CHANGES IN THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF A VALLEY IN THE PYRENEES (CATALONIA, SPAIN)

SummaryIn some situations the use of isonymy is the best strategy for studying the genetic structure of a population and its biological history. In this study different population parameters were calculated for one of the most isolated valleys in the Pyrenees – the region of the Alta Ribagorça in Catalonia, Spain. Surnames from marriage records covering the continuous period from 1638 to 1988 were used. From 1950 onwards this region underwent important social, economic and biological changes related to the introduction of hydroelectric and mining industries, and the change from livestock farming to a society based on services. Two periods were analysed (1638–1950 and 1951–1988) allowing population changes that occurred in the region to be determined. The study focused on calculating the number of surnames by gender, diversity index (H), population sub-structure (RP−RPr)/RPr and inbreeding coefficient (Ft) and detection of possible genetic barriers. The results demonstrate the importance that geography initially had in shaping the genetic structure of the population and how this was gradually replaced by other parameters such as roads or the social and economic importance of towns. An interesting phenomenon is that inbreeding has traditionally been associated with rural life, isolation and endogamy. However, for the Alta Ribagorça it was observed that in the second period, 1951–1988, inbreeding mainly depended on the composition of migrant groups and the reaction of the native population to the arrival of migrants from outside the region.

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Not Simply ‘Counting Heads’: A Gender Diversity Index for the Team Level

Social Indicators Research ◽

10.1007/s11205-021-02635-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Anne Laure Humbert ◽

Elisabeth Anna Guenther ◽

Jörg Müller

Keyword(s):

Diversity Index ◽

Gender Diversity

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Biogeographically significant units in conservation: a new integrative concept for conserving ecological and evolutionary processes

Environmental Conservation ◽

10.1017/s0376892919000286 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 293-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M Paula Quiroga ◽

Lucia Castello ◽

Vilma Quipildor ◽

Andrea C Premoli

Keyword(s):

Genetic Structure ◽

Strong Association ◽

Geographic Region ◽

Landscape Conservation ◽

Major Barrier ◽

Distribution Maps ◽

Genetic Barriers ◽

Bibliographic Search ◽

Molecular Information ◽

Integrative Concept

SummaryWe combined tools of phylogeography, population genetics and biogeographical interpretation to analyse a group of phylogenetically independent lineages (animals and plants) that coexist within the same geographical region, yet under markedly different environments, in order to identify generalized barriers for gene flow. We tested the hypothesis that major geographic features have produced a concordant genetic structure in phylogenetically independent lineages. A rigorous bibliographic search was performed, selecting available molecular information from six taxa occupying distinct southern biomes of South America: Yungas, Prepuna, Puna and northern Monte. We estimated within-population genetic diversity, the genetic structure and haplotype phylogenies to assemble distribution maps of genetic barriers for each species. We found a strong association between genetic variation and latitudinal distribution of populations. We detected a major barrier for six taxa at 27°S latitude and a second one for a group of three species at 25–26°S. Two alternative non-exclusive hypotheses – geology and/or climate – explain concordant genetic barriers in divergent lineages. We suggest that the term ‘biogeographically significant units’ portrays a group of populations of phylogenetically unrelated taxa that inhabit the same geographic region that have been similarly impacted by major physical events, which can be used to identify priority areas in landscape conservation.

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Genetic Relationships of Cory's Shearwater: Parentage, Mating Assortment, and Geographic Differentiation Revealed by DNA Fingerprinting

The Auk ◽

10.1093/auk/117.3.651 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 117 (3) ◽

pp. 651-662 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Corinne Rabouam ◽

Vincent Bretagnolle ◽

Yves Bigot ◽

Georges Periquet

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Genetic Structure ◽

Dna Fingerprinting ◽

Genetic Relatedness ◽

Isolation By Distance ◽

Genetic Relationships ◽

Cory’S Shearwater ◽

Genetic Structure Of Populations ◽

The Social ◽

Calonectris Diomedea

Abstract We used DNA fingerprinting to assess genetic structure of populations in Cory's Shearwater (Calonectris diomedea). We analyzed mates and parent-offspring relationships, as well as the amount and distribution of genetic variation within and among populations, from the level of subcolony to subspecies. We found no evidence of extrapair fertilization, confirming that the genetic breeding system matches the social system that has been observed in the species. Mates were closely related, and the level of genetic relatedness within populations was within the range usually found in inbred populations. In contrast to previous studies based on allozymes and mtDNA polymorphism, DNA fingerprinting using microsatellites revealed consistent levels of genetic differentiation among populations. However, analyzing the two subspecies separately revealed that the pattern of genetic variation among populations did not support the model of isolation by distance. Natal dispersal, as well as historic and/or demographic events, probably contributed to shape the genetic structure of populations in the species.

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KONSEKUENSI SOSIAL PEMANFAATAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

JIKE Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi Efek ◽

10.32534/jike.v2i1.489 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 67-85

Author(s):

Pandu Bimantara

Keyword(s):

Communication Technology ◽

Academic Community ◽

Social Consequences ◽

The Internet ◽

Interesting Phenomenon ◽

Keywords Internet ◽

The Social ◽

Internet Learning ◽

Information And Communication ◽

Use Of The Internet

The phenomenon of the use of the internet as a learning media at the Al-Ihya (Unisa) Islamic University of Kuningan is increasingly passionate about the existence of hotspot facilities, so students can access the internet anywhere and anytime as long as they are active on the Unisa Kuningan campus. This interesting phenomenon is investigated because every new use of information and communication technology will have social consequences for the Unisa Kuningan academic community. The results of the study show that there are accessibility, frequency, and duration of internet usage by students who are quite high among students in accessing the internet. The social consequences that arise have not shown the existence of negative trends such as internet addiction and social alienation. Keywords: Internet, learning media, social consequences.

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The origins and development of the English diaspora in North America

The English diaspora in North America ◽

10.7228/manchester/9781526103710.003.0002 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Tanja Bueltmann ◽

Donald M. MacRaild

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

English Language ◽

Republican Period ◽

North East ◽

The North ◽

The Social ◽

Early Republican ◽

Ethnic Associations ◽

Migrant Groups

Chapter 1 frames the following discussion of English associations and ethnic activities by charting English migration to North America from the mid-1700s. The earlier emigrants carried with them cultural characteristics, habits and customs that were critical in shaping the social and civic life that marked the English as foundational and invisible within America society. We problematize existing scholarship and challenge the assumption that the hegemony of the English language and the early immigrants’ foundational context provided all subsequent English migrants with a permanent and unchanging advantage over other migrant groups by default. Ordinary English migrants faced the same challenges and hardships as any other group; working-class immigrants in particular dealt with many common economic pressures regardless of their origins. Ultimately, the English had much in common with those of other backgrounds. The English settled in all colonies, counties and states; they were loaded towards the urban and industrial areas, but the focus upon the north-east—in both the colonial and early Republican period, as well as north of the border in what was to become Canada—gradually gave way to greater diffusion: a diffusion in line with the spread of ethnic associations. In the nineteenth century, English-born immigrants—the mainstay of English ethnic associations—came to be hugely out-numbered by several immigrant groups, most notably the Irish, with whom innate tensions were reprised in the new country. Chapter 1 explores such factors as a frame for the study that follows.

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A Dynamic Model of Corporate Campaigns

Corporate Reputation and Social Activism ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199386154.003.0002 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 19-54

Author(s):

Jose Miguel Abito ◽

David Besanko ◽

Daniel Diermeier

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Model ◽

Finite Horizon ◽

Social Benefits ◽

Private Regulation ◽

Strategic Effect ◽

Subsequent Period ◽

The Social ◽

Second Period ◽

Period Model

This chapter introduces a finite-horizon (three-period) model of corporate campaigns in which an activist targets a single firm. The activist cares solely about the social benefits generated by the private regulation the firm is capable of undertaking. A firm can undertake costly effort in each period to improve its reputation in the subsequent period. The activist could undertake costly effort to impair the firm's reputation. As compared to a setting in which the firm faced no activist, the firm chooses a higher level of private regulation in the first period and, in expectation, a higher level of private regulation in the second period as well. The authors interpret this increase as self-insurance against reputational harm. The activist has a strategic effect on the firm in the second period: if the campaign impairs the firm's reputation, the firm will undertake more private regulation than it would have had its reputation remained the same or even improved.

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Corporate Governance Practices in Listed State-owned Enterprises in India: An Empirical Research

Indian Journal of Corporate Governance ◽

10.1177/0974686219849760 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 94-121

Author(s):

J. Kiranmai ◽

R. K. Mishra

Keyword(s):

Corporate Governance ◽

Gender Diversity ◽

Formal System ◽

Governance Structure ◽

Firm Age ◽

Board Committees ◽

The Social ◽

Governance Practices ◽

Governance Practice ◽

Entire Network

Corporate Governance (CG) refers to a system in which corporations are directed and controlled. The governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the corporation and specifies the rules and procedures for making decisions in corporates. Governance provides the structure through which corporations set and pursue their objectives, while reflecting the context of the social, regulatory and market environment. Governance is a mechanism for monitoring the actions, policies and decisions of corporations. Governance involves the alignment of interests among the stakeholders. CG is an umbrella term. In its narrower sense, it describes the formal system of accountability of corporate directors to the owners of companies. In its broader sense, the concept includes the entire network of formal and informal relationships involving the corporate sector and the consequences of these relationships on society in general. The center objective of the paper is to create linkages between firm performance and governance practice in the listed SOEs in India. The present paper makes an attempt to compare the various CG variables of the listed SOEs for a period of five years ie 2012-13 to 2016-17. A detailed analysis of the 42 listed State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) in terms of board size, board meetings, board committees, board composition, independent directors, firm age, gender diversity has been compared. Finally conclusions are drawn from empirical analysis.

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The Social and Genetic Structure of a Natural Colony of House Mice, Mus musculus, at Healesville WildlifeSanctuary

Australian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1071/zo9830155 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 155 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

GR Singleton

Keyword(s):

Genetic Structure ◽

Life Span ◽

Social Organization ◽

Turnover Rate ◽

Spatial Organization ◽

House Mice ◽

Genetic Composition ◽

Short Life ◽

Short Life Span ◽

The Social

A 2-year program monitored the spatial organization, genetic structure and turnover rate of an unconfined commensal colony of mice. Four demes (social breeding units) were identified; each usually consisted of one or two males and two or three females. Demes were detected simultaneously in adjoining cages of an aviary (one deme per cage). Movement between demes was rare and the life span of a deme ranged from 2 to 7 months. The adult members of each deme had genotypes compatible to the majority of the young captured in the respective cage of the aviary at the time of residence of the deme. Taken in isolation, these results suggest that social behaviour would have a major impact on the genetic structure of the aviary population. When viewed over the main breeding season, the short life span of a deme and the genetic differences between demes indicate that social organization probably had only a temporary effect on the genetic composition of the aviary population.

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