The prediction of body composition in live ewes in early lactation from live weight and estimates of gut contents and total body water

1980 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Cowan ◽  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
I. McHattie ◽  
C. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYThe efficacy of estimates of gut contents and total body water in increasing the precision with which the chemical composition of the body could be estimated in early lactation was evaluated in 36 Finnish Landrace × Dorset Horn ewes. The ewes were fed at two levels in pregnancy, and, in lactation, given diets of two metabolizable energy concentrations.The allometric relationships relating weight of chemical fat and protein to emptybody weight were not affected by treatment or stage of lactation. Inclusion of an index of gut contents, based on dry-matter intake, indigestibility and retention time of food residues, together with live weight in a regression equation predicting weight of body fat, only slightly increased the precision of estimate compared with equations using live weight alone.There was a close negative relationship between the proportions of water and fat in live weight. Inclusion of weight of body water with live weight in a regression equation predicting weight of body fat markedly increased the precision of estimate and the residual error (0·81 kg) was similar at different stages of lactation. However, when deuterium oxide space was used instead of body water there was only a small increase in precision of estimate and the residual error varied from 5·3 kg in early lactation to 2·1 kg in mid-lactation. The relationship between deuterium oxide space and body water was shown to be variable and altered by stage of lactation, and these differences were associated with differences in rate of water turnover in the animal's body.It is concluded that estimates of body water are unsuitable for estimating weight of body fat in early lactation.

Body composition changes in lactating ewes estimated by serial slaughter and deuterium dilution

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Cowan ◽  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh ◽  
I. McHattie
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Time Required

ABSTRACTChanges in body composition during lactation were measured in 12 Border Leicester × Scottish Blackface ewes by serial slaughter at 12, 41 and 111 days of lactation. Ewes suckled twin lambs and were given daily 1·6 kg dry matter of a complete diet containing 151 g crude protein and 10·2 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter.Live weights of ewes averaged 60·2, 58·9 and 55·8 kg at 12, 41 and 111 days of lactation respectively. There were no significant changes in weights of stomach, small and large intestine and liver.The weight of body fat averaged 9·19, 2·28 and 1·19 kg at 12, 41 and 111 days respectively (P < 0·001) and weight of ash increased from 1·72 kg at 12 days to 2·30 kg at 111 days (P < 0·001). Water to protein ratios at the three stages of lactation were 2·94, 3·36 and 3·18 (P < 0·10). The energy value of weight loss varied from 68 to 17 MJ/kg, depending on the relative changes in total body water and fat. Live-weight change was therefore a poor indicator of change in body energy during early lactation.Body fat could be predicted from its combined relationships with live weight and total body water (residual s.d. ±0·70 kg), but when deuterium oxide space was used to estimate body water separate equations were necessary for early and later stages of lactation. This was apparently due to differences between stages of lactation in the time required for deuterium oxide to equilibrate with water in the reticulo-rumen.

Estimation of the body chemical composition of live cattle varying widely in fat content

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Little ◽  
R. W. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYFollowing the measurement of tritiated water (TOH) spaces, 31 cattle were slaughtered and chemically analysed in this study. They included several breeds, both females and castrate males, and were of varied nutritional history. Their body-fat content ranged from 4 to 21% of fasted live weight.Total body water (including the water in the gut contents) was reliably estimated from TOH space, measured after allowing an overnight 16 h waterless fast for TOH equilibration. Following this regime, residual D.M. in the gut contents amounted to 1·75% of fasted live weight. The relationships of body fat to body weight, and body fat to body water when both were expressed as percentages of body weight, were too variable to be used in any predictive fashion. Equations were derived, using fasted live weight, allowing the accurate estimation in vivo of the quantities of the chemical components in the whole body (i.e. total body minus D.M. in gut contents).It was demonstrated that the sum of total body water and total body fat constituted virtually 80% of total body tissues, and that total body protein closely approximated 80% of the fat-free dry matter, in cattle varying widely in body condition. These relationships constitute the physiological basis of the equations presented.Comparable principles appear to apply to sheep, and a range of other mammalian species.

scholarly journals The prediction of body composition in poultry by estimation in vivo of total body water with tritiated water and deuterium oxide

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Johnson ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Total Body

1. Birds (n169) which varied in age, live weight, nutritional history, physiological state and genotype were slaughtered and analysed for total body water. Before slaughter, birds were injected with the water isotopes tritiated water (TOH) or deuterium oxide (D2O), or both, to determine TOH space or D2O space, or both, as estimates of total body water in vivo.2. At the mean total body water of all birds determined by desiccation, of 1096·4 (SD 424·1) g, TOH space and D2O space overestimated total body water by 10·4 and 8·5 % respectively. The difference between the isotopes was significant (P< 0·05).3. Based on recovery of isotope it was postulated that the main reason for the observed overestimation of total body water in vivo was incomplete recovery of isotope due to the vacuum sublimation technique. The mean recovery (%) of added isotope to whole blood after vacuum sublimation was 93·0 (SD 2·6) and 92·4 (SD 5·5) of the theoretical concentrations of TOH and D2O respectively.4. Nevertheless, accurate prediction of total body water was obtained from regression equations which included live weight and isotope-dilution space. Values required logarithmic (base 10) transformation before derivation of linear and multiple linear regression equations, and the precision of prediction was determined by the residual standard deviation (RSD).5. Total body water could be predicted with nearly equal accuracy from live weight or isotope-dilution space (RSD 0·025 and 0·020 respectively). Prediction of carcass protein was more accurate from live weight (RSD 0·033) than from TOH space (RSD 0·036), and inclusion of both variables resulted in only a marginal decrease in RSD to 0·031.6. The prediction of carcass fat and energy was markedly improved by the inclusion of isotope-dilution space in conjunction with live weight compared with live weight alone.7. The relations show the developmental nature of body composition of domestic fowl given diets adequate in nutrients. The prediction equations demonstrate the precision possible for studies in which estimates of body composition in poultry are required without slaughter.

Estimation of body water and fat in cattle using tritiated water space and live weight with particular reference to the influence of breed

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. N. Chigaru ◽  
D. H. Holness
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYThe body composition of 18 each of Mashona, Afrikaner and Hereford heifers was measured at the beginning and after 16 and 32 weeks of the experiment. The heifers not slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment were fed a complete diet containing 132 g crude protein and 12·0 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter. Before slaughter, the animals were deprived of food and water for 24 h. Each animal was infused with 1 mCi of tritiated water (TOH) in order to measure total body water (TBW) and to estimate body fat.The growth rate of the three breeds of heifers was similar despite differences in age and initial live weight. Both TBW and fat proportions, however, differed significantly (P < 0·01) between slaughter stages for each breed and between breeds at each slaughter stage. At the first, second and final slaughter stages the proportions of TBW were: 68·0, 59·4 and 54·5% for Mashona; 70·;5, 64·3 and 58·3% for Afrikaner and 65·3, 57·6 and 46·2% for Hereford heifers respectively. The corresponding proportions of body fat were: 10·2, 18·4 and 24·2% for Mashona; 6·6, 12·0 and 20·0% for Afrikaner and 13·7, 20·8 and 25·8% for Hereford heifers respectively.There was a close relation between empty body weight and live weight at slaughter which was not influenced by breed. Both TBW and fat were estimated more accurately when TOH space and live weight were used jointly. However, the slopes of the prediction equations for each breed were significantly different (P < 0·05) in the case of both total body water and fat. It was necessary to use separate equations for each breed in order to predict either body water or fat. The significance of these findings for the estimation of body fat in live cattle is discussed.

A two-pool model of tritiated water kinetics to predict body composition in unfasted lactating goats

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
A. W. Bell ◽  
K. D. Chandler ◽  
T. E. Trigg
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Pool Model ◽  
Total Body

ABSTRACTA two-pool model of tritiated water kinetics was investigated as a means of partitioning total body water into empty body water and gut water in 17 lactating goats. Empty body water, gut water and total body water were of a similar magnitude to, and highly correlated with, a rapidly equilibrating tritiated water pool, a more slowly equilibrating pool and the sum of these two pools, respectively.Empty body fat was poorly correlated with both live weight and empty body weight (R2 = 0·42 and 0·51, respectively). However, there was a strong inverse relationship between the water and fat contents of the empty body. Consequently, empty body fat was accurately predicted by a multiple regression equation which included both empty body weight and empty body water as independent variables (R2 = 0·97). Substitution of these variables with estimates derived from tritiated water kinetics still resulted in a high correlation (R2 = 0·88). Tritiated water kinetics offered little improvement over live weight alone in the prediction of empty body protein, empty body ash or fat-free empty body.

MEASURES OF BODY FAT AND HYDRATION IN ADOLESCENT BOYS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-239
Author(s):  
Felix P. Heald ◽  
Edward E. Hunt ◽  
Robert Schwartz ◽  
Charles D. Cook ◽  
Orville Elliot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Body Water ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Fat Loss ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

A study of total body fat by simultaneously performing a variety of measurements of adiposity on each of 66 adolescent boys is described. Estimates of total body fat by densitometry indicate a 50% loss of body fat's contribution to total body weight from 12 to 18 years. Total body water, as measured by deuterium oxide, increases from 61% at age 12 years to 65% at age 18 years. Fat loss from this measurement closely parallels the fat changes estimated from densitometry. Lean body mass, hydration and adiposity appear to reach adult values at the sixteenth year. Subcutaneous fat measured by soft tissue x-rays films of the arm shows a similar fat loss, and of the same magnitude, when compared to densitometry and total body water estimates of fat. The triceps skinfold has a high correlation in estimating losses in fat during adolescence. The skinfold technique at this site provided a practical and accurate estimate of adiposity in adolescent boys.

Effect of total body water estimates via bioimpedance on bod pod-based three-compartment body fat models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett S. Nickerson ◽  
Samantha V. Narvaez ◽  
Mitzy I. Juarez ◽  
Stefan A. Czerwinski
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Bod Pod ◽  
Total Body

scholarly journals The Use of Infrared Spectrophotometry for Measuring Body Water Spaces

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1077-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Jennings ◽  
Leslie Bluck ◽  
Antony Wright ◽  
Marinos Elia
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Infrared Spectrophotometry ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Novel Algorithm

Abstract Background: The conventional method of measuring total body water by the deuterium isotope dilution method uses gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), which is both expensive and time-consuming. We investigated an alternative method, using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), which uses less expensive instrumentation and requires little sample preparation. Method: Total body water measurements in human subjects were made by obtaining plasma, saliva, and urine samples before and after oral dosing with 1.5 mol of deuterium oxide. The enrichments of the body fluids were determined from the FTIR spectra in the range 1800–2800 cm−1, using a novel algorithm for estimation of instrumental response, and by IRMS for comparison. Results: The CV (n = 5) for repeat determinations of deuterium oxide in biological fluids and calibrator solutions (400–1000 μmol/mol) was found to be in the range 0.1–0.9%. The use of the novel algorithm instead of the integration routines supplied with the instrument gave at least a threefold increase in precision, and there was no significant difference between the results obtained with FTIR and those obtained with IRMS. Conclusion: This improved infrared method for measuring deuterium enrichment in plasma and saliva requires no sample preparation, is rapid, and has potential value to the clinician.

Deuterium oxide space as an index of total body water in fetal growth retarded newborn infants

1976 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
A. Llanos ◽  
N. Segovia ◽  
R. Gallegos ◽  
J. Torres ◽  
M. Mitnik
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Total Body
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