Breed and sex differences in muscle distribution in equally mature sheep

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Taylor ◽  
M. A. Mason ◽  
T. H. McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Percentage Decrease ◽  
Individual Muscle ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Percentage Basis ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACTSheep from the Soay, Southdown, Finnish Landrace and Oxford Down breeds were serially slaughtered at 40, 52, 64 and 76% of their estimated mature body weight. Breed and sex comparisons of muscle distribution wee made at these degrees of maturity. Comparisons were based on 12 individual muscles obtained from the prime retailjoints. Together, these 12 muscles represented about 41 % of total weight ofmuscle in the carcass. Highly significant breed and sex differences in the weight of individual muscles were obtained, but these differences were greatly reduced when values were expressed as a percentage of total muscle weight.On a percentage basis, there were significant changes with stage of maturity in only three of the muscles studied, although most individual muscles showed an initial percentage decrease with increasing maturity (from 40 to 52%) but almost no change thereafter. Significant breed differences in muscle distribution were found. The individual muscles examined, when combined, comprised 40·8, 43·4, 40·5 and 39·8 % of total muscle weight respectively in the Soay, Southdown, Finnish Landrace and Oxford Down. No breed was significantly above average for every individual muscle, but the Southdown had the highest percentage in 6 out of 12 and might therefore be said to have had the most preferred muscle distribution. For most muscles examined, the percentage was slightly higher for females than for males, with totals for all 12 muscles of 41·9 and 40·4% respectively.

Breed and sex differences in equally mature sheep and goats 3. Muscle weight distribution

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Thonney ◽  
St C. S. Taylor ◽  
J. I. Murray ◽  
T. H. McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Total Muscle

ABSTRACTMales and females from Soay, Welsh Mountain, Southdown, Finnish Landrace, Jacob, Wiltshire Horn and Oxford Down sheep breeds and a breed of feral goats were slaughtered when they reached 0·40, 0·52, 0·64 or 0·76 of the mean mature body weight of their breed and sex. Total weight of dissected muscle was close to 0·30 times fleece-free empty body weight, or 0·24 times live weight, for all breeds and stages of maturity. The growth of 12 individual muscles or muscle groups dissected from the commercially higher-valued joints of the carcass, was examined in relation to live weight and total muscle weight. Limb muscles matured early. All 12 muscles, when combined, also matured early so that the proportion of lean tissue from the higher-valued joints declined as live weight increased.There were small but significant sex differences in the relative growth rate of some muscles. The abdominal muscles were early maturing for males and average for females. There were also sex differences in muscle weight distribution. The proportion of muscle in the hind limb of females was 1·055 times that in males, while the 12 muscles from higher-valued cuts constituted 0·403 of total carcass muscle for females and 0·389 for males, a proportional difference of 0·035.Muscle weight distribution was unrelated to breed size with the possible exception of m. gastrocnemius which appeared to be relatively smaller in genetically larger breeds. After accounting for differences in mature weight, there remained small but significant breed deviations in muscle weight distribution. Southdowns had the most attractive distribution. Feral goats and Jacob sheep, although they had the highest proportion of total muscle, had a much less attractive distribution.

Breed differences in body composition of equally mature sheep

1976 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. McClelland ◽  
B. Bonaiti ◽  
C. S. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Degree Of Maturity ◽  
Total Muscle

SUMMARYSheep from the Soay, Finnish Landrace, Southdown and Oxford Down breeds were serially slaughtered at about 40, 50, 60 and 70% of their estimated mature body weight. Breed and sex comparisons were made at these degrees of maturity. Large differences were found in the weight of muscle, fat and bone, total muscle ranging from a mean of 3·3 kg in the Soay to 13·0 kg in the Oxford Down; the corresponding range for dissected fat was 1·2 to 9·2 kg.Most of the breed and sex differences observed at the same degree of maturity disappeared when expressed as a percentage of body or carcass weight. Thus both sexes had almost the same body and carcass composition in terms of fat, muscle and bone percentage. There were breed differences in fat percentage, with the Soay significantly less fat than the other breeds. Total muscle as a percentage of body weight was remarkably close to 28·5% in all breeds in both sexes, and at all four stages of maturity.

Changes in body composition relative to weight and maturity in large and small strains of Australian Merino rams

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
R. M. Butterfield ◽  
J. Zamora ◽  
A. M. James ◽  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
Jean Williams
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Small Strains ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mature Size ◽  
Total Muscle ◽  
Australian Merino

ABSTRACTMaturing patterns are established for 93 individual muscles, and nine anatomical groups of muscles, using half carcass dissection data from 39 rams of two strains of Merinos of different mature size (91 and 116 kg). The maturity coefficients of the individual muscles and muscle groups are tabulated. Seventy-eight of the 93 muscles, and eight of the nine anatomical muscle groups, had maturing patterns which were not significantly different for the strains of sheep. In general, the muscles of the limbs and muscles surrounding the spinal column were earlier-maturing than total muscle and the muscles in the cranial end of the trunk were late maturing. The muscles of the abdominal wall matured at the same rate as total muscle.Differences in the distribution of muscle weight of the two strains of rams, when compared at the same total muscle weight, were reduced when compared at the same proportion' of mature total muscle weight. It was concluded, therefore, that apparent differences in the distribution of muscle weights, when breeds are compared at the same total muscle weight, may be due largely to differences in mature size.

A comparison of tissue development in Pietrain and Large White pigs from birth to 64 kg live weight 2. Growth changes in muscle distribution

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Entire Range ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
White Female ◽  
Large White ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Growth Changes ◽  
Allometric Analysis ◽  
Total Muscle

SUMMARYHalf carcasses of 18 Pietrain and 18 Large White female pigs were each dissected into 93 muscle units. An allometric analysis of the weight of these units relative to total muscle revealed increasing craniocaudal and distoproximal growth gradients, which were more pronounced in the Pietrain.The greater total weight of muscle, shown previously for the Pietrain at any given body weight over the range studied, was not due to higher muscle weights in any particular region at birth, but at 60 kg body weight was due to heavier high impetus muscles. Heart weight relative to total muscle weight was higher for the Large White over the entire range.It is concluded that for the animals studied the changes in muscle distribution are related to the functional demands of an increase in body size, and that the muscle distribution of pigs can differ between breeds.

Bone growth in the indigenous Nigerian pigs as a function of age, sex and body weight

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-604
Author(s):  
A. I. Essien ◽  
B. L. Fetuga
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Individual

SummaryThe left half carcasses of 64 female, 64 castrated male and 64 intact male indigenous Nigerian pigs were dissected in order to study the bone growth between birth and 672 days of age. Total bone weight as well as the weights and lengths of femur, tibia–fibula, humerus and radius–ulna were studied at 16 ages. While bone weights increased between 34 and 45 times from birth to the terminal age range, bone lengths on the average only quadrupled within the same period. Maximum growth in bone weight occurred at 112 days of age whereas bone length attained maximum growth rate at 56 days of age when the body weights had averaged 15·8 and 6·2 kg respectively.Beyond these body weights, the growth rates declined. Although sex differences for total bone weight were not significant, the individual long bones studied exhibited significant sex differences. Highly significant age and sex influences were obtained for the relative bone weights.The growth coefficients b determined for the individual bones and total bone using the logarithmically transformed allometric equation Y = oXb, ranged from an average of 0·76 for radius–ulna to O·80 for femur. Pooled values for total carcass bone was 0·84. The values agreed with those reported in literature with side weight as independent variable, and confirm bone to be early developing. Bone lengths were related more to body weight than to chronological age as judged by the R2 values. In all the bone traits studied, intact male pigs showed larger values than the castrated male and female pigs.

Influence of breed and sex on muscle weight distribution of cattle

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mukhoty ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Sex Influence ◽  
Differential Development ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Total Muscle

SummaryIn this experiment an attempt was made to study the influence of breed and sex on the muscle-weight distribution of cattle. The weights of individual muscles obtained by total dissection from the side of a carcass from each of 63 bulls, 106 steers and 22 heifers representing six, eight and two breed groups respectively were classified into nine anatomical groups using the method of Butterfield (1963). Muscle-weight distribution was then studied by expressing the muscle in each of these groups as percentages of total muscle and also as adjusted mean weight of muscle in each region while statistically adjusting total muscle to a constant level.Results indicated that breed differences were significant although small for abdominal muscles and muscles of the neck region within bulls and steers, but two breed groups of heifers did not differ. There was no detectable breed influence on the percentage of any other muscle group. Percentages of muscles classified as expensive were found to be remarkably similar among breed groups in all three sexes.Sex influences on muscle distribution were also appraised. There was a general trend of heifers having a higher percentage in the proximal pelvic limb and abdominal areas than steers, while steers exceeded bulls. This order of sex influence was reversed in the muscles of the neck and thorax region. The influence of sex was conspicuous in areas classified as having expensive muscles, with heifers having a higher percentage of muscles in the high-priced regions than steers and steers being superior to bulls. Sex differences reflect the differential development of bulls compared with the other sexes as they mature. Muscles of the neck and thorax in bulls increase in proportion and other groups (proximal hind and abdominal) decrease. The differentiation of muscles represents a trend toward masculinity from heifer to steer to young bull and finally to old bull proportions.

scholarly journals Comparison of performance of F1 Romanov crossbred ewes with wool and hair breeds during fall lambing and body weight and longevity through 6 production years

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
T W Murphy ◽  
B A Freking
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Lamb Survival ◽  
Sire Breed ◽  
Maternal Grandsire ◽  
Size At Birth ◽  
Birth Type

Abstract Objective was to evaluate wool (Dorset and Rambouillet) and hair (Dorper, Katahdin, and White Dorper) breeds for their ability to complement Romanov germplasm in an annual fall lambing system by estimating direct maternal grandsire and sire breed effects on economically important lamb and ewe traits. After 3 yr of evaluation under spring lambing, ewes of the 5 F1 types were transitioned to spring mating, exposed to composite terminal sires, and evaluated under a barn lambing system at 4, 5, and 6 yr of age. A total of 527 F1 crossbred ewes produced 1151 litters and 2248 lambs from 1378 May exposures. After accounting for differences in dam age, birth type, and sex, lamb survival to weaning was unaffected by maternal grandsire breed (P = 0.30). However, lambs born to 50% Dorset (16.8 ± 0.21 kg) or 50% White Dorper ewes (16.8 ± 0.28 kg) were heavier at weaning than those born to 50% Katahdin dams (13.8 ± 0.32 kg; P < 0.001). Additionally, lambs born to 50% Dorset ewes were heavier than those born to 50% Rambouillet (16.0 ± 0.22 kg) and 50% Dorper ewes (15.7 ± 0.33; P ≤ 0.03), but no other pairwise maternal grandsire breed differences were observed (P ≥ 0.06). Ewe body weight (n = 3629) was recorded prior to each of 6 possible mating seasons and, across ages, was greatest for Dorset and Rambouillet sired ewes (56.7 ± 0.44 and 56.5 ± 0.45 kg, respectively), intermediate for Dorper and White Dorper sired ewes (54.7 ± 0.78 and 54.1 ± 0.64 kg, respectively), and least for Katahdin sired ewes (51.5 ± 0.45 kg). Fertility after spring mating (0.80 ± 0.03 to 0.87 ± 0.02), litter size at birth (1.46 ± 0.09 to 1.71 ± 0.07), and litter size at weaning (1.25 ± 0.06 to 1.46 ± 0.06) were not impacted by sire breed (P ≥ 0.16). Ewe longevity, assessed as the probability of being present after 6 production years, was also not affected by sire breed (0.39 ± 0.03 to 0.47 ± 0.03; P = 0.44). Rambouillet sired ewes weaned more total weight of lamb (21.5 ± 0.94 kg) than Katahdin sired ewes (17.8 ± 0.94 kg; P = 0.05), but no other sire breed differences were detected (P ≥ 0.07). Results demonstrated that incorporating the Romanov into a crossbreeding system is a practical means of improving out-of-season ewe productivity.

Changes in body composition relative to weight and maturity of Australian Dorset Horn rams and wethers. 2. Individual muscles and muscle groups

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Butterfield ◽  
K. J. Reddacliff ◽  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
J. Zamora ◽  
Jean Williams
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Wall Group ◽  
Very High ◽  
Total Muscle ◽  
Male Sheep

ABSTRACTMaturity patterns have been established for 93 individual carcass muscles and nine standard muscle groups using dissection data from 20 Dorset Horn rams and 20 Dorset Horn wethers. A very high proportion, 81/93, of the individual muscles and all the muscle groups had maturity patterns which were not different for the rams and wethers.Maturity patterns of some muscle groups varied from those previously demonstrated in Merino rams, in that the abdominal wall group was later maturing and the neck to forelimb and neck and thorax groups were earlier maturing in the Dorset Horns.Comparison of the distribution of muscle weight of the Dorset Horn rams and wethers at the mean total muscle weight resulted in different conclusions to comparison at the mean proportion of maturity. It is concluded that comparisons of muscle weight distribution of entire and castrated male sheep, in which mature muscle weight varies, will be most meaningful if carried out at the same proportion of maturity, since comparisons at the same weight of total muscle will embrace components of difference due to stage of maturity.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF BREED AND SEX ON THE PATTERNS OF FAT DEPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION IN SWINE

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
R. J. RICHMOND ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. B. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sex Type ◽  
Breed Differences

The growth and distribution of fat from 163 pig carcasses were compared among five breeds (Duroc × Yorkshire (D × Y), Hampshire × Yorkshire (H × Y), Yorkshire (Y × Y), Yorkshire × Lacombe-Yorkshire (Y × L-Y) and Lacombe × Yorkshire (L × Y)) and two sex-types (barrows and gilts) over a wide range in carcass weight. The growth pattern of fat and the fat depots were estimated from the allometric equation (Y = aXb) using side muscle weight and side fat weight separately as independent variables. Growth coefficients (b) for intermuscular and subcutaneous fat depots were similar for the hindquarter but the intermuscular depot coefficient was slightly higher for the forequarter. The coefficient for body cavity fat was highest in all comparisons. No significant differences were detected for coefficients among breeds and between sexes using both total muscle and total side fat as independent variables. Significant breed and sex-type differences were found in the fat depots at a constant weight of side muscle. This would indicate that breed differences in fatness seemed to be more influenced by the initiation of fattening at different muscle weights than by any inherent differences in rate of fattening. Significant breed differences were also found in the fat depots at a constant fat weight, indicating that breed may influence fat distribution. Sex-type had no effect on fat distribution when the evaluation was made at constant fatness.

scholarly journals Early life undernutrition in rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Bedi ◽  
A. R. Birzgalis ◽  
M. Mahon ◽  
J. L. Smart ◽  
A. C. Wareham
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Fibre Types ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Volume Proportion ◽  
Fibre Number

1. Male rats were undernourished either during the geslational and suckling periods or for a period of time immediately following weaning. Some rats were killed at the end of the period of undernutrition; others were nutritionally rehabilitated for lengthy periods of time before examination. Two muscles, the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) were studied from each rat. Histochemically-stained transverse sections of these muscles were used to determine total number of fibres, the fibre cross-sectional areas and the relative frequency of the various fibre types.2. All rats killed immediately following undernutrition showed significant deficit sin body-weight, muscle weight and fibre cross-sectional area compared to age-matched controls.3. Animals undernourished during gestation and suckling and then fed normally for 5 months showed persistent and significant deficits in body-weight, muscle weight and total fibre number. There were also significant deficits in mean fibre cross-sectional area of each fibre type except for red fibres in the EDL. No difference in the volume proportion of connective tissue was found.4. Rats undernourished after weaning and then fed ad lib. for approximately 7 months had normal body-and muscle weights. Their muscles showed no significant differences in total fibre number, relative frequency of the various fibre types, fibre size or volume proportion of connective lissue.5. These results indicate that, although the effects on rat skeletal muscle of a period of undernutrition after weaning can be rectified, undernutrition before weaning causes lasting deficits.

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