115. Factors affecting Milk and Butterfat Secretion. I. Varlations in Fat Weight, Fat Percentage, and the Amount of Fat in the Milk Required to make a Given Weight of Butter

1935 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth O. Whetham ◽  
John Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Fat Globule ◽  
Fat Yield

1. The ratio of the weight of fat in the milk required to make 1 lb. of butter has been taken to indicate the size of the fat globule in the milk, and so the type of “ cream line ” produced.2. The Dairy Show records have been analysed from this standpoint, and variations in the above ratio studied together with variations in milk yield, fat yield and fat percentage. The effects considered are those between breeds and within breeds, the latter including milk yield, period of lactation and ageof cow.3. With a constant milk yield the fat percentage does vary between breeds, but not to the same extent as it does when no account is taken of the differences in average yield of the different breeds; the same applies tothe fat: butter ratio, i.e. size of fat globule. The effect of equal increases of milk yield on the butter:fat ratio is much greater between breeds than it is within any one breed.4. It is suggested that the size of the fat globule is determined by two factors: (a) the rate of butterfat formation by the cell, which varies with breed and stage of lactation, and (b) the rate of milk secretion which affects the size of the globules by the rate at which they are washed out from the cell.

Factors Affecting Milk Yield and Composition of Indigenous Balkan Goat Breed Reared in Semi Extensive Conditions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Božidarka . ◽  
Marković . ◽  
M Marković ◽  
Dušica . ◽  
Radonjić . ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Goat Breed ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Daily Milk

The aim of this study was to analyze effect of genetic and environmental factors on milk production traits of indigenous Balkan goat breed. The average milk yield of 150.43 kg in lactation that lasted 211.09 days was significantly influenced by flock and lactation, while average daily milk yield (0.724 kg) was additional significantly affected by stage of lactation (PÂ0.001). Variability of milk components content (fat, protein and solid nonfat – SNF) was under significant effect of flock and stage of lactation, interaction of these two factors and random effect of animal (PÂ0.001), while strain and lactation did not have significant effect on these traits (P>0.05). Goats of AA genotype of alpha S1 casein had significantly higher fat, protein and SNF content than AF and FF genotype. These results provide important data that could be used as baseline for design of breeding program for improvement of production traits of Balkan goat breed.

scholarly journals Factors affecting lactation length and effect of current lactation length on the subsequent production and reproduction in Iranian Holsteins

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 873-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Hossein-Zadeh
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Increasing Trends

Abstract. Calving records of Holstein cows from January 1983 to December 2006 comprising 1,190 herds with 385,102 calving events were used to evaluate factors affecting the length of lactation and effect of current lactation length on the next productive and reproductive performances of Iranian Holsteins. Statistical analyses of productive and reproductive traits in this study were performed as linear mixed models. Lactation length (LL) of cows was grouped into 10 classes from <100 days through 500 days. Average LL was 314 days in Iranian Holsteins. Primiparous cows had the greatest LL and the mean of LL increased over the years from 1983 to 2006 and spring calvers had the longest LL (P<0.05). Cows within the LL class of 500 had the greatest unadjusted milk yield, adjusted milk yield, adjusted protein yield and adjusted fat yield and also had the longest calving intervals (P<0.05). Cows within the LL classes of 150–199 and 200–249 had the greatest values of adjusted protein percentage. Also, age at calving was the lowest for the LL class of 250–299 (P<0.05). There were linear and increasing trends for unadjusted milk yield, adjusted milk yield, adjusted protein yield and adjusted fat yield over the LL classes in this study, but a linear but decreasing trend was observed for adjusted protein percentage over LL classes. On the other hand, there were non-linear relationships between adjusted fat percentage, calving interval and age at calving with LL classes in the current study.

678. The effect of variations in nutrient intake upon the yield and composition of milk II. Factors affecting rate of eating roughage and responses to an increase in the amount of concentrates fed

1957 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. A. Burt
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Group Basis ◽  
Independent Effects

1. Rates of eating hay, kale and concentrates and responses to a 3 lb. increase in the daily concentrate allowances when roughage was rationed on a ‘group’ basis, were measured in fourteen Ayrshire cows and fifteen heifers.2. There were significant differences between animals, between days, and significant cow × period interactions, in rates of eating in both groups. The cows were a more variable group and generally ate faster than the heifers. Although the rate of eating fresh kale tended to decrease with increasing dry-matter percentage, the rate of eating kale dry matter was positively and significantly related to the dry-matter percentage.3. There were positive associations between the rates of eating of the three different foods, and of these with live weight, but no effects of milk yield or stage of lactation, and no marked effects of climatic conditions could be detected.4. The errors in the determination of mean rates of eating were such that observations made on 4–5 days gave satisfactory comparisons of individual rates of eating.5. Reponses in milk yield to additional concentrates were positively correlated with milk yield, and no independent effects of stage of lactation could be detected. Responses by the heifers were less then those of cows giving similar yields.6. Responses in solids-not-fat percentage were greatest in those cows with inherently low percentages.7. There was no relationship between rates of eating roughage and responses of milk yield to additional concentrates, but live-weight responses and, to a lesser extent, solids-not-fat responses were negatively correlated with rates of eating in the cows. It was concluded that the level of feeding, system of management and the roughage:concentrate ratio used were such as to eliminate the effects of rates of eating roughage upon milk yields, if indeed such effects exist.

An analysis of the variation between dairy-sire progeny-groups for milk yield and fat content

1958 ◽  
Vol 1958 ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Robertson ◽  
S. S. Khishin
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Milk Marketing ◽  
The Relationship

The past few years have seen the development in Great Britain of the ‘contemporary comparison’ method for evaluating progeny tests of dairy sires (Macarthur, 1954; Robertson, Stewart and Ashton 1956). The final overall figure attached to a sire is the mean difference between the yield of his daughters and that of other heifers milking in the same herd in the same year, with due regard for the numbers of animals in the two groups. Although it has some imperfections in special cases, this is probably the most informative simple method of evaluating a sire for yield and, fortunately, one which could be easily integrated with the existing recording system. The method has been turned into a simple routine in the Bureau of Records of the Milk Marketing Board and several thousand bulls have now been evaluated. In this paper, we shall be mostly concerned to use this material to investigate the heritabilities of milk yield and fat content and the relationship between the two in the different breeds. The information that we shall use consists, for each bull, of the mean contemporary comparison, with its effective ‘weight’, and the average fat percentage of the daughters. Before we deal with the observed results, we should go into rather more detail into the nature of these two figures and into the factors affecting them.

Partial milking of cattle in smallholder herds on the Accra Plains: some factors affecting daily partial milk yield and milk composition

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Okantah
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
Accra Plains

AbstractDaily partial milk yield of Sanga cows in 13 smallholder agropastoralist herds at two locations on the Accra Plains was recorded through monthly sampling. Estimates of mean daily partial milk yield and milk composition were computed from 1266 observations. The unadjusted mean daily partial milk yield was 875 (s.e. 11) g. The composition of milk: total solids (TS), fat (F) and solid-not-fat (SNF) were 131 (s.e. 14), 41 (s.e. 11) and 90 (s.e. 7) g/kg respectively. Least squares estimate of mean daily partial milk yield were 808·2 and 462·4 g with average s.e. of 41·8 for wet and dry season respectively. The wet and dry season differences in daily partial milk yield, TS and F were highly significant (P < 0·01). Seasonal difference in SNF was not significant.Herd difference in partial milk yield, TS, F and SNF were highly significant (P < 0·02). There were no significant effects of location on daily partial milk yield and SNF, although location effects on F and TS were significant (P < 0·05). The highest milk yield was observed in cows in third lactation and the lowest in cows in seventh lactation (P < 0·01). Daily partial milk yield peaked in the 3rd month of lactation. On average, lactation length was 210 to 240 days. Both linear and quadratic effects of stage of lactation were highly significant (P < 0·01). Lactation curve parameters for partially milked cows were also estimated. The implications of the results for milk production in sub-Saharan Africa were discussed.

scholarly journals Genetic and phenotypic trends for age at first calving and milk yield and compositions in Holstein dairy cows

2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 338-347
Author(s):  
N. G. Hossein-Zadeh
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Age At First Calving ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Genetic Trends

Abstract. Calving records from the Animal Breeding Center of Iran collected from January 1990 to December 2007 and comprising 207 106 first calving events of Holsteins from 2 506 herds were analysed using linear sire models to estimate genetic trends for age at first calving (AFC) and milk traits. Genetic trends were obtained by regressing yearly mean estimates of breeding values on year of birth. In general, there were decreasing genetic trends for AFC, fat percentage and protein percentage over the years but there were increasing genetic trends for milk yield, mature-equivalent milk yield, fat yield, mature-equivalent fat yield, protein yield and mature-equivalent protein yield over the years. On the other hand, there was a decreasing phenotypic trend for AFC but estimates of phenotypic trends were positive for milk yield and compositions over the years. It seems that the decline in calving age in this study over time resulted primarily from increased turnover rate and increased culling of heifers that failed to get pregnant. On the other hand, increasing trend for yield traits over time in this study indicated that Iranian dairy producers were successful in choosing progressively better semen and sires from imported and local sources over the years.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the effect of twin births on the perinatal calf mortality and productive performance of Holstein dairy cows

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Hossein-Zadeh
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
General Development ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Breeding Center ◽  
Calf Mortality ◽  
Fat Yield

Abstract. Calving records from the Animal Breeding Center of Iran collected from January 1993 to December 2007 and comprising 1 163 594 Holstein calving events from 2 552 herds were used to evaluate reported perinatal calf mortality, 305-d milk yield, 305-d fat yield of milk and 305-d fat percentage of milk in single- and twin-births. A logistic regression model was constructed to analyze calf mortality between singletons and twins. Also statistical analyses of 305-d milk yield, 305-d fat yield of milk and 305-d fat percentage of milk were performed using the general linear models procedure. Greater odds of calf mortality existed for calves born from primiparous cows than from multiparous cows (P<0.001) and for calves born as twins than singletons. The odds of calf mortality increased over years from 4.2 % in calving year Y1 (1993–1997) to 5.1 % in calving year Y3 (2003–2007) (odds ratio [OR] = 1.14; P<0.001). The odds of calf mortality was greater after twin births, with 16.7 % of the twin calving events reporting calves as dead compared to 5.2 % for singleton births (OR=5.62; P<0.001). For same-sex twin pairs, the odds of calf mortality was greater (P<0.01; OR=1.72) for male than for female twin pairs. Also, twin-calved cows had greater 305-d milk production, fat yield and fat percentage of milk than single-calved cows (P<0.05). In general, development of practical management strategies to cope with the negative effects associated with twinning on dairies is critical, especially if the trend toward increased twinning in the dairy cattle population continues.

scholarly journals Genetic parameters between somatic cell score and production traits for Holstein cattle in Southern Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
Gabrieli S Romano ◽  
Luis Fernando B Pinto ◽  
Altair A Valloto ◽  
José-Augusto Horst ◽  
Victor B Pedrosa
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Somatic Cell Score ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Selection For

Background: Somatic cell score is an important parameter to predict milk quality and health of cows. However, in countries like Brazil, this trait is still not selected on a large scale, and no genetic parameters are reported in the literature. Objective: To estimate the variance components and genetic parameters for somatic cell score, milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, fat percentage, and protein percentage in Holstein cows. Methods: Records from 56,718 animals were used to estimate variance components, heritability, and genetic correlations using a multi-trait animal model by the REML method. Results: The heritability estimates were 0.19 for somatic cell score, 0.22 for milk yield, 0.26 for fat yield, 0.18 for protein yield, 0.61 for fat percentage, and 0.65 for protein percentage. The estimates of genetic correlations among analyzed traits ranged from -0.50 to 0.82. Conclusion: The low heritability observed for somatic cell score indicates that selection for this trait should result in benefits related to animal health and milk quality, but only in the long term. The low correlation between productive traits and somatic cell score indicates that inclusion of somatic cell score in animal breeding programs does not interfere negatively with the genetic selection for milk yield or solids.Keywords: Holstein; genetic correlation; genetic parameters; heritability; mastitis; milk quality; milk yield; multi-trait model; somatic cell score; variance components.  Resumen Antecedentes: El conteo de células somáticas es un parámetro importante para predecir la calidad de la leche y la salud de las vacas. Sin embargo, en países como Brasil, esta característica aún no se selecciona a gran escala y no se reportan parámetros genéticos en la literatura. Objetivo: Estimar los componentes de varianza y parámetros genéticos para el conteo de células somáticas, producción de leche, producción de grasa, producción de proteína, porcentaje de grasa y porcentaje de proteína en vacas de la raza Holstein. Métodos: Se usaron registros de 56.718 animales para estimar los componentes de la varianza, heredabilidad y correlaciones genéticas usando un modelo animal multicaracterístico por medio del método REML. Resultados: Las estimaciones de heredabilidad fueron 0,19 para el conteo de células somáticas, 0,22 para la producción de leche, 0,26 para la producción de grasa, 0,18 para producción de proteína, 0,61 para el porcentaje de grasa y 0,65 para el porcentaje de proteína. Las estimaciones de correlación genética entre las características analizadas variaron entre -0,50 a 0,82. Conclusión: La baja heredabilidad encontrada para conteo de células somáticas demostró que la selección para esta característica podría resultar en beneficios para la salud animal y calidad de la leche, pero sólo a largo plazo. La baja correlación genética existente entre las características productivas y el conteo de células somáticas indica que la inclusión del conteo de células somáticas en programas de selección no interfiere negativamente en la selección genética para la producción de leche o sólidos.Palabras clave: calidad de leche; correlación genética; conteo de células somáticas; componentes de varianza; heredabilidad; Holstein; mastitis; modelo multicaracteristico; parametros geneticos; producción de leche; selección genetica. Resumo Antecedentes: O escore de células somáticas é um parâmetro importante para a predição da qualidade do leite, bem como para a saúde das vacas. No entanto, em alguns países como o Brasil, essa característica não é selecionada em larga escala e não há parâmetros genéticos disponíveis na literatura. Objetivo: Estimar os componentes de variância e parâmetros genéticos para o escore de células somáticas, produção de leite, produção de gordura, produção de proteína, porcentagem de gordura e porcentagem de proteína em vacas da raça Holandesa. Métodos: Foi utilizado um total de 56.718 animais para estimar os componentes de variância, herdabilidade e correlações genéticas, considerando-se o modelo animal multicaracterística por meio do método REML. Resultados: As estimativas de herdabilidade foram de 0,19 para o escore de células somáticas, 0,22 para a produção de leite, 0,26 para a produção de gordura, 0,18 para produção de proteína, 0,61 para a porcentagem de gordura e 0,65 para a porcentagem de proteína. As estimativas de correlação genética entre as características analisadas variaram entre -0,50 a 0,82. Conclusão: A baixa herdabilidade encontrada para o escore de células somáticas demonstrou que a seleção para esta característica poderá resultar em benefícios para a saúde animal e qualidade do leite, porém, somente a longo prazo. A baixa correlação genética existente entre as características produtivas e o escore de células somáticas demonstrou que a inclusão do escore de células somáticas em programas de seleção não causa interferência negativa na seleção genética para a produção de leite ou sólidos.Palavras-chave: componentes de variância; correlação genéticas; escore de células somáticas; herdabilidade; mastite; modelo multicaracterística; parâmetros genéticos; produção de leite; qualidade do leite; raça Holandesa; seleção genética.

scholarly journals Associations between polymorphisms of SLC22A7, NGFR, ARNTL and PPP2R2B genes and Milk production traits in Chinese Holstein

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruike Jia ◽  
Yihan Fu ◽  
Lingna Xu ◽  
Houcheng Li ◽  
Yanhua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Association Analysis ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Milk Production Traits ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Protein Percentage ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Percentage Protein

Abstract Background Our preliminary work confirmed that, SLC22A7 (solute carrier family 22 member 7), NGFR (nerve growth factor receptor), ARNTL (aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator like) and PPP2R2B (protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit Bβ) genes were differentially expressed in dairy cows during different stages of lactation, and involved in the lipid metabolism through insulin, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, AMPK, mTOR, and PPAR signaling pathways, so we considered these four genes as the candidates affecting milk production traits. In this study, we detected polymorphisms of the four genes and verified their genetic effects on milk yield and composition traits in a Chinese Holstein cow population. Results By resequencing the whole coding region and part of the flanking region of SLC22A7, NGFR, ARNTL and PPP2R2B, we totally found 20 SNPs, of which five were located in SLC22A7, eight in NGFR, three in ARNTL, and four in PPP2R2B. Using Haploview4.2, we found three haplotype blocks including five SNPs in SLC22A7, eight in NGFR and three in ARNTL. Single-SNP association analysis showed that 19 out of 20 SNPs were significantly associated with at least one of milk yield, fat yield, fat percentage, protein yield or protein percentage in the first and second lactations (P < 0.05). Haplotype-based association analysis showed that the three haplotypes were significantly associated with at least one of milk yield, fat yield, fat percentage, protein yield or protein percentage (P < 0.05). Further, we used SOPMA software to predict a SNP, 19:g.37095131C > T in NGFR, changed the structure of NGFR protein. In addition, we used Jaspar software to found that four SNPs, 19:g.37113872C > G,19:g.37113157C > T, and 19:g.37112276C > T in NGFR and 15:g.39320936A > G in ARNTL, could change the transcription factor binding sites and might affect the expression of the corresponding genes. These five SNPs might be the potential functional mutations for milk production traits in dairy cattle. Conclusions In summary, we proved that SLC22A7, NGFR, ARNTL and PPP2R2B have significant genetic effects on milk production traits. The valuable SNPs can be used as candidate genetic markers for genomic selection of dairy cattle, and the effects of these SNPs on other traits need to be further verified.

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