG than in CC, SG, and GH. In all three TL, the CP content was higher (P < 0.05) than inTG, but NDF was lower (P < 0.05). AmongTL species, CP content was higher (P < 0.05) in AG than in SG and CC, but NDF content was similar. ADF content was also lower (P < 0.05) in AG than in CC and in SG, but hemicelulose percentage was higher (P < 0.05). Lignin was lower (P < 0.05) in GH than in the three legumes, and CC showed the highest (P < 0.05) ADIN content among the forages evaluated. For all three TL, CP in leaves was higher than 20%. Leaf NDF content was lower (P < 0.05) in CC than in AG and in SG, whereas ADF was higher (P < 0.05) in SG than in AG and CC. Leaves of AG also had higher (P < 0.05) hemicelulose but lower (P < 0.05) cellulose values than CC and SG. Lignin content was similar in leaves of the three TL, but ADIN content was higher (P < 0.05) in CC. Crude protein content of stems was lower (P < 0.05) in CC than in AG and SG.The NDF content and its fractions (ADF, cellulose and hemicelulose) were lower (P < 0.05) in AG stems than in those of SG and CC.The highest (P < 0.05) lignin content and lowest (P < 0.05) ADIN content were observed in CC and SG stems, respectively. In the second trial, use of either ruminal inoculum type gave AIVDMD and TIVDMD values that were, in descending order, highest (P < 0.05) in AG than in SG, GH and CC. In trial three a greater intake was observed in goats and heifers offered AG and GH than when offered SG and CC. Based on nutrient content, in vitro dry matter degradability, and voluntary intake, AG showed greater potential as a forage source than SG and CC. However, all three TL showed promise as potential alternatives for use as an integral part of ruminant feeding systems in the tropics.

Studies of cattle and sheep eating leaf and stem fractions of grasses. 1. The voluntary intake, digestibility and retention time in the reticulo-rumen

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
DP Poppi ◽  
DJ Minson ◽  
JH Ternouth
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Digestive Efficiency ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Digitaria Decumbens ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) were cut as 6 and 12 week regrowths, dried, chopped, and separated into leaf and stem fractions by using a gravity separator. Each of the eight diets was offered to four cattle and eight sheep fitted with a ruminal cannula to measure voluntary intake and digestibility of the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). Possible deficiencies of protein and minerals were minimized in this study by feeding casein and a mineral supplement. The total DM, OM and NDF contents of the rumeno-reticulum (rumen) were measured by manually emptying the rumen and the values used to estimate retention times of DM, OM and NDF. Cattle consumed 35% more leaf than stem fraction. Sheep consumed 21 % more leaf. When the daily voluntary intake was expressed as g/kg0.9 the intake was similar for cattle and sheep. The higher intake of the leaf fraction was associated with the shorter time that it was retained in the rumen of both cattle and sheep. Leaf and stem fractions were digested to the same extent by cattle. There was also no difference in the digestibility of leaf and stem fed to sheep. The digestive efficiency of sheep was 0.033 lower than that of cattle for both DM and NDF. Cattle retained all diets for longer periods in the rumen than did sheep. This difference was associated with the higher digestive efficiency of the cattle. It was concluded that both cattle and sheep consumed more leaf than stem fractions of grasses, and that the higher intake of leaf was associated with the shorter time that it was retained in the rumen and not by differences in digestibility as such.

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