Variation in harvest index of modern spring barley, oat and wheat cultivars adapted to northern growing conditions

2007 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. PELTONEN-SAINIO ◽  
S. MUURINEN ◽  
A. RAJALA ◽  
L. JAUHIAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Cereal Cultivars

SUMMARYIncreased harvest index (HI) has been one of the principal factors contributing to genetic yield improvements in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oat (Avena sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Although high HI demonstrates high-yielding ability when cultivars are compared, it can also indicate challenges to yield formation when comparisons are made across differing growing conditions. The present study was designed to investigate variation in HI among modern cereal cultivars relative to that brought about by a northern environment, to assess whether HI still explains the majority of the differences in grain yield when only modern cereal cultivars are compared, and to monitor key traits contributing to HI. Stability of HI was also investigated with reference to the role of tillers. Twelve experiments (3 years, two locations, two nitrogen fertilizer regimes) were carried out in southern Finland to evaluate 12 two-row spring barley, 10 six-row barley, 10 oat and 11 wheat cultivars. In addition to HI, days to heading and maturity, length of grain filling period, grain yield, test weight and 13 traits characterizing plant stand structure were measured and analysed with principal component analysis (PCA) to detect traits associated with HI and those contributing to stability of HI. Although only modern cereals were studied, differences among cultivars were significant both in mean HI and stability of HI, and HI was associated with short plant stature in all modern cereal species. Also, single grain weight was associated with HI in all species. Differences between, but not within, species in HI were partly attributable to differences in tiller performance. Grain yield was associated closely with HI except in two-row barley. It may be possible to further increase HI of wheat, as it still was relatively low. High HI did, however, not indicate the degree of success in yield determination when environments are compared.

scholarly journals Effects of Drought Stress on Some Agronomic and Morpho-Physiological Traits in Durum Wheat Genotypes

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5610
Author(s):  
Alireza Pour-Aboughadareh ◽  
Reza Mohammadi ◽  
Alireza Etminan ◽  
Lia Shooshtari ◽  
Neda Maleki-Tabrizi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Grain Filling Period

Durum wheat performance in the Mediterranean climate is limited when water scarcity occurs before and during anthesis. The present research was performed to determine the effect of drought stress on several physiological and agro-morphological traits in 17 durum wheat genotypes under two conditions (control and drought) over two years. The results of analysis of variance indicated that the various durum wheat genotypes responded differently to drought stress. Drought stress significantly reduced the grain filling period, plant height, peduncle length, number of spikes per plot, number of grains per spike, thousand grains weight, grain yield, biomass, and harvest index in all genotypes compared to the control condition. The heatmap-based correlation analysis indicated that grain yield was positively and significantly associated with phenological characters (days to heading, days to physiological maturity, and grain filling period), as well as number of spikes per plant, biomass, and harvest index under drought conditions. The yield-based drought and susceptible indices revealed that stress tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), mean productivity (MP), and harmonic mean (HM) were positively and significantly correlated with grain yields in both conditions. Based on the average of the sum of ranks across all indices and a three-dimensional plot, two genotypes (G9 and G12) along with the control variety (G1) were identified as the most tolerant genotypes. Among the investigated genotypes, the new breeding genotype G12 showed a high drought tolerance and yield performance under both conditions. Hence, this genotype can be a candidate for further multi-years and locations test as recommended for cultivation under rainfed conditions in arid and semi-arid regions.

scholarly journals Effect of two‐week heat stress during grain filling on stem reserves, senescence, and grain yield of European winter wheat cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 206 (6) ◽  
pp. 722-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siegfried Schittenhelm ◽  
Tina Langkamp‐Wedde ◽  
Martin Kraft ◽  
Lorenz Kottmann ◽  
Katja Matschiner
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
European Winter Wheat ◽  
Stem Reserves

The ability of wheat cultivars to withstand drought in UK conditions: formation of grain yield

2002 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. FOULKES ◽  
R. K. SCOTT ◽  
R. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
Yield Responses

Experiments in three dry years, 1993/94, 1994/95 and 1995/96, on a medium sand at ADAS Gleadthorpe, England, tested responses of six winter wheat cultivars to irrigation of dry-matter growth, partitioning of dry matter to leaf, stem and ear throughout the season, and to grain at final harvest. Cultivars (Haven, Maris Huntsman, Mercia, Rialto, Riband and Soissons) were selected for contrasts in flowering date and stem soluble carbohydrate. Maximum soil moisture deficit (SMD) exceeded 140 mm in all years, with large deficits (>75 mm) from early June in 1994 and from May in 1995 and 1996. The main effects of drought on partitioning of biomass were for a decrease in the proportion of the crop as lamina in the pre-flowering period, and then earlier retranslocation of stem reserves to grains during the first half of grain filling. Restricted water availability decreased grain yield by 1·83 t/ha in 1994 (P<0·05), and with more prolonged droughts, by 3·06 t/ha in 1995 (P<0·001) and by 4·55 t/ha in 1996 (P<0·001). Averaged over the three years, grain yield responses of the six cultivars differed significantly (P<0·05). Rialto and Mercia lost only 2·8 t/ha compared with Riband and Haven which lost 3·5 t/ha. Losses for Soissons and Maris Huntsman were intermediate. In the two years with prolonged drought, the biomass depression was on average greater for Haven (6·0 t/ha) than for Maris Huntsman (4·2 t/ha) (P<0·05). Thus, the grain yield sensitivity of Haven to drought derived, in part, from a sensitivity of biomass growth to drought. Harvest index (HI; ratio of grain to above-ground dry matter at harvest) responses of the six cultivars to irrigation also differed (P<0·05) and contributed to the yield responses. The smallest decrease in HI of the six cultivars with restricted water availability was shown by Rialto (−0·033); this partially explained the drought resistance for this cultivar. The largest decrease was for Maris Huntsman (−0·072). The cultivars differed in flowering dates by up to 9 days but these were poorly correlated with grain yield responses to irrigation. Stem soluble carbohydrate at flowering varied amongst cultivars from 220 to 300 g/m2 in the unirrigated crop; greater accumulation appeared to be associated with better maintenance of HI under drought. It is concluded that high stem-soluble carbohydrate reserves could be used to improve drought resistance in the UK's temperate climate, but that early flowering seems less likely to be useful.

scholarly journals Changes in stem and spike related traits resulting from breeding in Iranian wheat cultivars: associations with grain yield

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 107-113
Author(s):  
M. Joudi ◽  
A. Ahmadi ◽  
V. Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Indirect Selection ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Terminal Drought ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Terminal Drought Stress

This study investigated changes in stem and spike characteristics resulting from breeding in Iranian wheat cultivars, and their relationship with grain yield. Eighty-one wheat cultivars released between 1930 and 2006 were examined under well-watered (WW) and terminal drought stress (DS) conditions in Karaj during 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 and under WW condition at Parsabad in Moghan region during 2010–2011. A genetic improvement over time in stem specific weight (SSW) along with significant positive correlations between this trait and grain yield were found at Karaj under DS conditions and at Parsabad, suggesting that SSW could be used as an indirect selection criterion for yield in these environments. Time-dependent changes in spike dry weight showed that the magnitude of partitioned photoassimilates to the spike during the phase anthesis – 16 days after anthesis (16 DAA) was not changed by breeding. However, during the 16 DAA ‒ maturity phase, modern cultivars had more photoassimilates allocated to the spike than the old ones. This suggests that the sink is more limited during early grain growth than during the end of grain filling. 

The effects of triazole and strobilurin fungicide programmes on nitrogen uptake, partitioning, remobilization and grain N accumulation in winter wheat cultivars

2003 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. RUSKE ◽  
M. J. GOODING ◽  
S. A. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
The Relationship

Field experiments were conducted over 3 years to assess the effect of a triazole fungicide programme, and additions of strobilurin fungicides to it, on nitrogen uptake, accumulation and partitioning in a range of winter wheat cultivars. Commensurate with delayed senescence, fungicide programmes, particularly when including strobilurins, improved grain yield through improvements in both crop biomass and harvest index, although the relationship with green area duration of the flag leaf (GFLAD) depended on year and in some cases, cultivar. In all years fungicide treatments significantly increased the amount of nitrogen in the above-ground biomass, the amount of nitrogen in the grain and the nitrogen harvest index. All these effects could be linearly related to the fungicide effect on GFLAD. These relationships occasionally interacted with cultivar but there was no evidence that fungicide mode of action affected the relationship between GFLAD and yield of nitrogen in the grain. Fungicide treatments significantly reduced the amount of soil mineral N at harvest and when severe disease had been controlled, the net remobilization of N from the vegetation to the grain after anthesis. Fungicide maintained the filling of grain with both dry matter and nitrogen. The proportionate accumulation of nitrogen in the grain was later than that of dry matter and this difference was greater when fungicide had been applied. Effects of fungicide on grain protein concentration and its relationship with GFLAD were inconsistent over year and cultivar. There were several instances where grain protein concentration was unaffected despite large (1·5 t/ha) increases in grain yield following fungicide use. Dilution of grain protein concentration following fungicide use, when it did occur, was small compared with what would be predicted by adoption of other yield increasing techniques such as the selection of high yielding cultivars (based on currently available cultivars) or by growing wheat in favourable climates.

scholarly journals Evaluation and Use of Genetic Resources in Spring Malting Barley Breeding in Lithuania

2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
Algė Leistrumaitė ◽  
Vanda Paplauskienė ◽  
Audronė Mašauskienė
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Barley Breeding ◽  
Extract Yield ◽  
Growing Conditions

Evaluation and Use of Genetic Resources in Spring Malting Barley Breeding in Lithuania During the period 2004-2006, grain yield stability and malt quality characteristics of 47 spring barley varieties and 55 promising breeding lines from the collection of spring barley genetic resources were investigated at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture (LIA). The growing conditions in 2004 were fairly normal compared with the long-term mean, and the years 2005 and 2006 were rather dry. The varieties and breeding lines tested showed from medium to high variation of grain > 2.5 mm yield (CV 11.5-34.3%) and medium variation of grain yield (CV 4.39-13.33%). However, high temperatures and drought in June of 2006 caused a low grain > 2.5 mm yield (by on average 55.0-67.8%). Promising breeding lines were characterised as having higher grain yield and extract output per ha compared with barley varieties. However, the data showed that grain grading 2.5 mm should be improved for the breeding lines. Using the software STABLE we estimated the stability of malting barley quality traits in relation to weather conditions during the crop year, genotype properties for varieties and breeding lines, as well as the interactions of variety and weather conditions. The selection of lines promising in terms of grain yield, > 2.5 mm grain yield and extract yield, was based on their ability to realise the genetic potential in various growing conditions. The highest score in integral assessment of grain yield, grain > 2.5 mm yield and extract yield was identified for the varieties Tocada', Sebastian', Scarlett' and breeding lines: 7939-1, 7661-1, and 8080-4. The varieties and breeding lines that exhibited high grain stability, high grain quality and other agronomic traits were utilised in further breeding programmes.

scholarly journals Principal component analysis for functional data on grain yield of winter wheat cultivars

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosław Krzyśko ◽  
Adriana Derejko ◽  
Tomasz Górecki ◽  
Edward Gacek
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Block Designs ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Testing Environments

Summary The aim of this paper is to present a statistical methodology to assess patterns of cultivars' adaptive response to agricultural environments (agroecosystems) on the basis of complete Genotype x Crop Management x Location x Year (GxMxLxY) data obtained from 3-year multi-location twofactor trials conducted within the framework of the Polish post-registration trials (PDOiR), with an illustration of the application and usefulness of this methodology in analyzing winter wheat grain yield. Producing specific varieties for each subregion of a target region, from widely adapted varieties, may exploit positive genotype x location (GL) interactions to increase crop yields. Experiments designed to examine combinations of environment (E), management practices (M) and cultivars (G) also provide evidence of the relative importance of each of these factors for yield improvement. The evidence shows that variation due to E far outweighs the variation of grain yield that can be attributed to M or G, or the interactions between these factors, and between these factors and E (Anderson, 2010). This statistical method involves the use of functional PCA and cluster analysis. A total of 24 cultivars were evaluated over 3 years in 20 environments using randomized incomplete split-block designs with two replications per trial. The methodology proved an efficient tool for the reliable classification of 24 winter wheat cultivars, distinguishing cultivar groups that exhibited homogeneous adaptive response to environments. It enables the identification of cultivars displaying wide or specific adaptation. The remaining cultivars were locally adapted to some testing environments, or some of them were not relatively adapted to the environments because they always yielded substantially below the environmental means. Performing earlier specific selection, or adopting distinct genetic bases for each agro-ecosystem, may further increase the advantage of specific breeding.

scholarly journals Fifty years of wheat breeding in Southern Brazil: yield improvement and associated changes

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 817-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osmar Rodrigues ◽  
Julio César Barreneche Lhamby ◽  
Agostinho Dirceu Didonet ◽  
José Abramo Marchese
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Grain Yield Components ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of genetic breeding on grain yield, and to identify the physiological traits associated to the increment in yield and their related growth processes, for wheat cultivars grown in Southern Brazil, in the past five decades. Seven wheat cultivars released between 1940 and 1992, were compared for physiological aspects associated with grain yield. Grain yield, biological yield, biomass partitioning, harvest index and grain yield components were also determined. The number of grains per square meter was more affected by plant breeding and was better correlated with grain yield (r = 0.94, p<0.01) than with grain weight (r = -0.39ns). The higher number of grains per square meter was better correlated with the number of grains per spike in the modern cultivars than in the older ones. The genetic gain in grain yield was 44.9 kg ha-1 per year, reflecting important efforts of the breeding programs carried out in Southern Brazil. Grain yield changes, during the period of study, were better associated with biomass production (r = 0.78, p<0.01) than with harvest index (r = 0.65, p<0.01).

scholarly journals The Effect of Wheat, Barley, and Oat Root System Interactions, in Two-Species Mixtures

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylwia Kaczmarek ◽  
Kinga Matysiak ◽  
Roman Krawczyk
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
National Research Institute ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Stalk Weight ◽  
Species Mixtures

Abstract Pot experiments performed in the Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute were designed to determine the influence of the root systems of various spring cereal species sown in mixtures. The experiment used the Bryza variety of spring wheat, Antek variety of spring barley, and Cwał variety of oat, sown in two-species mixtures (8 + 8 plants per pot). In three of the six study objects, plastic sleeves were used at the time of sowing the seeds so as to separate the root systems of the cereal species under study. Cereals were harvested at full maturity. The height and number of stalks, the number of cereal spikes (panicles), dry root weight, dry stalk weight, the number of grains per spike (panicle), the 1,000-grain weight, and grain yield were established. The results have shown that the strongest competitor in the mixtures was barley. Barley also responded positively to the presence of both wheat and oat in the mixtures.

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