Trajectories of Spatial Assimilation or Place Stratification? A Typology of Residence and Workplace Histories of Newly Arrived Migrants in Sweden

In most societies, resources and opportunities are concentrated in neighborhoods and workplaces occupied by the host population. The spatial assimilation and place stratification theories propose trajectories (the sequences of events) leading to minority and migrant access to or exclusion from these advantageous places. However, most previous research on these theories did not ask whether such theorized trajectories occur. We apply sequence analysis to decade-long residence and workplace histories of newly arrived migrants in Sweden to identify a typology of combined residence-work trajectories. The seven types of trajectories in our typology are characterized by varying degrees of proximity to the host population in residential neighborhoods and workplaces and by different patterns of change in such proximity over time. The pivotal role of socioeconomic gains in spatial assimilation, posited by the namesake theory, is not supported, as we do not find that migrant employment precedes residence alongside the host population. The importance of housing-market discrimination for migrants’ exclusion from host-dominated spaces, posited by place stratification theory, is only weakly supported, as we find that migrants from less affluent countries accumulate disadvantage over time, likely due to discrimination in both the labor and housing markets. Our findings also underscore the need for new theories explaining migrant residential outcomes which apply to contexts where migrant-dense neighborhoods are still forming.

The seven-layer stratification theory of gastric wall under ultrasonography and its clinical application

ObjectiveHere, we develop a seven-layer gastric wall stratification theory based on the physical basis of ultrasound and histology, and further discuss its potential clinical application. Methods1. Experimental methods: Ex vivo human gastric specimens were immersed in normal saline and examined with a high-frequency probe to study the relationship between the sonograms and the corresponding anatomy of the gastric wall. 2. The study enrolled 136 patients admitted to our hospital with gastric diseases who underwent gastric contrast ultrasonography supplemented with the pathological examination. The seven-layer stratification theory was adopted during the analysis to profile sonogram characteristics with lesions originating from various layers. ResultsAll the sonograms of the in vitro human gastric specimens could be divided into seven intervals of strong and weak echoes. The pathological examinations were performed on 136 patient-derived samples as the golden criteria of diagnosis: 29 cases of gastric polyps, 10 cases of lymphomas, 5 cases of neuroendocrine tumors, 11 cases of ectopic pancreas, 22 cases of gastric stromal tumor, 19 cases of leiomyomas, 29 cases of chronic inflammation, 9 cases of diffuse invasive cancer, and 2 cases of neurilemmoma. The ultrasound and pathological examination results were consistent in 110 cases, showing a coincidence rate of 80.9%. ConclusionBy adopting the seven-layer stratification theory of the gastric wall, the ultrasound can accurately locate the position of mucosal muscularis, which is of great significance for accurate measurement of the thickness of each anatomical layer and the correct judgment of the origin and the classification of the space-occupying lesions. Keywords Gastric wall; ultrasound; seven-layer stratification; clinical application

STRATIFIKASI SOSIAL DALAM NOVEL BUMI MANUSIA KARYA PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER: PENDEKATAN SOSIOLOGI SASTRA [Social Stratification in Bumi Manusia Novel by Pramoedya Ananta Toer: Literature Sociological Approach]

This paper was the result of a qualitative research used sociology of literature approach. by descriptive method describing the social stratification in Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s. The Data had descriptively analyzed by literature sociological theory, particularly through Social Stratification Theory. The Social Stratification points to the element of social level which consists of ascribed status and achieved status. Thus, the result describes the social stratification that occurs in the novel Bumi Manusia as ascribed status and achieved status. Finally, there are several determinants which constructing social stratification. Those factors are: power, marriage, attitude, resistance, struggle, effort or hardwork. Artikel ini merupakan hasil penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan pendekatan sosiologi sastra melalui penerapan metode deskriptif yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan stratifikasi sosial yang tampak dalam novel Bumi Manusia karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif dengan menggunakan perspektif teori sosiologi sastra, khususnya teori stratifikasi sosial. Stratifikasi sosial menyasar pada unsur kedudukan yang terdiri atas ascribed status (status alamiah) dan achieved status (status yang diusahakan). Sebagai temuan, artikel ini mendeskripsikan stratifikasi sosial yang terjadi dalam novel Bumi Manusia yaitu berupa unsur kedudukan ascribed status (status alamiah) dan achieved status (status yang diusahakan) dan terdapat beberapa determina dalam membentuk stratifikasi sosial yaitu kekuasaan, pernikahan, sikap, perlawanan, perjuangan, usaha, dan kerja keras.

New Faces, New Neighbors? How Latino Population Growth and Lending Expansion Shapes the Neighborhood Racial and Ethnic Composition for White and Latino Homebuyers

Fueled by increased socioeconomic status (SES), geographic mobility, and access to lending, Latino home buying expanded during the recent housing boom. However, less is known about the types of neighborhoods Latino homebuyers accessed during this time. To address this gap, we explore how SES, mortgage type, and the metropolitan racial and ethnic context affected the racial and ethnic composition of neighborhoods for new white and Latino homeowners. We use data from the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act to explore these processes in 317 U.S. metropolitan areas from 2000 to 2010. Overall, we find evidence supporting both spatial assimilation theory and place stratification theory: while increased SES and loan amounts led to more white neighbors for both white and Latino homebuyers, subprime loans and the racial and ethnic context of metropolitan areas continue to constrain neighborhood attainment for Latinos.

Customer stratification theory and value evaluation—analysis based on improved RFM model

Scientific customer stratification method can help enterprises identify valuable customers, thus effectively improving the operating profit of enterprises. However, current customer stratification methods have not considered the impact of cost to service (CTS) on customer value (such as the RFM model). In this paper, K-mean clustering method is adopted to classify customers into four categories, namely 1) the most valuable customers, 2) valuable customers, 3) general customers and 4) customers with low contribution. By adding a new evaluation dimension of CTS, the original RFM model is improved. In this way, the RFMC model is built and can provide more comprehensive evaluation on customer value. Finally, the results show that the addition of CTS index significantly changes the clustering results of the original RFM model and the overall consideration of consumption amount and CTS truly reflect the customer value. Thus, the improved RFMC model optimizes the results of customer stratification and it can effectively sort out the valuable customers for enterprises. Enterprises will be more dedicated to serving the valuable customers so as to maximize profits and reduce service costs of customers with lower value to make up for profit losses.

Driving While Black and Brown in Vermont: Can Race Data Analysis Contribute to Reform?

Many states now require law enforcement to collect race data on traffic stops, but there has been little research on the use of that data to inform public policy or reform efforts at the agency level. This article addresses that lacuna by presenting results from the first statewide analysis of Vermont traffic stop data. Racial threat theory, a subset of stratification theory, would predict that policing in a predominantly white state like Vermont would exhibit lower racial disparities than states with a more racially diverse population because the “threat” to white dominance is less. The results contradict that prediction. Vermont, despite its reputation as a liberal state, is not different from other states in exhibiting wide racial disparities in policing. And yet, analysis and dissemination of race data in policing, by providing an evidentiary basis for citizen claims of racial bias, contributed to action on the part of the state legislature and government to address racial discrimination not only in policing but also in the broader criminal justice system. We report on those reform efforts and on the actions taken by three reform-minded law enforcement agencies to reduce and eliminate unjustifiable racial disparities in policing.

System justification among the disadvantaged: A triadic social stratification perspective

For the past 25 years, the field of social and political psychology has embraced the idea that humans possess a special system justification motivation which causes even members of disadvantaged groups to support societal systems that ostensibly operate against their personal and group interests. Recently, this system justification motive explanation has been challenged, based on mounting empirical evidence to the contrary. However, the potential demise of this dominant perspective invites explanations for the system justification phenomenon, especially amongst the disadvantaged. Existing interest-based accounts, such as the social identity model of system attitudes have tried to fill this gap, but have generally focused on system rationalisation processes within dyadic systems that pitch disadvantaged groups against their privileged counterparts alone. The current contribution extends the existing interest-based accounts by explaining system justification effects in multi-stratified social systems. Based on the triadic social stratification theory, we propose that system justification among the disadvantaged may result from favourable inter-status comparisons within a multi-stratified social system.