Effect of mastitis on plasminogen activator activity of milk somatic cells

1992 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teffi Zachos ◽  
Ioannis Politis ◽  
Ronald C. Gorewit ◽  
David M. Barbano
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Chromogenic Substrate ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Milk Somatic Cells ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

SummaryThis study was conducted to examine the effects of mastitis and stage of lactation on plasminogen activator (PA) activity in milk somatic cells. An assay System, which measures the plasmin-mediated hydrolysis of the chromogenic substrate D-valyl-leucyl-lysine p−nitroanilide, was used to assess PA activity present within milk somatic cells. Milk cell associated PA activity was increased (P < 0·05) by 50% in the presence of fibrin fragments. This suggests that milk somatic cells contain tissue PA which, unlike urokinase PA, is preferentially activated in the presence of fibrin fragments. An increase of the milk somatic cell count from < 5 × 104 to > 106 cells/ml resulted in an 8-fold increase in PA activity per cell. Elevated levels of PA activity were associated with milk somatic cells isolated from mastitic quarters obtained from cows in early (<4 months in lactation) or late lactation (>8 months in lactation). We conclude that PA activity is increased during severe mastitic inflammation. Although the physiological function of this enzyme is as yet unclear, we propose that it may be involved in the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, contributing to the higher levels of plasmin occurring in milk isolated from mastitic quarters.

scholarly journals Effect of somatic cell count on dairy products: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukta Talukder ◽  
HM Manir Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Endogenous Enzymes ◽  
Fluid Milk

Somatic cells are the most essential factors naturally present in milk, and somatic cell count (SCC) is used as an indicator of monitoring mastitis incidence in the herd and also to assess the quality of milk. In addition, SCC is frequently used to determine quality payments to dairy producers. The SCC is directly related to get maximum milk production from individual cow and a lower SCC indicates better animal health, as somatic cells originate only from inside the animal's udder. SCC monitoring is important because as the number of somatic cells increases, milk yield is likely to fall, primarily due to the damage to milk-producing tissue in the udder caused by mastitis pathogens and the toxins they produce, particularly when epithelial cells are lost. Keeping low SSC will allow good quality more raw milk and provide a better product to milk processors whether used as fluid milk or converted to milk based products. Somatic cells containing lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes lead to degrade major nutrients fats and proteins, respectively. Elevated SCC is related to udder inflammation, which leads to alter the normal microbial count and physicochemical parameters of milk, as well as the quality of heat treated fluid milk and milk based product. The objective of this review is to discuss on the SSC and endogenous enzymes released from somatic cells in raw milk as well as effect of somatic cells count and their endogenous enzymes in processed milk and milk based products.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2017, 3(1): 1-9

scholarly journals Somatic cell count in the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in sheep of different breeds

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1555
Author(s):  
Luiz Francisco Zafalon ◽  
Raul Costa Mascarenhas Santana ◽  
Sérgio Novita Esteves ◽  
Guilherme Aparecido Fim Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Santa Inês ◽  
Etiological Agents

The aims of this study were to determine the occurrence of subclinical mastitis in sheep of different breeds and the values for somatic cell count (SCC) in milk for the diagnosis of the disease at lactation and weaning, a fundamental prerequisite for identifying animals in need of control measures. Milk samples were obtained from 1,457 mammary halves of Santa Inês, Texel, Ile de France, and Dorper sheep at two different periods, during the second week of lactation and at weaning. After teats antisepsis, the samples were collected, and identification of the infectious etiology of mastitis and determination of SCC were performed. Microorganisms were identified in 117/762 (15.3%) mammary halves in the second week of lactation and in 86/694 (12.4%) at weaning. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were the etiological agents with the highest incidence alone and in association with other microorganisms, with percentages of 58.1% and 60.6%, respectively. The Santa Inês presented a higher incidence of subclinical mastitis when compared to the other breeds. The cut-off values of SCC for subclinical mastitis were determined at both sampling periods and varied according to stage of lactation, as well breed. These results illustrate the lack of a universal value that can be used for the diagnosis of mastitis and suggests the need for permanent follow-up in herds in order to control the disease.

Variation in activity and heterogeneity of bovine milk proteases with stage of lactation and somatic cell count

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.B. Larsen ◽  
P.L.H. McSweeney ◽  
M.G. Hayes ◽  
J.B. Andersen ◽  
K.L. Ingvartsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Stage Of Lactation

Hygienic quality, milk yield and basic composition of sheep milk depending on the stage of lactation

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Sylwia Bielińska-Nowak ◽  
Grażyna Czyżak-Runowska
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Basic Composition ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Sheep Milk

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the stage of lactation on the yield and quality of sheep milk. The material for the investigation was milk from morning milking of 30 East Friesian sheep in their third to fifth lactation. Milking began after the lambs were weaned and continued for about 120 days. Milk samples were collected individually from the sheep in three stages of lactation: at its peak, during the stabilized stage and at the end (late) lactation. Daily milk yield, total bacterial count, somatic cell count and the basic composition of the milk were determined. The microbiological quality of the milk was very high and the somatic cell count was favourable. As lactation progressed the somatic cell count increased while microbiological quality remained stable. At the end of lactation a significant increase was noted in the concentration of dry matter, protein and fat, accompanied by a decrease in lactose concentration, in comparison with the peak of lactation. Yield was shown to be negatively correlated with fat (–0.63; p≤0.01) and dry matter (–0.53; p≤0.01) and positively correlated with lactose (0.61; p≤0.01).

Somatic cell count as a monitoring system for hygienicmilk production in India: A review

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Jadhav ◽  
S. B. Tarate ◽  
M. Bhuvana ◽  
D. N. Das ◽  
B. R. Shome
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
The Developed Countries

The major alteration in the milk composition due to mastitis includes presence of somatic cells (neutrophills, monocytes, macrophages and mammary epithelial cells), bactericidal and bacteriostatic compounds and certain enzymes. Antibiotic residue violation and presence of foodborn pathogens with/without their toxins is another threat of immense importance. These changes in the milk account for the deterioration of the milk quality, risk of health hazards and also its acceptance in the international market. Of all these components, milk somatic cells are the single most widely used indicator of the udder health and mastitis. Somatic cell count (SCC) is used as a system for measurement of milk quality internationally. Strict legislation for monitoring the minimum SCC level is followed to ensure healthy milk in most of the developed countries. This paper introduces the concept of ‘Clean White Revolution’ and reviews the importance of SCC as a measure to ensure hygienic milk production in India. It also emphasizes upon a need to strengthen the existing legislations concerned.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOMATIC CELL COUNT AND ZINC BLOOD SERUM CONCENTRATION IN DAIRY COWS

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Ivana Davidov ◽  
Miodrag Radinović ◽  
Mihajlo Erdeljan ◽  
Ivan Stančić ◽  
Dragica Stojanović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Spring And Autumn Period ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Friesian Cows

The study was conducted on 15 Holstein-Friesian cows aged between 3 and 5 years kept in the free grazing conditions in summer. The samples of milk were taken twice a year for monitoring subclinical mastitis. In addition to milk samples, the blood samples were taken to determine the concentration of zinc in serum. The occurrence of subclinical mastitis in high yielding cows was estimated based on the values of zinc concentration in blood serum and somatic cells of milk. By analyzing the samples of blood serum, a variation in the concentration of zinc in blood serum was noted depending on the season. Somatic cell count in the spring and autumn period in average was over 400.000/ml milk. Based on statistical analysis, the correlation test, it was concluded that the concentration of zinc in blood serum of cows in the experimental group had no significant effect on the somatic cells count in milk.

scholarly journals 113 Somatic cells as an indicator of quality of the cow’s milk

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 101-101
Author(s):  
Kirill Plemyashov ◽  
Nikolai Bogachev ◽  
Valerii G Skopichev ◽  
Nataliya A Panova ◽  
Fliura Alistratova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Foam Forming ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Group 1

Abstract When udder becomes inflamed during lactation, significant increase of somatic cells count in milk occurs. That is why an express-test based on surfactant’s effects was created. For this purpose 3 groups of samples were formed according to the somatic cell count in cm 3: group 1 - over 4.0*10^5 per cm3 (60 samples); group 2 - up to 4.0*10^5 in cm3 (100 samples); group 3 (control) - 3.0*10^5 in cm3 (30 samples). Experiments were conducted in the spring-summer and autumn-winter periods. Total amount of examined samples is 190. Somatic cell count in the samples was counted by viscometric method with the use of “Somatos-B.” We use the milk of animals 10–15 days after calving. Milk was mixed 1:1 with reagent, then after 3–4 tube shaking a height of foam column was determined. In the presence of somatic cells the foam forming is depressed. There was a positive reaction with column’s height from 3 to 10 (foaming) and negative reaction is considered to be from 0 to 3 (no foaming). There was a California mastitis test (CMT) as a control which is highly usable as an express-test in Leningrad region of Russia. The comparison of the results of two test show: on group 1 according to CMT 40 samples were positive, and foaming test determined 60 cases of somatic cells count increasing. On 2 group according to CMT 10 samples were positive and foaming test determined 60 cases of somatic cells count increasing. On 3 group according to CMT 1 sample was positive and foaming test not determined any somatic cells count increasing. This express method is not requires a big amount of time – it takes 8–10 seconds to mix a reagent and milk and evaluate results. So this method allows us to increase the mastitis diagnostic accuracy.

COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF CONFIRMATORY TESTING PROCEDURES FOR SOMATIC CELLS IN MILK

1971 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 285-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Read ◽  
J. G. Bradshaw ◽  
J. T. Peeler
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Experimental Error ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Total Variance ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Collaborative Studies ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation

Collaborative studies were done to establish the experimental error (replicate variance) and the among-analyst variance of three modifications of the Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count and the Electronic Somatic Cell Count when used in laboratories that test milk routinely. The lowest total variance of logarithms of 0.00639 was obtained with the electronic procedure, followed by 0.00964 for the field counting modification of the Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count. The strip-reticle modification of the latter procedure had a total variance of 0.01251, and the Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count modification that involves counting all somatic cells on one strip without the use of a reticle had a variance of 0.03041. The coefficients of variation for the experimental error for the Electronic Somatic Cell Count and for the field counting, strip count with reticle, and strip count without reticle modifications of the Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count were 8, 17, 14, and 17%, respectively.

DIRECT MICROSCOPIC SOMATIC CELL COUNT IN MILK

1968 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 350-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Milk Sample ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Cellular Concentration ◽  
Oil Immersion ◽  
Mechanical Stage

The Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count is a modification of the Breed technique in which 0.01 ml of milk sample is spread over a circular 1 cm2 area on a special slide, and is dried, stained, and examined microscopically using the oil-immersion lens. The unit of area examined is a diametric strip of the milk film, traversed by manipulation of the mechanical stage controls. A special eyepiece reticle defines the width of the strip. All nucleated somatic cells within the strip are counted. The estimate of cellular concentration in the milk sample is based on the count of two mutually perpendicular strips on each of duplicate films. The method permits both determination and close control of count precision.

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