Changes in the quantity and composition of mammary gland secretion in the dry period between lactations: I. The beginning of the dry period

SummaryThe changes in the yield and composition of the mammary gland secretion in the first 16 days of the dry period have been investigated in 6 cows. The quantity of secretion, lactose, potassium, casein, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin and fat present in the gland decreased rapidly. A decrease was also observed for sodium, chloride, residual albumin and proteose-peptone + globulin but was much less marked. Changes in composition were qualitatively similar to those normally occurring at the end of lactation but they were much more pronounced. Within 8 days after drying-off the concentrations in the secretion of sodium, chloride and potassium were similar to those of blood. There were differences between, animals in the rate at which the changes developed. As the secretory activity of the gland ceased, the constituents of the mammary gland secretion appeared to be resorbed.

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Secretory activity of cattle mammary gland tissues during lactation and duration of the interlactation period

Ukrainian Journal of Ecology ◽

10.15421/2020_244 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 278-286

Author(s):

M.D. Kambur ◽

A.Y. Lermontov ◽

A.Y. Lermontov

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Mammary Gland ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Secretory Activity ◽

The Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Functional Regression ◽

Dry Period ◽

Mammary Gland Tissue

Changes in the secretory activity of mammary gland during the involution period are designed to create conditions for inexhaustible use of the mammary gland, ensure the normal course of structural and functional regression for the development for the next lactation. For animals in which the interlactation period lasted less than 45 days, the absorption of non-esterified fatty acids in the last week of the involution period was 2.8 times higher than in animals in which the interlactation period lasted at least 55 days, 1.48 times higher than the absorption of acetic acid, 1.24 times higher than β-oxybutyric acid, 1.28 times higher than glucose, 2.82 times the total amount of phospholipids and triacylglycerols. For acetic acid, β-oxybutyric acid and glucose, not only higher absorption rates were observed, but also a tendency to increase the absorption level in the last weeks of lactation in animals with an interlactation period of less than 45 days, indicating metabolic changes in mammary gland tissue during the involution period. The duration of the dry period affects the secretory activity of breast tissue during lactation and the quality of milk produced during this period, which is expressed by lower fat content in the product while reducing the duration of the dry period to less than 45 days and reducing milk fat by 10.42% during the next calving. At the same time, the body weight of newborn calves in animals, whose interlactation period was less than 45 days by 19.3%, was lower than the animals of the control group, i.e., those who were in the interlactation period for at least 55 days, which indicates the negative impact of reducing the duration of the dry period on the body of animals.

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Changes in the quantity and composition of mammary gland secretion in the dry period between lactations. II. The complete dry period

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900012085 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 13-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

A. Smith ◽

J. V. Wheelock ◽

F. H. Dodd

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Blood Serum ◽

Gland Secretion ◽

Dry Period ◽

Sodium Potassium

SummaryThe changes in yield and composition of mammary gland secretion throughout the whole of the dry period have been investigated in 6 cows. The yields of lactose, potassium, fat and casein decreased to very low values for the greater part of the dry period but then increased slightly just before parturition. Similar trends were observed for sodium and chloride but they were much less marked. During the middle of the dry period the concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride tended towards those of blood serum while the concentrations of fat and lactose decreased to < 1%.

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CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION AND YIELD OF THE MAMMARY SECRETION OF COWS DURING THE INITIATION OF LACTATION

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.0590231 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 231-247 ◽

Cited By ~ 94

Author(s):

P. E. HARTMANN

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Late Pregnancy ◽

The Other ◽

Small Samples ◽

Dry Period ◽

Abrupt Increase ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Casein Protein ◽

Two Phases

SUMMARY Mammary secretion (1·2–2·0 ml) was collected from the milk sinus of each mammary gland (quarter) of two pregnant heifers and eight pregnant cows (dry period 49–229 days), first at weekly intervals from 40 days before parturition, then with increasing frequency as parturition approached. The progressive changes in the concentration of lactose, glucose, casein, non-casein protein and fat in the mammary secretion were determined. Calves were separated from the cows immediately after birth and the yield and composition of milk from individual quarters were determined for 5 days after parturition. Two quarters (milked quarters) of each of a further five cows were milked throughout pregnancy, while the other two quarters (unmilked quarters) of each cow were allowed to involute (dry off) 63– 104 days before parturition. Small samples (5–10 ml) of secretion were collected from the unmilked quarters, first at weekly intervals after drying off and then every second day from 10 to 15 days before parturition. On the days that the unmilked quarters were sampled, corresponding composite milk samples were collected from the milked quarters and the progressive changes in the yield of milk, lactose and fat were determined. The changes in the concentration of lactose and glucose in the mammary secretion, during drying off in late lactation, were determined in an additional five cows. In most cows allowed a usual dry period, and in the unmilked quarters of cows in which two quarters were milked throughout pregnancy, the concentration of lactose gradually increased from about 8 to 12 days before parturition to reach levels of about half those found in normal milk just before parturition. However, in some cows the concentration of lactose was low until 1–2 days before parturition and then increased abruptly, whereas in others the concentration of lactose increased slowly from as early as 32 days before parturition. A further rapid increase in the concentration of lactose in the mammary secretion occurred between 0 and 4 days before parturition in all cows. This latter increase was accompanied by an abrupt increase in the yield of milk, lactose and fat in the milked quarters of the cows in which two quarters were milked throughout pregnancy. These observations suggest that the initiation of lactation in the cow develops in two phases, a limited secretion of milk constituents occurs in late pregnancy and then 0–4 days before parturition copious secretion (lactogenesis) occurs.

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A New Diagnostic Indicator Using Concanavalin A Low-Affinity Lactoferrin Levels in Mammary Gland Secretion in Mastitic Drying Cows

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science ◽

10.1292/jvms.68.59 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 59-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yumiko KOMINE ◽

Ken-ichi KOMINE ◽

Kenzou KAI ◽

Toshinobu KUROISHI ◽

Masashi ITAGAKI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Concanavalin A ◽

Gland Secretion ◽

Diagnostic Indicator

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Comparative description of the mammary gland of Dubska pramenka during the dry period and lactation

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah1204723k ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 723-732

Author(s):

A. Katica ◽

N. Mlaco ◽

M. Hamamdzic ◽

N. Varatanovic ◽

B. Cengic

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Functional State ◽

Lactation Period ◽

Dry Period ◽

Histological Features ◽

Secondary Sexual Characteristic ◽

Full Development ◽

Composition And Structure ◽

Sexual Characteristic ◽

Comparative Description

Glandulla mammae is a secondary sexual characteristic. The composition and structure of the mammary gland depends on the functional state of the gland and is affected by hormones. The mammary gland reaches its full development during gestation and it becomes functional and secretory upon delivery. Lactocytes of the mammary gland may be squamous in shape, low or high prismatic, depending on the phase of the glandular cycle. Lactocytes are affected by LTH hormones due to which they are called prolactin. The function of the mammary gland is also affected by STH, and indirectly by TTH. Examined material was taken from Central Bosnia Canton, under field conditions of veterinary practice. The assay of histological features of the mammary gland of Dubska pramenka was conducted during the dry period as well as during lactation. The total number of animals was 16, eight (8) during the dry period and eight (8) during lactation period. Following the development of histological preparations, we conducted a descriptive overview - interpretation of the histological structures. The study of histological preparations of the mammary gland of Dubska pramenka during the dry period and lactation shows that the parenchyma is well developed, more or less, with reduced intersticium. Histological appereance of the lactocytes resembles that of the perifollicular tissue, the presence of different cells is higher during the lactation - the onset of glandural cycle. Well-developed lactiferous ducts with cavity, with or without secretion, but with preserved epithelium are the characteristics of both periods. The glandural tissue is well-developed and the secretion was present regardless of the examination period.

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Mammary Gland Secretion pH and Impending Parturition in Ponies and Mares with and without Firocoxib

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science ◽

10.1016/j.jevs.2018.05.135 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 ◽

pp. 248 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J.T. Hayna ◽

S.R. Randell ◽

C.A. Burden ◽

M.A. Pozor ◽

S.A. Benson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Gland Secretion

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A study of bovine T-cell subsets in the blood and mammary gland secretions during the dry period

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology ◽

10.1016/0165-2427(86)90056-5 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 13 (1-2) ◽

pp. 151-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

R.A. Wilson ◽

J.A. Linn ◽

R.J. Eberhart

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

T Cell ◽

T Cell Subsets ◽

Dry Period

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Expression of bovine β-lactoglobulin transgenic mice

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029999003428 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 289-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

ALFONSO GUTIÉRREZ-ADÁN ◽

ELIZABETH A. MAGA ◽

ESMAIL BEHBOODI ◽

JANICE S. CONRAD-BRINK ◽

ANTHONY G. MACKINLAY ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Transgenic Mice ◽

Transgenic Animals ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Developmentally Regulated ◽

Independent Manner ◽

Milk Protein Genes ◽

Dairy Animals ◽

Foreign Proteins ◽

Β Lactoglobulin

The use of transgenic animals to manipulate milk composition has considerable potential, both for the production of biomedical proteins and for the direct manipulation of milk composition for the improvement of dairy animals and their products (for reviews, see Wall et al. 1992; Yom & Bremel, 1993). Promoters from a number of milk protein genes from a variety of species have been tested for their ability to direct the expression of foreign proteins to the mammary gland (for review, see Maga & Murray, 1995).β-Lactoglobulin (β-lg) is the major whey protein produced in ruminant milk and is part of the normal milk composition of most mammals except humans and rodents (Pervaiz & Brew, 1985). It is expressed at high levels in the mammary gland and is developmentally regulated. Transgenic mice have been produced using the complete ovine (Simons et al. 1987; Shani et al. 1992) and caprine (Ibañez et al. 1997) β-lg genes. In general, high levels of expression were obtained with the ovine β-lg gene, and expression was also seen in a position-independent manner (Whitelaw et al. 1992). Lower levels of expression were reported using the caprine β-lg gene. Here we report the production of transgenic mice using the bovine β-lg gene. We describe high expression, position-dependent, and copy number-related expression of bovine β-lg protein in the milk of six lines of transgenic mice.

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