Association of milk yield and infection status at dry-off with intramammary infections at subsequent calving

The dry period plays an important role in maintenance of udder health. Cows are most susceptible to intramammary infections (IMI) after dry-off and near parturition and drying-off procedures may affect the likelihood of IMI at calving. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of milk yield and infection status at dry-off with the likelihood of IMI at calving by examining different drying-off methods. Cows (n=112) at the Ohio State University Waterman Dairy Teaching and Research Herd were randomly assigned to either an intermittent or a standard, twice-daily milking group 1 week prior to dry-off. All quarters of all cows in the herd were treated with an antibiotic dry-cow product after the last milking. Milk samples were collected 1 week prior to dry-off (pre-dry), on the day of dry-off, and within 3 d of parturition to determine infection status of the quarters. Association between IMI at calving and cumulative milk yield for the final week of lactation and drying-off method was examined using generalized estimation equations with logic link, accounting for potential confounders, such as pre-dry and dry-off infection status, and for the correlated data structure due to quarters clustered within cows. Intermittent milking significantly reduced milk yield at the end of lactation. Increasing cumulative milk yield during the last week of lactation was significantly associated with a greater probability of IMI at calving for quarters that were uninfected prior to dry-off: uninfected quarters of cows producing more than 115 kg during the last week of lactation were 7·1-times more likely to be infected at calving (P=0·0081) than uninfected quarters of cows producing less than 75 kg. Even though the overall cure rate over the dry period was relatively high at 84%, the odds of a quarter being infected at calving was 7·6- and 3·3-times higher if it was infected at dry-off with major pathogens (P<0·0001) or minor pathogens (P=0·028), respectively, compared with an uninfected quarter at dry-off. The results suggest that decreasing milk yield prior to dry-off may serve as an effective means to maintain good udder health in a herd.

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Managing dry cow udder health

Improving dairy herd health Improving - Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science ◽

10.19103/as.2020.0086.10 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 231-264

Author(s):

Päivi J. Rajala-Schultz ◽

◽

Tariq Halasa ◽

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Dry Period ◽

Intramammary Infections ◽

Udder Health ◽

Dry Cow Therapy ◽

Risk Period ◽

The Impact ◽

Cow Comfort ◽

Crucial Part

The dry period lays a foundation for a successful next lactation, especially from the udder health perspective. It is a high-risk period for acquiring new intramammary infections (IMI), but it also provides an excellent opportunity for eliminating existing subclinical infections. The way cows are dried off and milking is halted at the end of lactation impacts the involution process, mammary health and cow comfort. Antibiotic dry cow therapy (DCT) has played a crucial part in mastitis control, but due to global concerns about increasing antibiotic resistance, the approach to DCT is evolving. This chapter reviews the current knowledge about the impact of milk cessation methods (abrupt vs. gradual dry-off) on mammary involution, udder health and cow comfort. The importance of dry cow therapy is discussed, especially in the light of current global concerns related to antibiotic resistance.

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Intramammary Infections in Heifers—Time of Onset and Associated Risk Factors

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10061053 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1053

Author(s):

Julia Nitz ◽

Volker Krömker ◽

Doris Klocke ◽

Nicole Wente ◽

Yanchao Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Important Influence ◽

Early Lactation ◽

Intramammary Infections ◽

Udder Health ◽

Dairy Heifers ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Associated Risk Factors

To reduce the negative effects of mastitis in dairy heifers in early lactation on the future milking performance, the aim of this study was to define the time-related period of intramammary infections and to relate this to risk factors at heifer and quarter level for intramammary infections and subclinical mastitis. In total, 279 German Holstein Frisian heifers in three farms in Northern and Eastern Germany were included in this study. Quarter milk samples for cytomicrobiological examination were collected 3 ± 1 days after calving and 17 ± 3 days after calving, and risk factors at heifer and quarter level associated with intramammary infections and clinical mastitis were recorded during the trial period. Data were analyzed using logistic regression procedures and odds ratios were calculated. Calving at older ages increased the odds of intramammary infections with non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) and coryneforms 17 ± 3 days after calving compared to heifers calving at a younger age. Detaching of milking cups during milking is a risk factor for new infections between day 3 ± 1 and 17 ± 3 postpartum. The milk yield after calving is associated with a decrease in intramammary infections with environmental pathogens and clinical mastitis. A high milk yield assists the development of udder edema with an increased risk of intramammary infections with NAS and coryneforms. An increased somatic cell count (SCC) after calving increased the odds of intramammary infections with contagious pathogens 17 ± 3 days postpartum. The early lactation has an important influence on udder health and intramammary infections postpartum in dairy heifers. Udder quarters eliminated pathogens during early lactation by 6.9% for cases in this study. New infections manifest themselves up until 17 ± 3 days postpartum, especially with Corynebacterium spp. and NAS. In total, 82.9% of the infected quarters showed new infections with another pathogen species 17 ± 3 days postpartum than 3 ± 1 days postpartum. In conclusion, the early lactation has an important influence on udder health and intramammary infections postpartum in heifers with the possibility that udder quarters eliminate pathogens, but also the danger that new infections manifest themselves. Thus, the prevention of new infections by minimizing the associated risk factors is of great importance.

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Dry Period Length as Related to Milk Yield and SCC During the First Month of Subsequent Lactation

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.2478/aoas-2014-0051 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 155-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anna Sawa ◽

Sylwia Krężel-Czopek ◽

Mariusz Bogucki

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Somatic Cell Count ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Period Length ◽

Dry Period ◽

Udder Health ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Clinical Changes ◽

Daily Milk Yield ◽

Daily Milk

Abstract Analysis was made of the effect of dry period length in primiparous and multiparous cows on daily milk yield during the first month of subsequent lactation and on milk somatic cell count (SCC) on the basis of the information about the test-day milkings of 59 138 cows. The GLM and FREQ procedures of the SAS package were used in the statistical calculations. Dry period length in the primiparous and multiparous cows had a significant effect (P≤0.01) on daily milk yield and udder health, determined based on SCC. In terms of milk yield, the most favourable dry period would be 51-70 days for both primiparous and multiparous cows. Depending on udder health, a dry period of 51-90 days can be suggested. Shorter dry periods had more undesirable effects than longer dry periods. Excessively shortened dry period (≤10 days) caused the daily milk yield to decrease by 17% in primiparous and by 13% in multiparous cows while increasing the risk of clinical changes of the cow’s udder, regardless of age. The proportion of milk samples that showed evidence of clinical mastitis also increased when the dry period was excessively long (>90 days), especially in multiparous cows.

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Milk losses linked to udder health treatments at dairy farms with automatic milking systems

10.1101/2021.01.04.425263 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ines Adriaens ◽

Igor Van Den Brulle ◽

Ben Aernouts

Keyword(s):

Milk Yield ◽

Time Window ◽

Health Management ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Fixed Time ◽

List Type ◽

Intramammary Infections ◽

Udder Health ◽

Lactation Stage ◽

On Farm

AbstractMilk losses caused by intramammary infections (IMI) have a massive impact on farm profitability and sustainability. In this study, we analyzed milk losses from 4 553 treated IMI cases at 41 AMS dairy farms. Milk losses were estimated based on the difference between the expected and the true production. To estimate the unperturbed lactation curve, we applied an iterative procedure using the Wood model and a variance-dependent threshold on the milk yield residuals. We calculated milk losses both in a fixed window around the first treatment day of each IMI case and in the perturbations corresponding to this day, at cow level as well as at quarter level. In a fixed time window of day -5 to 30 around the first treatment, the absolute median milk losses per case were 101.5 kg, highly dependent on the parity and the lactation stage with absolute milk losses highest in multiparous cows and at peak lactation. Relative milk losses expressed in percentage were highest on the treatment day, and full recovery was often not reached within 30 days from treatment onset. In 62% of the cases, we found a perturbation in milk yield at cow level at the time of treatment. On average, perturbations started 8.7 days before the first treatment and median absolute milk losses increased to 128 kg milk per perturbation. Mastitis is not expected to have equal effects on the four quarters so this study additionally investigated losses in the individual udder quarters. We used a data-based method leveraging milk yield and electrical conductivity to project the presumably infected quarter and compared losses with the average of presumably non-infected quarters. Median absolute losses in a fixed 36-day window around treatment varied between 50.2 kg for front and 59.3 kg for hind infected quarters compared to respectively 24.7 and 26.3 kg for the median losses in the non-infected quarters. Also here, these losses depended on lactation stage and parity. Expressed proportionally to expected yield, the relative median milk losses in infected quarters on the treatment day were 20% higher in infected quarters with a higher variability and slower recovery. In 86% of the treated IMI cases, at least one perturbation was found at the quarter level. This analysis confirms the high impact of IMI on milk production, and the large variation between quarter losses illustrates the potential of quarter analysis for on-farm monitoring at farms with an automated milking system.HighlightsMilk losses were estimated for treated cases of intramammary infectionsMilk losses were highly variable across cases with a median of 101 kgWe found large differences between infected and non-infected quartersQuantification of milk losses can be the basis for better udder health management

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Enhanced udder health and milk yield of dairy cattle on compost bedding systems during the dry period: A comparative study

Livestock Science ◽

10.1016/j.livsci.2013.10.028 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 159 ◽

pp. 161-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S. Astiz ◽

F. Sebastian ◽

O. Fargas ◽

M. Fernández ◽

E. Calvet

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Comparative Study ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Dry Period ◽

Udder Health

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Suction mask device: a simple, inexpensive, and effective method of reducing spread of aerosolized particles during endoscopic endonasal surgery in the era of COVID-19

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/2020.10.jns203196 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Takuma Hara ◽

Marcus A. Zachariah ◽

Ruichun Li ◽

Rafael Martinez-Perez ◽

Ricardo L. Carrau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Effective Means ◽

Ohio State University ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

State University ◽

Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery ◽

Endonasal Surgery ◽

Endoscopic Endonasal ◽

Large Particles ◽

The Ohio State University ◽

Number Of Particles

OBJECTIVE Aerosol-generating procedures, including endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES), are a major risk for physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic. Techniques for reducing aerosolization and risk of transmission of COVID-19 during these procedures would be valuable to the neurosurgical community. The authors aimed to simulate the generation of small-particle aerosols during EES and craniectomy in order to develop methods to reduce the spread of aerosolized particles, and to test the effectiveness of these methods. METHODS This study was performed at the Anatomical Laboratory for Visuospatial Innovations in Otolaryngology and Neurosurgery at The Ohio State University. The following two scenarios were used to measure three different particle sizes (0.3, 2.5, and 10 µm) generated: 1) drilling frontotemporal bone, simulating a craniectomy; and 2) drilling sphenoid bone, simulating an endonasal approach. A suction mask device was created with the aim of reducing particle release. The presence of particles was measured without suction, with a single Frazier tip suction in the field, and with the suction mask device in addition to the Frazier suction tip. Particles were measured 12 cm from the craniectomy or endonasal drilling region. RESULTS In the absence of any aerosol-reducing devices, the number of particles measured during craniectomy was significantly higher than that generated by endonasal drilling. This was true regardless of the particle size measured (0.3 µm, p < 0.001; 2.5 µm, p < 0.001; and 10 µm, p < 0.001). The suction mask device reduced the release of particles of all sizes measured in the craniectomy simulation (0.3 µm, p < 0.001; 2.5 µm, p < 0.001; and 10 µm, p < 0.001) and particles of 0.3 µm and 2.5 µm in the single Frazier suction simulation (0.3 µm, p = 0.031; and 2.5 µm, p = 0.026). The suction mask device further reduced the release of particles of all sizes during EES simulation (0.3 µm, p < 0.001; and 2.5 µm, p < 0.001) and particles of 0.3 µm and 2.5 µm in the single Frazier suction simulation (0.3 µm, p = 0.033; and 2.5 µm, p = 0.048). Large particles (10 µm) were not detected during EES. CONCLUSIONS The suction mask device is a simple and effective means of reducing aerosol release during EES, and it could potentially be used during mastoidectomies. This could be a valuable tool to reduce the risk of procedure-associated viral transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Five Decades of Research Experience in Speech Anatomy and Physiology

Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups ◽

10.1044/persp1.sig5.4 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (5) ◽

pp. 4-12

Author(s):

David P. Kuehn

Keyword(s):

Ohio State University ◽

State University ◽

Research Experience ◽

University Of Iowa ◽

University Of Illinois ◽

Anatomy And Physiology ◽

The Ohio State University ◽

Speech Science ◽

The University ◽

East Carolina University

This report highlights some of the major developments in the area of speech anatomy and physiology drawing from the author's own research experience during his years at the University of Iowa and the University of Illinois. He has benefited greatly from mentors including Professors James Curtis, Kenneth Moll, and Hughlett Morris at the University of Iowa and Professor Paul Lauterbur at the University of Illinois. Many colleagues have contributed to the author's work, especially Professors Jerald Moon at the University of Iowa, Bradley Sutton at the University of Illinois, Jamie Perry at East Carolina University, and Youkyung Bae at the Ohio State University. The strength of these researchers and their students bodes well for future advances in knowledge in this important area of speech science.

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Cardiology Fellowship Education in the Era of High-density Training, Data Tracking, and Quality Measures

The American Heart Hospital Journal ◽

10.15420/ahhj.2011.9.2.99 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 99

Author(s):

Alex J Auseon ◽

Albert J Kolibash ◽

◽

Keyword(s):

Ohio State University ◽

Training Data ◽

State University ◽

Training Requirements ◽

Healthcare Environment ◽

Medical Centers ◽

Work Hour ◽

The Ohio State University ◽

Data Tracking

Background:Educating trainees during cardiology fellowship is a process in constant evolution, with program directors regularly adapting to increasing demands and regulations as they strive to prepare graduates for practice in todays healthcare environment.Methods and Results:In a 10-year follow-up to a previous manuscript regarding fellowship education, we reviewed the literature regarding the most topical issues facing training programs in 2010, describing our approach at The Ohio State University.Conclusion:In the midst of challenges posed by the increasing complexity of training requirements and documentation, work hour restrictions, and the new definitions of quality and safety, we propose methods of curricula revision and collaboration that may serve as an example to other medical centers.

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