Comparison of early, normal and late sowing at three rates of nitrogen on the yield, grain nitrogen and screenings content of Blenheim spring malting barley in Ireland

1995 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Conry
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
N Content ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Late Sowing

SUMMARYNine experiments were carried out on three different soil types in the south-east of Ireland over three years (1989, 1992 and 1993) to test the effect of early, normal and late sowing at three rates of fertilizer nitrogen (100, 125, 150 kg/ha) on the yield and grain quality ex-farm of spring malting barley (cv. Blenheim). Early sowing (January or February) was not possible in 1990 and 1991 due to wet weather. Sowing date had a pronounced effect on grain yield and grain N content in all three years. In 1989 and 1992, the earliest-sown barley (January or February) gave significantly greater yields than latersown crops (March and April) in five of the six experiments. The earliest-sown barley gave the lowest grain N in all six experiments and there was a gradual and significant increase in grain N content as sowing date was delayed. In 1993 the earliest-sown barley (February) gave significantly lower yield and greater grain N than the March-sown crop in all three experiments. The lower yield of the February-sown barley in 1993 was due to the significantly reduced number of grains/ear. The Aprilsown barley gave significantly lower yield and greater grain N than the earlier-sown crops in eight out of the nine experiments. In 1989 and 1992 only one of the six experiments, Ferns 1992, gave a significant yield response to increased rate of N (125 kg/ha). But in 1993, 125 kg N/ha significantly increased grain yield in all three experiments and 150 kg N/ha gave a further significant increase in yield in two of the experiments. Increasing increments of fertilizer N significantly increased grain N in all nine experiments.

The effect of sowing date and nitrogen rate on the grain yield, grain quality and malt analyses of spring malting barley for distilling in Ireland

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Potterton ◽  
T. McCabe
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Sowing Dates

AbstractThe significant expansion of whiskey distillation in Ireland has increased requirements on the Irish malting barley industry to supply spring barley with low grain nitrogen concentration (GNC). Published literature suggests that genetics, soil type and environmental conditions are the predominant drivers controlling production of malting barley with low GNC values. However, it is acknowledged that agronomic practices such as sowing date and nitrogen (N) application are also important factors in determining the grain yield (GY) and grain quality (GQ) of malting barley. The effects of four N fertilizer rates (90, 110, 130 and 150 kg N/ha) and two sowing dates (March and April) on GY and GQ of a two-row spring barley variety (Hordeum vulgare L. cvar Overture) was evaluated at two different sites over a 3-year period (2014–2016). Earlier sowing dates resulted in significantly higher mean GY (7.98 t/ha) compared with later sowing dates (7 t/ha). GY and GNC also increased consistently with greater increments of fertilizer N. Earlier sowing dates also significantly improved several distilling malt quality parameters, such as soluble extract (SE), fermentable extract, predicted spirit yield and fermentability. Later sowing dates increased diastatic power and soluble N. The results of the current study suggest that the likelihood of producing spring malting barley with low GNC values and better malting quality is enhanced through earlier sowing dates on suitable soil types. Earlier sowing dates also facilitated the use of higher fertilizer N rates, enabling high GY potential without crossing the GNC threshold for the distilling market.

Influence of number and timing of fungicide applications on the yield and quality of early and later-sown spring malting barley grown in the south-east of Ireland

2001 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. CONRY ◽  
B. DUNNE
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Barley Powdery Mildew ◽  
Dominant Disease

Eighteen experiments were carried out over a 6-year period (1989–94) on three different soil types to compare the effects of a broad-spectrum fungicide, applied as 1-, 2- or 3-spray programmes at different growth stages, to control foliar diseases on early and later-sown Blenheim malting barley. Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe graminis (Blumeria graminis) f. sp. hordei, was the dominant disease in all 6 years. Sowing date had a major effect on grain yield and ex-farm quality of the malting barley. The earlier-sown treatments gave significantly greater yield than the later-sown in 13 of the experiments, and significantly lower grain N concentrations and screenings (small grains <2·2mm) in 14 and 16 of them, respectively.Early and more frequent fungicide applications improved grain yield and reduced grain screenings but had no significant effect on grain N. Early-applied fungicide (i.e. before GS 33) was generally the most effective in controlling disease, increasing yield and reducing screenings. The magnitude of the response depended on disease severity. In those years when disease was low on the early-sown crops (1989,1991 and 1994), the early-applied 1-spray programme and 2-spray programmes increased grain yields by relatively small amounts in both early and late-sown crops. In the other 3 years (1990,1992 and 1993), when disease severity was greater, the early-applied 1-spray programme and 2-spray programmes gave much greater grain yield increments on both early and late sowings. The 3-spray fungicide programme gave the greatest yields in most of the experiments but they were not significantly greater than the best of all the other treatments. Grain screenings were reduced by fungicide applications in both early and late-sown crops, but the early-applied 1-spray programme and 2-spray programmes were generally the most effective in reducing screenings.

YIELD, NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY AND GRAIN QUALITY IN DURUM WHEAT AS AFFECTED BY NITROGEN FERTILIZATION UNDER A MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANITA IERNA ◽  
GRAZIA MARIA LOMBARDO ◽  
GIOVANNI MAUROMICALE
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Efficiency ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

SUMMARYLimited information is available concerning the influence of nitrogen fertilization jointly on yield response, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and grain quality of durum wheat under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. The study focused on evaluating, through a systematic study, over three seasons in southern Italy the effects of three nitrogen fertilization rates (0, 80 and 160 kg N ha−1– N0, N80and N160), on grain yield, yield components, nitrogen efficiency indices and grain quality characteristics of three durum wheat genotypes (‘Creso’, ‘Trinakria’ and ‘Line 25’) from different breeding eras to achieve a more sustainable fertilization management of the durum wheat crop. We found that nitrogen fertilization at 80 kg N ha−1was able to maximize the yield performances (2.1 t ha−1year–1) of the crop and keep NUE index at an acceptable level (16.3 kg kg−1). On the other hand, nitrogen fertilization at 160 kg N ha−1improved grain quality measured through protein (up to 14.3%) and dry gluten concentration (up to 12.8%), but had a detrimental effect on grain yield and nitrogen efficiency. Among the genotypes studied, ‘Trinakria’ showed the greatest potential to utilize nitrogen fertilization to improve grain yield and NUE (at N80) and quality (at N160), ‘Line 25’ made good use of N80both for yield and quality, whereas ‘Creso’ proved wholly unresponsive to nitrogen. The effect of N fertilization on grain yield and N use efficiency depends on rainfall distribution, giving the best results when about 80% of total rainfall occurred from sowing to heading. Overall, our data show that in seasons with regular rainfall in quantity and distribution, combining no more than 80 kg ha−1of nitrogen fertilization with genotypes characterized by a more efficient response to nitrogen, is a useful tool to improve the agronomic and quality performance of the crop, ensuring, at the same time, a more environment-friendly nitrogen fertilization.

scholarly journals Nitrate Content, Soluble Solids Content, and Yield of Table Beet as Affected by Cultivar, Sowing Date and Nitrogen Supply

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1255-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Feller ◽  
Matthias Fink
Keyword(s):  
Sowing Date ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
N Content ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Late Sowing

The objective was to provide results to optimize the production of table beet (Beta vulgaris L.) with respect to yield and quality. Field experiments were carried out over 2 years, where the effects of nitrogen (N) supply, sowing date, and cultivar were tested in a block design with four replications. In addition to yield, soluble solids and nitrate N contents of roots were measured to assess quality. Sowing date was an important factor for determining yield and quality of table beet. Sowing dates later than June at the experimental site are not recommended because they resulted in an increase in nitrate N content in fresh weight of up to 3027 mg·kg-1 and an average yield loss of 46% compared to sowings in April. Soluble solids content (SSC) was only slightly affected by planting date. Nitrogen supply did not affect SSC, but increasing N supply led to a major increase in nitrate N content, especially if combined with late sowing dates. It was concluded for early sowing dates that N supply be determined to achieve the maximum yield. With an early sowing date, nitrate N content in fresh weight at harvest was <563 mg·kg-1, even with a high N supply of 250 kg·ha-1. Late sowing dates required a reduced N supply to keep harvest nitrate contents below the 2500 mg·kg-1 required by the processing industry. Recommendations for optimizing N supply, sowing date, and cultivars for table beet should always take into account strong interactions between these factors.

scholarly journals Assessment of Genetic Variability and Direct-Indirect Contribution of Post-Anthesis Traits to the Grain Yield in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) at Different Sowing Dates

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 193-200
Author(s):  
Sami Ul-Allah
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Late Sowing

In cotton-wheat cropping system of Pakistan, sowing of wheat is delayed which results in a heavy loss to the farmers. To this end, a two-year field experiment was conducted to i) asses the performance of genotypes under late sowing ii) heritability and genetic association of different traits under normal and late sowing for their use in the breeding programs. Experimental factors included 20 diverse wheat genotypes (16 advance lines and 04 approved varieties) factorially combined with two sowing dates i.e., normal sowing (11 and 13 November in 2018 and 2019, respectively) and late sowing (09 and 11 December in 2018 and 2019, respectively). The results revealed a highly significant (P < 0.01) effect of genotype and sowing date on all the post-anthesis studied traits and the interaction of the two factors was also significant (P < 0.01) for all the traits except number of spikelets per spike. Contribution of sowing dates was more in overall variation of different post-anthesis traits than genotypes and their interaction. With respect to the performance, genotype 9725 performed best in both early and late sowing, but a reduction of 26% in the grain yield was observed due to late sowing, whereas the grain yield of Miraj-2008 was comparatively lower but showed a reduction of only 17% due to late sowing. Number of tillers per plant and biological yield showed a highly significant (P < 0.01) correlation (r= 0.38 and 0.72, respectively) with grain yield under normal conditions, but path analyses revealed that number of tillers per plant showed association indirectly through biological yield and its direct effect is only one third of the total effect. Under late sowing, association of number of tillers turned non-significant and direct effect become negative which showed complicated association of this trait under normal and late sowing. High broad sense heritability (H2 > 75%) of all the traits suggests a good genetic gain in breeding program by using these traits. As different genotypes performed best for different yield related traits, therefore a breeding program with a careful crossing plan should be developed to pyramid the genes for different traits for the development of genotypes adapted to late sowing. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

scholarly journals Effect of sowing date and seed rate on crop development and grain production of winter wheat.

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Darwinkel ◽  
B.A. ten Hag ◽  
J. Kuizenga
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Mutual Compensation ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Late Sowing

In a field trial in 1973-5, winter wheat cv. Lely was sown on 3 dates at 3- to 4-wk intervals from end-Sept. at low (80-90 kg seed/ha) or high (160-180 kg seed/ha) sowing rates. Delaying the sowing date decreased grain yield. This decrease was caused by a smaller number of grains/ear and a lower grain wt. Sowing rate had a positive influence on the number of ears, but a negative effect on the number of grains/ear and the grain wt. With early sowing, sowing rate was found to have no effect on grain yield, due to mutual compensation of changes in yield components. With late sowing, a higher sowing rate increased the number of ears so much that a higher grain yield was achieved. The grain yield/ear depended on the age of the tiller. Tillers that emerged earlier produced more and heavier ears. The number of grains/ear and the grain wt. could be related to the rate of development of the ear-bearing shoot. The pattern of tillering was affected by the sowing date. With early sowing, most tillers emerged in autumn and winter, whereas the late-sown wheat tillered in spring. Also, the early-sown crop consisted largely of ears from early tillers, whereas the late-sown one had many ears from late-formed tillers. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Nitrogen fertilizer and wheat in a semi-arid environment. 2. Climatic factors affecting response

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (31) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Russell
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Straw Yield ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Nitrogen Yield ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

The response of Gabo wheat to nitrogen fertilizer at 52 sites in the wheat growing areas of South Australia during 1956-61 was examined in relation to climatic factors by a stepwise multiple regression analysis using a computer. The ten dependent variables were the linear and quadratic coefficients obtained by fitting orthogonal polynomials to response curves of various parameters (grain yield, grain + straw yield, harvest index, grain nitrogen percentage, and grain nitrogen yield) to applied nitrogen at each of the 52 sites. The 23 independent variables were the amounts of rainfall and evaporation during the growing period, maximum and minimum temperatures and estimates of high temperature stress during spring and amount of rainfall immediately after sowing at each site. The climatic variables examined explained 46.5, 64.3, and 64.3 per cent of the variation in the response to nitrogen fertilizer of grain yield, grain + straw yield, and grain nitrogen yield respectively. The positive effects of increasing amounts of winter rainfall on yield response to applied nitrogen were marked. On the other hand, the negative effects of high maximum temperatures in the latter part of the growing period, particularly during October, on yield response were also evident.

The effect of cropping after medic and non-medic pastures on total soil nitrogen, and on the grain yield and nitrogen content of wheat

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (103) ◽  
pp. 220 ◽  
Author(s):  
CL Tuohey ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Nitrogen Response ◽  
Total Soil ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Total Soil Nitrogen

The effect of medic and non-medic pastures on grain yield and nitrogen content of wheat was studied over 15 seasons on a friable grey clay in the Wimmera. The effects of length and type of pasture ley on grain yield and nitrogen content were closely related to the effects of these treatments on total soil nitrogen. Grain yield was not increased in any season by increasing total soil nitrogen beyond 0.1 10%. The grain yield response to increased total soil nitrogen varied markedly with seasons and most of the variation could be accounted for by variation in November rainfall; grain yield response was greater in years of higher November rainfall. Grain nitrogen content increased with increasing total soil nitrogen over the range studied (0.078% to 0.1 28%). Seasonal variation in grain nitrogen response to total soil nitrogen was mainly associated with variation in September and November rainfall. Higher September rainfall increased the response and higher November rainfall decreased it. The decline in total soil nitrogen that occurred with cropping was strongly correlated with the level of total soil nitrogen before cropping.

Nutrition of irrigated crops on an alkaline brown clay soil at Trangie, New South Wales. 2. Wheat

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
DK Muldoon
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Irrigated Crops ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Irrigated Wheat ◽  
Brown Clay

In a field nutrient-omission experiment, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and zinc were sequentially omitted from a 'complete' fertiliser applied to irrigated wheat on an alkaline brown clay soil. Wheat forage and grain yields were recorded for 3 years following this single application. The chemical composition of forage and grain was determined. A second experiment elucidated the response to nitrogen fertiliser after 2 years of wheat or fallow. Deficiencies of phosphorus and nitrogen were evident in the second and subsequent crops. Forage and grain yields were reduced in the absence of these elements as were the respective concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen in the forage and grain. The omission of zinc fertiliser reduced the concentration of zinc in the grain but not the grain yield. Omitting sulfur led to lower grain yields in the second year. Both sulfur and nitrogen were required to achieve maximum grain nitrogen and sulfur contents. The response to nitrogen fertiliser peaked at 130 kg/ha N after a fallow. After continuous wheat, however, over 200 kg/ha N was required for maximum yields. A positive tillering response to nitrogen accounted for much of this grain yield response. Grain nitrogen contents remained low until 100kg/ha N was applied.

Effect of Sowing Dates and Maize Cultivars in Growth and Yield of Maize along with their Agro-Climatic Indices in Nawalparasi, Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
UMESH SHRESTHA ◽  
LAL PRASAD AMGAIN ◽  
TIKA BAHADUR KARKI ◽  
KHEM RAJ DAHAL ◽  
JIBAN SHRESTHA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Climatic Indices ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Research Period ◽  
Late Sowing

A field experiment on different maize cultivars planted at different sowing dates were accomplished at Kawasoti-5, Nawalparasi during spring season of 2013 to find suitable sowing date and maize cultivar for the location. Along with this, effect of sowing dates and maize cultivars on different agro-climatic indices were also calculated using formulas. Result showed that RML- 4/RML-17 produced higher kernel rows ear-1 (13.77), kernel per row (30.42) and test weight (244.9 g). Significantly higher grain yield was also found for RML-4/RML-17 (6.03 tha-1) compared to Poshilo makai-1 (4.73 t ha-1), Arun-2 (3.55 t ha-1) and Local (2.92 t ha-1). Earlier sowing date (7th April) produced higher kernel row-1 (27.97), kernel rows ear-1 (12.89) and 1000 grain weight (230 g). Significantly higher grain yield (5.13t ha-1) was obtained in earlier sowing date (7th April). Although the mean ambient temperature during research period was increasing with delayed sowing, days to attain different phenological stages decreased with late sowing. The statistically similar GDD was recorded for different sowing dates and higher PTI values were noticed with delay in planting. Similarly, heat use efficiency (HUE) was found higher in early sowing date. Arun-2 had small reduction in HUE so, it can be considered stable and best cultivar among the tested cultivars.

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