Social class differences in infant mortality: the problem of competing hypotheses

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Humphrey ◽  
Jonathan Elford
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Social Selection ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Competing Hypotheses

SummaryThere is no agreed explanation of the social class gradient in infant mortality. The longstanding debate continues between those who favour explanations based on natural or social selection and those who stress the influence of environmental circumstances. These explanations are often presented as competing hypotheses between which it is necessary to make an absolute choice. An article which takes this approach is critically examined. It is argued that such an approach may lead to erroneous conclusions, and may divert attention away from the primary task of understanding how to bring about further improvements in the survival of infants in the manual social classes.

Social class differences in mortality in Great Britain around 1981

1988 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Haberman ◽  
D. S. F. Bloomfield
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Occupational Mortality ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual

The Decennial Supplement on Occupational Mortality published in 1978 commented on mortality differences between the social classes (Chapter 8) using data from the 1971 Census and the deaths in the period 1970–72. The analysis was based on life tables prepared for the individual social classes from which derived indices, for example expectations of life, were calculated. It is proposed here to repeat this exercise using the data for males recently published in microfiche form by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys—OPCS. This time, the Decennial Supplement has omitted to provide an analysis and commentary and we propose to make some attempt to remedy this deficiency. In our analysis, the Decennial Supplement data have been supplemented by data from the OPCS Longitudinal Study.

Biological Aspects of a High Socio-Economic Group

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Educational Opportunity ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Stabilizing Selection ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Social Scale ◽  
The Social ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
The Mean

Data are presented on the social backgrounds and IQs of a sample of scientists, their male sibs and their fathers. The range of IQ in the scientists is similar to the range of scores expected of the higher 25% of a representative general population sample.The IQs of the scientists showed a positive correlation with social class. Differences in IQ between the scientists and their fathers in each social class are related to the distance the scientists have moved up the social scale. In the twenty-two families in which the IQs of the father and two male sibs are known the upwardly mobile sibs tend to have higher IQs than the non-mobile or downwardly mobile sibs.In Class II there is evidence that stabilizing selection operates on IQ to maintain the mean IQ level. The effect on social stratification of such selection, together with increased educational opportunity, is discussed.

scholarly journals Brazilian new middle class stratagem: dialectics of consumption and renewal of the overexploitation of labor

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (88) ◽  
pp. 72-95
Author(s):  
Paulo Ricardo Zilio Abdala ◽  
Maria Ceci Misoczky
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Social Consensus ◽  
Class Theory ◽  
Stratification Theory ◽  
Theoretical Support ◽  
New Middle Class ◽  
The Social

Abstract The argument of this essay is that the ideia of emergence of a new Brazilian middle class was a stratagem adopted to create a positive agenda with transitory social consensus. In order to develop it, we return to the social class theory to discuss the stratification theory, which is the methodological and theoretical support of the so called new middle class. In addition to that, another possibility of analysis is presented, based on the theoretical propositions by Alvaro Vieira Pinto and Ruy Mauro Marini, two authors from the Brazilian social thought, articulating consumption, social classes, work and production as inseparable relationships, part of dependent capitalism contradictions. From these authors´ perspective, it was possible to understand that the expansion of consumption, basis for the new middle class stratagem, temporarily improved the living conditions of people at the expense of deepening the overexploitation of labor, reproducing the development of dependency.

scholarly journals School Selection and the Social Class Divide: How Tracking Contributes to the Reproduction of Inequalities

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatolia Batruch ◽  
Frédérique Autin ◽  
Fabienne Bataillard ◽  
Fabrizio Butera
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Achievement Gap ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Selection Function ◽  
The Social ◽  
Role Of Teachers ◽  
School Selection

Selection practices in education, such as tracking, may represent a structural obstacle that contributes to the social class achievement gap. We hypothesized that school’s function of selection leads evaluators to reproduce social inequalities in tracking decisions, even when performance is equal. In two studies, participants (students playing the role of teachers, N = 99, or preservice and in-service teachers, N = 70) decided which school track was suitable for a pupil whose socioeconomic status (SES) was manipulated. Although pupils’ achievement was identical, participants considered a lower track more suitable for lower SES than higher SES pupils, and the higher track more suitable for higher SES than lower SES pupils. A third study ( N = 160) revealed that when the selection function of school was salient, rather than its educational function, the gap in tracking between social classes was larger. The selection function of tracking appears to encourage evaluators to artificially create social class inequalities.

scholarly journals Social class differences in infant mortality.

BMJ ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 305 (6863) ◽  
pp. 1227-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Class Differences

Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of men choosing vasectomy

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary A. Parsons ◽  
Heather A. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
The South ◽  
Class Distribution ◽  
The Social ◽  
Living Children ◽  
Male Subjects

SummaryThe results are presented of a survey of male subjects attending the Kingston Contraceptive Clinic for vasectomy. The men living in the Kingston Area (KA) were compared with those living in the Out of Kingston Area (OKA) for economic and other differences.For both groups, the average age of the subjects at the time of interview was 36 years and the average age of their partners was 33 years. The couples in both groups had an average of 2·4 living children. The OKA sample had been married on average 3 years longer than the KA sample.Economic differences were minimal, both groups having an average weekly income £22 in excess of the estimated average national wage. Educationally the groups were broadly similar, the OKA sample having a higher proportion of graduate subjects. The social class distribution of both samples was significantly different from that of the South-East of England, and showed that usage of vasectomy was predominantly by Social Classes II, IIIN and IIIM. This is interpreted as indicating the gradual spread of acceptability of vasectomy as a means of birth control through the social classes, in a manner similar to that already documented for the pill.

Job Insecurity, Flexibility and Home–Work Balance for Italian Couples in Non-standard Work: The Effect of Social Class

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Salmieri
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Standard Work ◽  
Technological Organization ◽  
The Social ◽  
Home Work ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

This article examines differences of non-standard employment among parenting couples on the basis of qualitative research carried out in Rome and Naples. Although there is a growing interest in Europe in issues of flexibility and job security, there has been little focus upon the social differences among non-standard workers. Social class differences are assumed to be represented by the polarization between protected and secure employees on the one hand and casual and unprotected ones on the other, as if the latter represented a homogeneous group of marginalized workers. The research presented here offers evidence about three types of social differences among Italian couples of non-standard workers: job insecurity, the impact of various types of work-flexibility, and the organization of home–work boundaries. These vary widely depending upon the content, technological organization and prestige of professional positions that non-standard workers hold. This paper shows how social and economic differences within the group of non-standard workers affect family life.

scholarly journals Aspirasi Pemuda Kelas Bawah dan Reproduksi Sosial Di Jawa Tengah

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Oki Rahadianto Sutopo ◽  
Rani Dwi Putri ◽  
Karin Larasati Kusumawardhani
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Young People ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Central Java ◽  
The Social ◽  
Labor Market Flexibility

Central Java is one of provinces that is progressive in developing its industries, especially in manufacturing. However, the unemployment rate among youth in this province turns out to be considerably high. The high number of unemployment rates and low participation in the labor market among youth are caused by various factors. One of them is the gap between human resources and demand in the labor market. The gap in education, skills, and access to information triggering the condition whereas youth are not counted to involve in the labor market. This gap certainly emerged based on the social class differences inherent in each young people. In addition, gender differences also affect opportunities and freedom in choosing a job. This research uses qualitative methods with the process of observation, in-depth interviews, and Focus Group Discussion as techniques for data collecting. Through the selection of two female and two male informants (purposive sampling), this research concludes that social class factors, gender, and changing contexts, especially in the conditions of Labor Market Flexibility (LMF) became the main factors in shaping and influencing the transition process related to future aspirations of youth. The application of neoliberalism and Labor Market Flexibility perpetuates the social reproduction based on class and gender which enables social gaps to increase in the future. This condition is predicted to marginalize poor and vulnerable young people even more

scholarly journals The social patterning of mortality in a cohort of elderly Swedes

1996 ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olle Lundberg ◽  
Ingemar Kåreholt
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Functional Abilities ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Death Registry ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Social class differences in mortality among the elderly have received only limited interest. In this paper we analyze the impact of social class on mortality from mid-life onwards. In 1968 1,860 persons born between 1892 and 1915 were interviewed and followed in the national cause of death registry for the period 1968-1991. In addition. 537 of the 563 survivors were fe-interviewed in 1992. We employ proportional hazard regressions to analyze the impact of social class on death risks over time. There are fairly small class differences in the probability of reaching old age. However, it appears that mortality differentials were steeper before retirement age than after. Still, the size of class differences in mortality seem smaller than expected on the basis of other studies. At the same time steep class gradients in illness and functional abilities exist among survivors. Some possible explanations for these somewhat contradictory findings are discussed.

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