Effects of partial rootzone drying and rootstock vigour on dry matter partitioning of apple trees (Malus domesticacvar Pink Lady)

2011 ◽  
Vol 150 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. LO BIANCO ◽  
G. TALLUTO ◽  
V. FARINA
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Partial Rootzone Drying ◽  
Conventional Irrigation

SUMMARYThe effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) and rootstock vigour on dry matter accumulation and partitioning among leaves, shoots, fruits, frame and roots of apple trees (Malus domesticaBorkh. cvar Pink Lady) were investigated in 2005 near Caltavuturo, in Sicily. In a first field trial, trees on MM.106 rootstock were subjected to: conventional irrigation (CI), maintaining soil moisture above 0·80 of field capacity; PRD irrigation, where alternating sides of the rootzone received 0·50 of the CI irrigation water; and continuous deficit irrigation (DI), where 0·50 of the CI water was equally applied to both sides of the rootzone. In a second trial, trees on M.9 or MM.106 were subjected to CI and PRD irrigation. In trial 1, dry matter accumulation was markedly reduced by DI irrigation and to a lesser extent by PRD; PRD trees partitioned 20% less to leaves, 31% less to fruits and 24% more to woody components than CI trees; DI trees partitioned 14% less to current shoots and 18% more to fruits than CI and had the highest fruit:leaf ratio. In trial 2, there was no interaction between rootstock and irrigation treatments. MM.106 induced greater leaf, shoot, frame and root dry weights (DWs) than M.9, resulting in more vegetative growth and larger trees. PRD reduced leaf, shoot, frame and fruit DWs, while root DWs were similar to CI, and thus PRD trees were 18% smaller than CI trees. Neither rootstock nor irrigation affected dry matter partitioning among organs or root:canopy ratio, whereas PRD trees or trees on MM.106 showed better water use efficiency than CI and M.9, respectively. The results show that PRD trees did not activate drought tolerance strategies in terms of dry matter allocation that could improve acquisition of water resources, regardless of rootstock. PRD irrigation increased above-ground dry matter partitioning towards woody components at the expense of leaves and fruits.

Physiological studies of competition in Zea mays L: III. Competition in maize and its practical implications for forage maize production

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Eddowes
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Competitive Balance ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Early Stages

SUMMARYCompetition among maize plants in the vegetative stage of growth was postponed by application of nitrogen to the seed bed and by maintaining soil moisture near field capacity. The amount of available nitrogen was a critical factor in determining the effect of the competitive balance between nitrogen and light on maize yield. The supply of either affected the capacity of the crop to utilize the other, but ultimately light became the dominant factor.Soil moisture deficits of up to 1.0 in from field capacity, in the early stages of vegetative growth, did not reduce dry-matter accumulation and uptake of nitrogen, but in the absence of weed competition and post-planting cultivation soil moisture losses in the early stages of crop growth may be small.In 1966, maize responded quicker to surface applied than to deep-placed nitrogen and utilized the surface applied nitrogen for dry-matter accumulation more effectively.Provided that there was initially an adequate supply of nitrogen in the seed bed, there appeared to be no advantage to total yield from application of nitrogen top dressings to maize. In the West Midlands, under conditions of adequate nutrient and soil moisture supply, the optimum plant population for commercial production of forage maize was about 40000 per acre.

Influence of row spacing on growth, light and water use by sorghum

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. McGowan ◽  
H. M. Taylor ◽  
J. Willingham
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Reduced Water

SUMMARYGrain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) was grown in Texas in 1985 at a constant population density of c. 6·6 plants/m2 in rows 0·5, 1·0 and 1·5 m apart and with the soil profile at field capacity at planting time. Dry matter production and yield were least at the widest spacing, principally because of a reduction in number of tillers. Dry matter accumulation was in direct proportion to the amount of light intercepted and largely independent of spacing between rows, with a conversion coefficient of 1·71 g dry matter/MJ energy intercepted. The most widely spaced crop used less water but not in proportion to the extent that ground cover was reduced. Water use efficiency was also less in the most widely spaced crop, probably because of heat advection from the bare soil between rows.

STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF WILD OATS. II. GROWTH.

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. SHARMA ◽  
W. H. VANDEN BORN ◽  
D. K. MCBEATH
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Wild Oats

Dry matter accumulation by wild oats (Avena fatua L.) in a growth cabinet, after an initial lag period, took place rapidly until 8 wk after emergence. Plant height and the number of leaves per plant increased at a nearly linear rate until 6 wk after emergence. Tillering occurred mainly during the period 2–4 wk after emergence. Low light intensity and short photoperiod severely restricted growth, and delayed heading and maturity. Plants grew best at day–night temperatures of 20–12 C, though initial growth was faster at higher temperature (28–20 C). In a black loam soil, plants responded to added nitrogen and phosphorus only under high light intensity. Both soil moisture and soil pH greatly influenced the growth of wild oats. Greatest dry matter accumulation was attained when soil pH was 7.5 or 8.5 and soil moisture was maintained above 75% field capacity. Hull color of the seed had no effect on the growth of wild oat plants. Plants produced from large seeds had higher dry weights than plants produced from small seeds. Implications of these findings for the control of wild oats are discussed.

Recovery dynamics of rainfed winter wheat after livestock grazing 2. Light interception, radiation-use efficiency and dry-matter partitioning

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Harrison ◽  
John R. Evans ◽  
Hugh Dove ◽  
Andrew D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Radiation Use Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Radiation Use

Grazing of cereal crops reduces canopy light interception and could potentially reduce biomass production and grain yields. Alternatively, defoliation after canopy closure may increase light penetration and enhance radiation-use efficiency (RUE, shoot dry matter produced per unit light intercepted). Changes in dry matter partitioning following grazing may also ameliorate grain yield penalties. Experiments with rainfed winter wheat were conducted near Canberra, Australia, to investigate the effect of different intensity or duration of grazing on two cultivars. Grazing reduced leaf area index (LAI), light interception and growth rates by up to 90% but did not affect overall RUE. Although grazing caused significant reductions in cumulative light interception and total dry matter accumulation, it did not affect grain yields because grazed crops had delayed phenological development, allowing increased partitioning of shoot dry matter to spikes. Grazing reduced stem dry matter accumulation and consequently decreased the amount of stem assimilate available for retranslocation to kernels by up to 75%. However, by delaying crop ontogeny, grazing prolonged green area duration after anthesis and thereby increased the supply of assimilates from current photosynthesis to developing kernels, mitigating potential yield penalties caused by defoliation.

Effect of Limited Irrigation and Nitrogen on Ecological Index and Water Use of Arabica Coffee

2013 ◽  
Vol 807-809 ◽  
pp. 746-749
Author(s):  
Xiao Gang Liu ◽  
Yuan Zhong ◽  
Xin Le Wang ◽  
Qi Liang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Arabica Coffee ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Mass Accumulation

The objective of this study was to explore the water and nitrogen coupling use efficiency and optimal control of water and nitrogen environment, Pot experiment was conducted in intelligent greenhouse, and the interactive impact of water and nitrogen on ecological characteristics and water use of arabica coffee was investigated. Using four irrigation levels, i.e. sufficient irrigation (SI, soil moisture content was 75%~85% of soil field capacity), light deficit irrigation (DI1, soil moisture content was 65%~75% of soil field capacity), medium deficit irrigation (DI2, soil moisture content was 55%~65% of soil field capacity) and serious deficit irrigation (DI3, soil moisture content was 45%~55% of soil field capacity), and four fertilizer levels of N, i.e. high nitrogen (NH), medium nitrogen (NM ), low nitrogen (NL), non-nitrogen (NN). The results showed that increase of irrigation or N rate was helpful to improve the ecological and morphological index of arabica coffee (plant height, basal stem, leaf area and shoot length). Compared to the NN treatment, N application could increase dry mass accumulation and water use efficiency (WUE) by 10.88%~37.49% and 24.73%~33.01% respectively. Compared to the DI3 treatment, increase of irrigation could increase dry mass accumulation and WUE by 82.54%~163.27% and 34.40%~39.66% respectively. Low nitrogen combined sufficient irrigation treatment could promote morphological characteristics of arabica coffee seedling and ensure higher dry mass accumulation and WUE simultaneously.

scholarly journals Effect of fertilization with fluid swine slurry on production and nutritive value of Tifton 85

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernan Vielmo ◽  
Amadeu Bona Filho ◽  
André Brugnara Soares ◽  
Tangriani Simioni Assmann ◽  
Paulo Fernando Adami
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Swine Slurry ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Different Doses

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of liquid swine slurry on dry matter accumulation rate and nutritive values (crude proten and neutral detergent fiber) of Tifton 85 grass pasture cultivated in southwestern Paraná from October 2005 to March 2006. It was used a complete random experimental design in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme composed of four doses of swine slurry in the plots (0, 80, 160 and 320 m³/ha) and four consecutive cuts in the subplots of the pasture. It was carried out two applications, one in the beginning of the experiment and other after 80 days. Cuts were performed every time pasture height was 40 cm. There was a dose versus cut interaction for all variables. Swine slurry promoted increase on dry matter accumulation rate only on the first cut after its application (cuts 1 and 3). Dry matter maximal yield (24.2 t/ha) was obtained at 249 m³/ha of swine slurry manure (143 and 106 m³/ha, respectively for applications 1 and 2), corresponding to 450 kg of N/ha. Percentage of crude protein increases and neutral detergent fiber of Tifton 85 grass decreases as dose of swine slurry increases, improving forage nutritive value. Use efficiency and nitrogen recovery rate decrease with addition of swine slurry doses.

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