Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry Method for Analysis of Metformin Hydrochloride in Marketed Tablet Dosage Form

The first line drug given for monotherapy for diabetes mellitus type 2 is metformin hydrochloride, which is a biguanide antihyperglycemic drug. The aim of this research was to develop, validate, and apply the Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometry method to identify and determine metformin hydrochloride in marketed tablet dosage form. This research included preparation of standard, analysis of samples, and validation of method. The specific wavenumber obtained for qualitative analysis was 1645.68 cm–1 and 1574.8 cm–1. The specific area obtained for quantitative analysis with a single baseline ranged from 1701.53 cm–1 to 1535.66 cm–1. All metformin hydrochloride marketed tablet dosage forms were analyzed and met all of the qualitative and quantitative requirements. The methods met the requirements of method validation for accuracy with a percentage of recovery of 100.22 %, precision with relative standard deviation of 0.48 %, linearity with a correlation coefficient of 0.9992, limit of detection of 11.17 mg per mL, limit of quantitation of 33.84 mg per mL, and good specificity results. In this study, the Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometry method was successfully developed and validated for application in identification and determination of metformin hydrochloride in marketed tablet dosage form.

Validation of the Developed Zero-Order Infrared Spectrophotometry Method for Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Tranexamic Acid in Marketed Tablets

(1) Background: The functional groups present in tranexamic acid allow direct infrared detection analysis. This study aimed to develop, apply, and validate an infrared spectrophotometry method used for qualitative and quantitative analyses of tranexamic acid in marketed tablets. (2) Methods: This was a descriptive observational study that consisted of several stages: determining the specific wavenumber for analysis, obtaining a simple linear regression equation, analyzing tranexamic acid both qualitatively and quantitatively, and validating the developed method for routine analysis. (3) Results: The peak analysis obtained a range of baseline wavenumbers from 1679.17 to 1295.25 cm−1. The regression equation obtained was Y = 310.8527 × X + 0.9718, and the coefficient of determination (R2) obtained was 0.9994. The tranexamic acids in marketed tablets overall have a similarity index value of more than 0.90 and overall have levels ranging between 97.0% and 103.0%. The infrared spectrophotometry method that was successfully developed, applied, and validated for qualitative and quantitative analyses of tranexamic acid in marketed tablets meets the requirements both qualitatively and quantitatively of the tablet monograph. (4) Conclusions: The infrared spectrophotometry method has been validated and meets the requirements for accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit, linearity, range, and specificity.

Detection of Chocolate Properties Using Near-Infrared Spectrophotometry

Knowing the chemical composition of a substance provides valuable information about it. That is why numerous techniques have been developed to try to obtain it. One of them is the Near Infrared Spectrometry technique, a non-destructive technique that analyzes the electromagnetic spectrum in search of waves of a certain length. The aim of this project is to combine this technology with machine learning techniques to try to detect the presence of milk, as well as the level of cocoa present in an ounce of chocolate. This has given satisfactory results in both cases, so it is considered that the combination of these techniques offers great possibilities.

An Environmentally Friendly Method for Removing Hg(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Sn(II) Heavy Metals from Wastewater Using Novel Metal–Carbon-Based Composites

Rapid economic and industrial development and population growth have made water contamination a serious environmental problem and a major threat to public health worldwide. Heavy metals are extensively used in numerous industrial applications and are some of the most important environmental contaminants. The impacts of heavy metals on the health of humans, animals, and plants make their removal from wastewater and water resources an important and vital issue. In this study, a simple and environmentally friendly method is proposed for the synthesis of a ZnFe2O4-carbon nanotube (CNT) adsorbent material. SEM/EDX analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) are used to characterize the synthesized adsorbent material. We test the synthesized adsorbent material’s ability to recover four heavy metals (Hg(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Sn(II) ions) from an aqueous solution. We show that crushing fullerene CNTs with the ZnFe2O4 composite improves the adsorption properties of free fullerene CNTs towards the investigated heavy metal ions by 25%.

Heavy metals in urinary stones in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Background The Democratic Republic of Congo has been a country of intensive mining activities for centuries, but the data on the presence of heavy metals in stones are lacking. This study aimed to identify different heavy metals in urinary tract stones and to investigate their association with the main components of urinary stones. Methods Thirty-six stones from urolithiasis patients (n = 36) followed in 10 hospitals in the Democratic Republic of Congo between January 2016 and September 2019 were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry. Further analysis using X-ray fluorescence was conducted at the Laboratory of Solids Physics. Results Eight heavy metals were detected in all the stones analyzed. The average (SD) number of heavy metals detected by stone was 5 (1.2). Iron and strontium were detected in all the stones analyzed. Other heavy metals detected included zinc, copper, bromine, rubidium, lead and nickel. Rubidium had the highest concentration in the stones regardless of the sampling site. There was no statistically significant association between the content of heavy metals at the center level and at the crown level of the stones. Rubidium had more affinity with phosphates and purines (p ˂ 0.001). Iron and strontium exhibited a high affinity with weddellite than with whewellite. Conclusion Iron and Strontium were present in all stones analyzed. The presence of heavy metals in stones analyzed might suggest environmental pollution rather than crystalline induction factors.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN LOTION MENGGUNAKAN KOLAGEN TULANG IKAN PATIN (PANGASIUS SP) SEBAGAI PELEMBAB KULIT

Background: In general, people consume catfish meat as a source of protein and a high content of omega 3, while the bones are disposed of as waste. Collagen is a protein derivative that has the effect of maintaining skin elasticity. Objective: To find out whether the catfish bone collagen can be formulated into lotions which in certain consentration can moisturize and do not irritate the skin. Method: Extraction of collagen from catfish bones, characterization of collagen by infrared spectrophotometry, making collagen lotion of catfish bones with a concentration of 1%, 1.5%, 2.5%, 3.5% and evaluation of collagen lotion preparations and test the ability of the preparation to moisturize. skin using a Skin moisturizer detector (SG- ed statistically using the ANOVA test with SPSS 20 Free trial. Result: Catfish bones contained collagen in waves of 3250-3350 cm-1 and 1260-1630 cm-1 which indicated the presence of amine and amide groups. The statistical test results show the probability is smaller than 0.05. The highest humidity was in the FE formula which contained 3.5% collagen with a moisture percentage of 53.0% with a level of "Moist" but lower than the lotions on the market with a percentage of 54.3%. Conclusion: Catfish bone collagen can be formulated into oil-in-water (M/A) emulsion type lotion. Abstrak Pendahuluan: Secara umum masyarakat mengkonsumsi daging ikan patin sebagai sumber protein dan kandungan omega 3 yang tinggi, sedangkan tulangnya dibuang sebagai limbah. Kolagen merupakan salah satu turunan protein yang mempunyai efek untuk mempertahankan kekenyalan kulit. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui apakah kolagen tulang ikan patin dapat diformulasikan kedalam sediaan lotion yang dalam konsentrasi tertentu dapat melembabkan dan tidak mengiritasi kulit. Metode: Ekstraksi kolagen dari tulang ikan patin, karakterisasi kolagen dengan spektrofotometri inframerah, pembuatan lotion kolagen tulang ikan patin dengan konsentrasi 1%, 1,5%, 2,5%, 3,5% dan evaluasi sediaan lotion kolagen serta uji kemampuan sediaan melembabkan kulit memakai alat Skin moisturizer detector (SG-7D ) serta hasilnya diuji secara statistik memakai uji ANOVA dengan SPSS 20 Free trial. Hasil: Tulang ikan patin mengandung kolagen pada gelombang 32503350 cm-1 dan 1260-1630 cm-1 yang menunjukkan adanya gugus amina dan amida. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan probabilitas lebih kecil dari 0,05. Kelembaban tertinggi yaitu pada formula FE yang mengandung 3,5% kolagen dengan persentase kelembaban 53,0% dengan level ”Lembab” tetapi lebih rendah dari lotion yang beredar dipasaran dengan persentase sebesar 54,3%. Kesimpulan: Kolagen tulang ikan patin dapat diformulasi menjadi sediaan lotion tipe emulsi minyak dalam air (M/A).

Is it possible to predict milk processing into butter using infrared spectroscopy?

Description of the subject. Given the current low price of milk, a lot of producers have decided to process their milk into products with a higher added-value, including butter. However, all milks are not suitable to be transformed into butter. It would thus be useful to be able to predict milk processing properties. Objectives. The aim of this paper was to study the ability of milk to be processed into butter using infrared spectrophotometry. Method. A normalized protocol for the production of butter was developed. Milk samples (n = 110) collected between 2013 and 2016 were analyzed by near and medium infrared spectrometry (315 spectra). Butter samples were also analyzed by visible-near infrared spectrometry (220 spectra). Composition of the products was subsequently assessed using validated prediction equations. Principal components analyses were performed to discriminate samples. Results. Butter properties seemed to be influenced by seasons and feedings. Water content and color parameters could be predicted on the basis of butter infrared spectra. Conclusions. It was possible to correlate butter characteristics with milk properties. However, it was not possible to predict butter characteristics on the basis of milk near infrared spectra. It could be interesting to try predictions from milk medium infrared spectra.

Rheological Effects on Swelling of Polymer Membranes in Water

The study focuses on rheological effects which appear during swelling of the Nafion proton-exchange membrane in cuvettes of different thicknesses, and explains the effects by the appearance of the so-called excluded zone near the membrane surface. The excluded zone is the polymer fibers of the Nafion membrane, deployed towards bulk water. The depth of fiber penetration into the volume or the size of the excluded zone depends on the deuterium content in the water. It should be noted that in the process of swelling of the Nafion membrane plate in water it is structurally rearranged, which leads to a transition from a hydrophobic state to a hydrophilic one. By means of experimental methods based on Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry, the study shows that the swelling of the Nafion membrane plate, which is initially hydrophobic, in ordinary water (deuterium content is 157 ppm) and in deuterium-depleted water (deuterium content is 1 ppm) in a cuvette of limited volume occurs differently. Small changes in the deuterium content in water turned out to lead to significant differences in the dynamics of swelling of the polymer membrane. For a 175-micron-thick Nafion membrane plate, this effect is most evident when the distance between the cuvette windows is L = 200 microns