scholarly journals Female fatality due to cholera was higher than male. Studies of four cholera epidemics in the Poznań Province in the second half of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grazyna Liczbinska ◽  
Miroslav Králík
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Causes Of Deaths ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Gender Specific

Abstract Males and females differ in terms of patterns of morbidity and mortality resulting from diseases. It has been tested whether cholera epidemics killed selectively by sex in historical populations. Four cholera epidemics in the Poznań Province: 1852, 1855, 1866, and 1873 have been studied. Data have been derived from death registers of the selected parishes located on the territory of the Poznań Province. In total, the information about 34, 655 individual cases, with the causes of deaths recognized, has been used, encompassing 18,243 males and 16,325 females. More females than males died in the periods of cholera epidemics than in non- epidemic ones. The values of sex ratio at death from cholera (SRDCh) during the earlier epidemics (1852, 1855) and later epidemics (1866, 1873) were 0.91 and 0.97, respectively. A significant variances in the sex ratio at death (SRD) have been observed between the cholera epidemics periods (SRD=0.89) and non-epidemic periods (SRD=1.13) in Poznań. The gender-specific cholera death rates could have been related to the division of social roles between women and men. Women more frequently than men had contact with contaminated water, e.g. when preparing and cooking meals, feeding, caring for and washing children and caring for sick family members.

scholarly journals Female Fatality due to Cholera was Higher than Male. Studies of Four Cholera Epidemics in the Poznań Province in the Second Half of the 19th Century.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRAŻYNA LICZBIŃSKA ◽  
Miroslav Králík
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Empirical Distributions ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Causes Of Deaths ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Gender Specific

Abstract Background: Males and females differ in terms of patterns of morbidity and mortality resulting from diseases.Objectives: It has been tested whether cholera epidemics killed selectively by sex in historical populations. Four cholera epidemics in the Poznań Province: 1852, 1855, 1866, and 1873 have been studied.Data sources: Data have been derived from death registers of the selected parishes located on the territory of the Poznań Province. In total, the information about 34, 655 individual cases, with the causes of deaths recognized, has been used, encompassing 18,243 males and 16,325 females. Methods: The daily and weekly incidences of cholera deaths have been counted for epidemics in 1852, 1855, 1866 and 1873. The relations of male-to-female deaths numbers by epidemiological weeks have been computed. The sex ratio at death (SRD) and sex ratio at death from cholera (SRDCh) have been calculated. The differences between the theoretical and empirical distributions in the numbers of male and female deaths, deaths from cholera, SRD and SRDCh have been examined. Results: More females than males died in the periods of cholera epidemics than in non- epidemic ones. The values of SRDCh during the earlier epidemics (1852, 1855) and later epidemics (1866, 1873) were 0.91 and 0.97, respectively. A significant variances in the sex-specific death ratio have been observed between the cholera epidemics periods (SRD=0.89) and non-epidemic periods (SRD=1.13) in Poznań.Conclusions: The gender-specific cholera death rates could have been related to the division of social roles between women and men. Women more frequently than men had contact with contaminated water, e.g. when preparing and cooking meals, feeding, caring for and washing children and caring for sick family members.

INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY AMONG CATHOLICS AND LUTHERANS IN NINETEENTH CENTURY POZNAŃ

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRAŻYNA LICZBIŃSKA
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Causes Of Deaths ◽  
The City ◽  
Infants And Young Children

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to show the differences in the mortality rates of children from Catholic and Lutheran families in 19th century Poznań, and to elucidate the causes of these differences. Data from Catholic and Lutheran parish death registers were used. The infant death rate (IDR), neonatal and postneonatal death rates and life table biometric functions were calculated and causes of deaths were characterized. The worst child mortality values (IDR=394.4; neonatal and postneonatal death rates, respectively, 117.1 and 277.4; e0=16.14 years; Crow's Index=2.47) were obtained for the poor Catholic Parish of St Margaret. The lowest infant and neonatal and postneonatal death rates were observed to have occurred in the Catholic Parish of St Maria Magdalena situated in the city's more affluent central area (mortality rates, respectively, 269.9, 93.1 and 176.9; e0=24.63 years; Crow's Index=0.96). The widest range of differences with regard to death rates was found for the Lutheran Parish of St Cross (the infant, neonatal and postneonatal death rates were, respectively, 293.1, 99.1 and 193.9; e0=28.03 years; Crow's Index=0.92). The St Cross Parish encompassed a fairly large area of the city characterized by varying ecological conditions. Among infants and young children from the three studied populations a high frequency of deaths due to infectious diseases, diarrhoeas, dysenteries and tuberculosis were observed. Differences in the mortality of children from Catholic and Lutheran families in 19th century Poznań resulted from ecological conditions, among which water played the most important role, rather than from religious differences.

Anacondas’ Tales

Anaconda ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 49-78
Author(s):  
Jesús A. Rivas
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Population Model ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Number Of Males ◽  
Very High

This chapter examines the lives and tribulations of anacondas. Anacondas, like humans, produce the same number of males and females because the sex ratio is determined by sexual chromosomes. If the sexes start out equally abundant, why would there be so many more males out there in the wild? In some vertebrates one sex or the other disperses away from the area they were born. However, the author does not believe migration plays a significant role with anacondas. For starters, males are the sex with the wanderlust, not females. As such, this would not account for the lower number of females. Moreover, migration should not be very high due to the fact that the study site is the only region that holds water, so animals might move out in the wet season, but they would likely come back in the dry season, when the author did most of the sampling. If migration is not the answer for the uneven sex ratio, one is left with mortality of females as the only explanation. If females suffered higher death rates, that could explain the male bias in the population that the model estimated. Looking further into the results of the population model, the author found that females have a lower estimated survival than males. The chapter then considers the reasons females have higher mortality. The large expenditure in reproduction females incur might result in death not only as a result of predation but also during or after feeding due to weakening.

“We Are the Women of Utah”: The Utah Woman’s Press Club’s Framing Strategies in the Woman’s Exponent

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-234
Author(s):  
Candi S. Carter Olson
Keyword(s):  
Women Writers ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Framing Theory ◽  
Public Image ◽  
Framing Strategies ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Gender Specific

Drawing on mediated framing theory, this article considers how the 19th-century Utah Woman’s Press Club used its opportunity to control its public image in the Utah-based suffrage periodical Woman’s Exponent. The Exponent was edited by the club’s founder, Emmeline B. Wells, and was an outlet for many of the area’s women writers. This article demonstrates how the group’s three primary themes—education and professionalization, politics, and faith—developed a gendered framing of 19th-century womanhood. This exploration considers how gender-specific publications can be a powerful outlet for women to challenge mainstream narratives about women’s abilities.

scholarly journals БОРБА ПРОТИВ КОЛЕРЕ У СРБИЈИ КРАЈЕМ 19. ВЕКА STRUGGLE AGAINST CHOLERA IN SERBIA IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 349-373
Author(s):  
Владимир Јовановић
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Black Death ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cholera Epidemic ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Great Danger ◽  
Human Losses

Епидемије су одувек представљале велику опасност по човечанство, како својом непредвидивом појавом, тако и великим људским жртвама које су изазивале. Свакако најопаснија болест која је десетковала становништво током претходних векова била је куга, позната у литератури и као црна смрт. Ништа мање опасна није била ни колера, која је представљала болест урбаних средишта, преношена употребом загађене воде. Овај рад посвећен је анализи развоја здравственог система у Србији, као и начинима борбе против епидемије колере током 19. века. Настојање српских званичника да спрече појаву епидемије колере на тлу Србије, током 1892, средишњи је део овог рада. Показало се да су надлежни током претходних деценија прикупили значајно искуство и применили врло делотворна средства у циљу сузбијања тог опасног противника. Масовна дезинфекција санитарних чворова, као и брзо проналажење и изолација оболелих, учинили су да се опасност од избијања масовне епидемије колере у Србији успешно избегне. Тај значајан резултат скромног санитетског система Краљевине Србије био је утолико већи уколико се узму у обзир трагична искуства оних земаља у којима се колера развила у масовну и незадрживу заразу, попут Русије и појединих већих градова Немачке. Epidemics have always posed a great danger to mankind, both in terms of their unpredictable outbreaks and huge human losses. The most dangerous disease which decimated the population in the past centuries was certainly plague, also known in literature as the black death. Nothing less dangerous was cholera, which was a disease of urban centres, transmitted by use of contaminated water. This paper examines the development of the healthcare system in Serbia, and methods of struggle against the cholera epidemic in the 19th century. The main emphasis is placed on the attempts of Serbian officials to prevent the cholera epidemic in Serbia in 1892. It was ascertained that the official authorities in the earlier decades gained significant experience and applied highly efficacious means to suppress this pernicious enemy. The mass disinfection of sanitary blocks, and fast tracing and isolation of the diseased helped successfully avoid the danger of the outbreak of a mass cholera epidemic in Serbia. This significant result of the modest sanitary system of the Kingdom of Serbia was all the more important given the tragic experiences of those countries where cholera flared into a mass and unfettered infection, such as Russia and bigger towns of Germany.

scholarly journals Women’s Hairstyles and Head Ornamentation of the Yakuts in the 18th century

2021 ◽  
pp. 183-189
Author(s):  
A.N. Prokopeva
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Eastern Siberia ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

Mass Christianization of the peoples of Yakutia (Eastern Siberia) at the end of the 18th century led to the development of a demotic Christianity throughout the 19th century. There were new rules, according to which a woman was not permitted to appear in public with her head uncovered, and therefore the marking function of the hairstyles became obsolete. This could explain the absence of rituals and rules associated with women’s hair and hairstyles in the Yakut culture of the 19th–20th centuries. The aim of this study is to prove a hypothesis, according to which pendants of hair ornamentation duplicate braids, and studying the pendants of the headrest ‘nachel’nik’ allows recreation of women’s hairstyle that had been in use before the period of mass Christianization. The article is based on the analysis of written, material, and visual sources of the 18th–19th centuries. Information about the hairstyles and adornments of the Yakuts is contained within the records of travelers of the 18th–19th centuries. Among the ethnographic works on the peoples of Siberia, one can find drawings depicting maidens and women, where particular attention is given to their hair. These materials were correlated with the data of the archaeological excavations of Yakut female burials of the 18th century. The obtained results were compared with the materials from the 19th century — photographs of women in national costumes and jewelry from museum collections. According to the results of the study, it can be stated that there was a tradition of changing maiden’s hairstyle to woman’s hairstyle in the context of the wedding ritualism. New rules of conduct, social roles, especially regulations on the appearance of women, were formalized in the society in the 19th century with the mass Christianization of the peoples of Yakutia. There were new rules, according to which a woman was not permitted to appear in public with her head uncovered, and therefore the marking function of hairstyles became obsolete. This could explain the absence of rituals and rules associated with women’s hair and hairstyles in the Yakut culture of the 19th–20th centuries.

scholarly journals Life Across the River: Exploring the Impact of Urbanisation in 18th–19th Century Panevėžys

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 117-131
Author(s):  
Rūta Brindzaitė
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Human Health ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Inflammatory Lesions ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

Studies aimed at considering the impact of industrialisation, urbanisation and modernisation on human health in 19th-century society are becoming increasingly relevant. Although it is exceptionally rare to encounter human skeletal material from the 19th century in present-day Lithuania, this study explores whether changes which occurred in that century had any impact on human health. This research presents the preliminary results of an anthropological analysis of the human remains discovered in Panevėžys Cemetery, with material spanning the 18th–19th centuries. In total, 90 individuals were examined, including 57 males, 15 females and 18 nonadult individuals. Fractures and nonspecific inflammatory lesions were the most prevalent pathological changes. However, the values of the average height of males and females did not reveal a significant change in stature. Overall, the results demonstrated inconsistent evidence of the effects of urbanisation on the skeletal population. It can be concluded that both the sample size and the observed pathologies represent only part of the community. Therefore, a more representative sample and additional analyses are required in the future, to provide comprehensive results and more solid conclusions.

scholarly journals The First Demographic Transition in Galicia as an element of modernization – Rzeszów against the background of the largest cities in Galicia: Lviv and Kraków

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 327-342
Author(s):  
Sabina Rejman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Demographic Changes ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article concerns selected aspects of the modernization of Galician society as illustrated by demographic changes in Rzeszów in the 19th century. The subject of the study is the first demographic transition consisting in the reduction of the value of the birth and death rates. In the case of smaller cities, such as Rzeszów, the use of nineteenth-century statistical data raises doubts among historians. The re-analysis, taking into account the current state of research, provides the premises for the conclusion that in Rzeszów at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries the symptoms of the first demographic transition were noticeable.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

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