Changes in body composition relative to weight and maturity of Australian Dorset Horn rams and wethers. 2. Individual muscles and muscle groups

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Butterfield ◽  
K. J. Reddacliff ◽  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
J. Zamora ◽  
Jean Williams
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Wall Group ◽  
Very High ◽  
Total Muscle ◽  
Male Sheep

ABSTRACTMaturity patterns have been established for 93 individual carcass muscles and nine standard muscle groups using dissection data from 20 Dorset Horn rams and 20 Dorset Horn wethers. A very high proportion, 81/93, of the individual muscles and all the muscle groups had maturity patterns which were not different for the rams and wethers.Maturity patterns of some muscle groups varied from those previously demonstrated in Merino rams, in that the abdominal wall group was later maturing and the neck to forelimb and neck and thorax groups were earlier maturing in the Dorset Horns.Comparison of the distribution of muscle weight of the Dorset Horn rams and wethers at the mean total muscle weight resulted in different conclusions to comparison at the mean proportion of maturity. It is concluded that comparisons of muscle weight distribution of entire and castrated male sheep, in which mature muscle weight varies, will be most meaningful if carried out at the same proportion of maturity, since comparisons at the same weight of total muscle will embrace components of difference due to stage of maturity.

Changes in body composition relative to weight and maturity in large and small strains of Australian Merino rams

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
R. M. Butterfield ◽  
J. Zamora ◽  
A. M. James ◽  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
Jean Williams
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Small Strains ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mature Size ◽  
Total Muscle ◽  
Australian Merino

ABSTRACTMaturing patterns are established for 93 individual muscles, and nine anatomical groups of muscles, using half carcass dissection data from 39 rams of two strains of Merinos of different mature size (91 and 116 kg). The maturity coefficients of the individual muscles and muscle groups are tabulated. Seventy-eight of the 93 muscles, and eight of the nine anatomical muscle groups, had maturing patterns which were not significantly different for the strains of sheep. In general, the muscles of the limbs and muscles surrounding the spinal column were earlier-maturing than total muscle and the muscles in the cranial end of the trunk were late maturing. The muscles of the abdominal wall matured at the same rate as total muscle.Differences in the distribution of muscle weight of the two strains of rams, when compared at the same total muscle weight, were reduced when compared at the same proportion' of mature total muscle weight. It was concluded, therefore, that apparent differences in the distribution of muscle weights, when breeds are compared at the same total muscle weight, may be due largely to differences in mature size.

Breed and sex differences in equally mature sheep and goats 3. Muscle weight distribution

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Thonney ◽  
St C. S. Taylor ◽  
J. I. Murray ◽  
T. H. McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACTMales and females from Soay, Welsh Mountain, Southdown, Finnish Landrace, Jacob, Wiltshire Horn and Oxford Down sheep breeds and a breed of feral goats were slaughtered when they reached 0·40, 0·52, 0·64 or 0·76 of the mean mature body weight of their breed and sex. Total weight of dissected muscle was close to 0·30 times fleece-free empty body weight, or 0·24 times live weight, for all breeds and stages of maturity. The growth of 12 individual muscles or muscle groups dissected from the commercially higher-valued joints of the carcass, was examined in relation to live weight and total muscle weight. Limb muscles matured early. All 12 muscles, when combined, also matured early so that the proportion of lean tissue from the higher-valued joints declined as live weight increased.There were small but significant sex differences in the relative growth rate of some muscles. The abdominal muscles were early maturing for males and average for females. There were also sex differences in muscle weight distribution. The proportion of muscle in the hind limb of females was 1·055 times that in males, while the 12 muscles from higher-valued cuts constituted 0·403 of total carcass muscle for females and 0·389 for males, a proportional difference of 0·035.Muscle weight distribution was unrelated to breed size with the possible exception of m. gastrocnemius which appeared to be relatively smaller in genetically larger breeds. After accounting for differences in mature weight, there remained small but significant breed deviations in muscle weight distribution. Southdowns had the most attractive distribution. Feral goats and Jacob sheep, although they had the highest proportion of total muscle, had a much less attractive distribution.

Food intake, growth and body composition in Australian Merino sheep selected for high and low weaning weight 6. Muscle-weight distribution

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Perry ◽  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
R. M. Butterfield
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Mature Size ◽  
Total Muscle ◽  
Australian Merino

ABSTRACTThe change in muscle-weight distribution from birth to maturity was examined in rams and ewes from strains of Australian Merino sheep which had been selected for high or low weaning weight, and from a randomly bred control flock. The proportional distribution of total muscle weight among nine anatomically standardized muscle groups was determined for 34 mature animals. The growth of each group was then assessed relative to the growth of the total musculature, using data from 106 immature animals. Maturity coefficients were calculated separately for pre- and post-weaning growth. Several muscle groups exhibited a diphasic growth pattern.Selection for high and low weaning weight resulted in an increase and decrease respectively in total muscle weight in mature animals, but had no effect on mature muscle-weight distribution. There were no significant strain effects on maturing patterns of muscle groups, except during the pre-weaning growth of muscles around the spinal column and those connecting the thorax to the forelimb. When compared at the same stage of maturity there was little difference between the strains in muscle-weight distribution. However, at the same weight the larger mature-size strain had a more immature pattern of muscle-weight distribution.The total muscle weight of mature rams was greater than that of mature ewes. Sex also had an effect on muscle-weight distribution at maturity for seven of the nine muscle groups. At maturity rams had a higher proportion of their muscle weight in those muscle groups associated with the neck and thorax, and a lower proportion in those associated with the limbs. Sex affected the pre-weaning maturing pattern of the muscles of the spinal column, and the post-weaning maturing pattern of all muscle groups, with the exception of those muscles associated with the distal hindlimb, the spinal column, and those attaching the thorax to the forelimb.

Study of Speed-Flow Relationships on Individual Freeway Lanes

1997 ◽  
Vol 1591 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. F. Hurdle ◽  
Mark I. Merlo ◽  
Doug Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Practical Interest ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Speed Flow ◽  
High Flows ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High

Many researchers have examined the form of the relationship between speed and flow on freeways. However, these researchers have concentrated on relationships for the freeway as a whole instead of on individual lanes. In this study, the relationship was examined for each of the three lanes at two locations on Highway 401 in metropolitan Toronto. It proved possible to accurately describe the mean speed in each lane with simple linear functions over the range of flows of most practical interest. Cubic functions provided comparable results over a wider range of flows, but it appears unlikely that the very high and very low flows are of sufficient interest to justify the added complexity. When an attempt was made to examine the relationship between speed and flow for the entire roadway, the linear functions were not adequate, but cubic functions performed reasonably well. However, the details of the full roadway curves are quite different from those of the curves described in the 1994 Highway Capacity Manual. In particular, the curves described in the manual are much steeper than the Highway 401 curves at high flows, implying a much more rapid loss of performance as flow approaches capacity than was observed. The full roadway curves are also surprisingly different from the curves for the individual lanes.

Muscle growth and distribution of muscle weight in Clun and Southdown sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Butler-Hogg ◽  
O. P. Whelehan
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACTA total of 56 sheep, 28 Clun and 28 Southdown were slaughtered, five of each breed, at birth, 50, 100, 150 and 200 days and three of each breed at 415 days of age. The left half of each carcass was separated anatomically into individual muscles, bones and fat depots. For the purposes of analysis, individual muscles were assigned to one of eight muscle groups, depending upon their anatomical location.The relative growth of some individual muscles was found to change over this age range, as indicated by a significant squared term in the quadratic allometric equation: this was true for proportionately 0·33 of the muscles in Clun and for proportionately 0·44 of those in Southdown, accounting for proportionately 0·33 and 0·47 of total muscle weight in Clun and Southdown respectively.Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to derive the multivariate analogue of the quadratic part of quadratic allometry: the sign of the loading on the second principal component had the same sign as the change observed in bq, the quadratic relative growth coefficient. Thus, PCA offers the potential to identify simultaneously, and independently of shape or conformation, all those muscles whose relative growth coefficients change over the period examined. It could be applied successfully to breed comparisons of conformation.The cumulative effects of changing relative growth rates of muscles were small. Muscle weight distribution appears to be almost fixed within the first few weeks after birth. Despite their differences in conformation and mature size, Clun and Southdown lambs had similar distributions of muscle weight at the same age; the high valued muscles constituted 513·8 g/kg total muscle in Clun and 514·7 g/kg total muscle in Southdown lambs at 200 days of age.

Studies of fat distribution in the bovine carcass. II. Relationship of intramuscular fat to the quantitative analysis of the skeletal musculature

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
ER Johnson ◽  
WJ Pryor ◽  
RM Butterfield
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Skeletal Musculature ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Small Muscle ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Intramuscular Fat Content

(1) The fat content of individual muscles of a steer was determined. (2) The intramuscular fat content of 'standard muscle groups' of Angus steers was determined and related to total dissected fat and to muscle weight distribution. (3) The partitioning of intramuscular fat among the standard muscle groups was not affected by the percentage of dissectible fat except in two small muscle groups. (4) The regressions of the weights of standard muscle groups on total muscle weight were not significantly different when calculated on muscle weights as dissected, or minus intramuscular fat content. (5) It is concluded that the differences in muscle weight distribution observed during the fattening process are due to factors other than intramuscular fat.

Growth, Metamorphosis and Energy Conversion in the Larvae of the Prawn, Palaemon Serratus

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Reeve
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Energy Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Length Increase ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Very High

The life-history of the larva of the prawn Palaemon serratus (Pennant) was studied in the laboratory and found to comprise a variable number of stages, dependent on feeding level and other factors. Larval moulting frequency was relatively constant at 3-day intervals, and could be followed in a population by daily examination for exuvia moult-casts. Length increase at each moult progressed arithmetically, and the highest mortalities occurred during metamorphosis. Consumption of Anemia nauplii by each larva rose from 30 to 400 per day. Populations of isolated animals (i.e. when cannibalism was excluded) were inspected daily and the exact number and duration of larval stages determined. Survival through metamorphosis was very high (over 85%) at both high and low feeding levels, although at the latter the larvae passed through more stages with more erratic duration times. At the end of the experiment, when all the larvae had metamorphosed, the mean dry weights at the high and low feeding levels were 7.7 and o.6 mg respectively. Larval stages could not be positively identified morphologically after stage III unless the history of the individual in question was known. It is suggested that the number of larval stages in the sea may also be very variable and difficult to determine.Energy-conversion efficiency was calculated from food uptake measurements and larval growth estimations, and was found to be 50–60% during most of the larval life, falling to 35% when the early post-larvae were taken into account.

Carcass composition of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 905 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Charles ◽  
ER Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Anatomical Dissection ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Intrinsic Muscles ◽  
Total Muscle

(1) Six buffalo bulls 14–48 months old were slaughtered and subjected to detailed anatomical dissection. (2) The dressing percentage of 55.2 was greater than that in cattle of similar carcass fatness (10.6). (3) Muscle constituted 37.1% of empty liveweight. (4) The carcasses had a high proportion by weight of muscle (68.6%), a low proportion of bone (17.3%), and a low proportion of fat (10.6%) relative to the proportions found in steer carcasses of similar muscle plus bone weights or total dissected fat percentages. (5) A study of muscle weight distribution showed that the spinal muscle group formed a lesser proportion of total muscle than in bovine steers, while the muscles of the proximal forelimb, those of the thorax passing onto the forelimb, and the intrinsic muscles of neck and thorax formed a greater proportion. The possibility of a sex effect on muscle weight distribution was discussed. (6) Fat distribution featured a high proportion of intermuscular fat relative to subcutaneous fat, and the proportions of kidney and channel fats were greater than those encountered in comparable bovine steer carcasses.

Influence of breed and sex on muscle weight distribution of cattle

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mukhoty ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Sex Influence ◽  
Differential Development ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Total Muscle

SummaryIn this experiment an attempt was made to study the influence of breed and sex on the muscle-weight distribution of cattle. The weights of individual muscles obtained by total dissection from the side of a carcass from each of 63 bulls, 106 steers and 22 heifers representing six, eight and two breed groups respectively were classified into nine anatomical groups using the method of Butterfield (1963). Muscle-weight distribution was then studied by expressing the muscle in each of these groups as percentages of total muscle and also as adjusted mean weight of muscle in each region while statistically adjusting total muscle to a constant level.Results indicated that breed differences were significant although small for abdominal muscles and muscles of the neck region within bulls and steers, but two breed groups of heifers did not differ. There was no detectable breed influence on the percentage of any other muscle group. Percentages of muscles classified as expensive were found to be remarkably similar among breed groups in all three sexes.Sex influences on muscle distribution were also appraised. There was a general trend of heifers having a higher percentage in the proximal pelvic limb and abdominal areas than steers, while steers exceeded bulls. This order of sex influence was reversed in the muscles of the neck and thorax region. The influence of sex was conspicuous in areas classified as having expensive muscles, with heifers having a higher percentage of muscles in the high-priced regions than steers and steers being superior to bulls. Sex differences reflect the differential development of bulls compared with the other sexes as they mature. Muscles of the neck and thorax in bulls increase in proportion and other groups (proximal hind and abdominal) decrease. The differentiation of muscles represents a trend toward masculinity from heifer to steer to young bull and finally to old bull proportions.

Breed and sex differences in muscle distribution in equally mature sheep

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Taylor ◽  
M. A. Mason ◽  
T. H. McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Percentage Decrease ◽  
Individual Muscle ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Percentage Basis ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACTSheep from the Soay, Southdown, Finnish Landrace and Oxford Down breeds were serially slaughtered at 40, 52, 64 and 76% of their estimated mature body weight. Breed and sex comparisons of muscle distribution wee made at these degrees of maturity. Comparisons were based on 12 individual muscles obtained from the prime retailjoints. Together, these 12 muscles represented about 41 % of total weight ofmuscle in the carcass. Highly significant breed and sex differences in the weight of individual muscles were obtained, but these differences were greatly reduced when values were expressed as a percentage of total muscle weight.On a percentage basis, there were significant changes with stage of maturity in only three of the muscles studied, although most individual muscles showed an initial percentage decrease with increasing maturity (from 40 to 52%) but almost no change thereafter. Significant breed differences in muscle distribution were found. The individual muscles examined, when combined, comprised 40·8, 43·4, 40·5 and 39·8 % of total muscle weight respectively in the Soay, Southdown, Finnish Landrace and Oxford Down. No breed was significantly above average for every individual muscle, but the Southdown had the highest percentage in 6 out of 12 and might therefore be said to have had the most preferred muscle distribution. For most muscles examined, the percentage was slightly higher for females than for males, with totals for all 12 muscles of 41·9 and 40·4% respectively.

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