Kentucky Wealth at the End of the Eighteenth Century

1983 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Soltow
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Relative Inequality ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Real Wealth

The Kentucky tax lists from 1800 to 1860 permit a study of both the trend in per capita wealth and the change in the relative distribution of wealth in this strategic state from the time of its inception to the Civil War. Real wealth per capita is judged to have increased 2.4 percent a year from 1800 to 1840, and 2.8 percent from 1840 to 1860. Relative inequality remained roughly constant, with the Gini coefficient .80 in both 1800 and 1860 for adult free males. The number of properties held by various individuals was surprisingly unequal in distribution in 1800 and 1820.

Inequality and COVID-19 Deaths and Cases in the First Wave, a Cross-Country Analysis Economic

2020 ◽  
Vol COVID-19 ◽  
pp. e2020157
Author(s):  
James B. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
The United States ◽  
Significant Positive Effect ◽  
Poverty Measure ◽  
Full Sample ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Positive Effect

The cross-country relationship of COVID-19 case and death rates with previously measured income inequality and poverty in the pandemic’s first wave is studied, controlling for other underlying factors, in a worldwide sample of countries. If the estimated associations are interpreted as causal, the Gini coefficient for income has a significant positive effect on both cases and deaths per capita in regressions using the full sample, and for cases although not for deaths when OECD and non-OECD subsamples are treated separately. The Gini coefficient for wealth has a significant positive effect on cases, but not on deaths, in both subsamples and the full sample. Poverty generally has weak positive effects in the full and non-OECD samples, but a relative poverty measure has a strong positive effect on cases in the OECD sample. Analysis of the gap between COVID-19 first-wave cases and deaths per capita in Canada and the higher rates in the United States indicates that 37% of the cases gap and 28% of the deaths gap could be attributed to the higher income Gini in the U.S. according to the full sample regressions.

scholarly journals INEQUALITIES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS OF FARMERS IN POLAND

2019 ◽  
Vol XXI (4) ◽  
pp. 394-402
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Raczkowska ◽  
Kinga Gruziel
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Per Capita

The purpose of the study was to identify and assess the level of income inequality in farm households. The research methods applied were literature studies and analysis of statistical data provided by the Central Statistical Office for the period 2012-2017. The subject of the study was the disposable income of a farm household per capita. A research hypothesis was adopted whereby, over the years 2010-2017, a systematic increase in income inequality in farm households took place. It was found that during the analysed years, there was an increase in disposable income per capita in farm households. When assessing the level of income inequality in this group of households, a decrease in income stratification measured by the level of the Gini coefficient, by the Schutz-Pietra measure, was noticed, although these changes were very small. Comparing the level of the Gini coefficient among all groups of households distinguished with regard to the main source of income, it was the group of farms that was characterised by the highest level of income inequality. In addition, income inequalities among farmers were characterised by the highest variation compared to other professional groups. This situation may be caused by the nature of farm income, which is conditioned, among others, by the size and productivity of the farm, its degree of specialisation, as well as weather conditions.

scholarly journals The Impact of Centralization of Obstetric Care Resources in Japan on the Perinatal Mortality Rate

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Sudo ◽  
Yoshiki Kuroda
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Obstetric Care ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Perinatal Mortality Rate ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Objective. We investigated the effects of the centralization of obstetricians and obstetric care facilities on the perinatal mortality rate in Japan. Methods. We used the Gini coefficient as an index to represent the centralization of obstetricians and obstetric care facilities. The Gini coefficients were calculated for the number of obstetricians and obstetric care facilities of 47 prefectures using secondary medical care zones as units. To measure the effects of the centralization of obstetricians and obstetric care facilities on the outcomes (perinatal mortality rates), we performed multiple regression analysis using the perinatal mortality rate as the dependent variable. Results. Obstetric care facilities were more evenly distributed than obstetricians. The perinatal mortality rate was found to be significantly negatively correlated with the number of obstetricians per capita and the Gini coefficient of obstetric care facilities. The latter had a slightly stronger effect on the perinatal mortality rate. Conclusion. The centralization of obstetric care facilities can improve the perinatal mortality rate, even when increasing the number of obstetricians is difficult.

scholarly journals Changes in Consumer Food Preferences in EU Countries from 2001-2013

2017 ◽  
Vol 17(32) (4) ◽  
pp. 161-171
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Koszela ◽  
Luiza Ochnio
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Synthetic Rate ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Time Periods

This paper attempts to rank EU countries according to changes in consumer food preferences between 2001 and 2013. The size of these changes was determined using a synthetic rate created for this purpose. This rate was intended to accommodate changes in consumption levels in 9 product groups per capita. It turns out that we may use the greatest possible measure of the structure’s dissimilarity as an analogy to the Gini coefficient, to express this rate. Using the “ar” measure to compare structures of food consumption in two separate three-year time periods for each country, scientists may rank and group the countries according to the value of changes in consumer food preferences.

scholarly journals How do mean division shares affect growth and development

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 525-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Shao
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Income Share ◽  
Lorenz Curves ◽  
Growth Outcomes ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Household Disposable Income ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Capita

The Gini coefficient is widely used in academia to discuss how income inequality affects development and growth. However, different Lorenz curves may provide different development and growth outcomes while still leading to the same Gini coefficient. This paper studies the development effects of ?mean division shares?, i.e., the share of income (mean income share) held by people whose household disposable income per capita is below the mean income and the share of the population (mean population share) with this income, using panel data. Our analysis explores how this income share and population share impact development and growth. It shows that the income and population shares affect growth in significantly different ways and that an analysis of these metrics provides substantial value compared to that of the Gini coefficient.

Part I: Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilman Rodenhäuser
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Basic Principle ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Laws Of War ◽  
Connected Group ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Contemporary Practice

Analysing the development of the concept of non-state parties to an armed conflict from the writings of philosophers in the eighteenth century through international humanitarian law (IHL) treaty law to contemporary practice, three threads can be identified. First, as pointed out by Rousseau almost two and a half centuries ago, one basic principle underlying the laws of war is that war is not a relation between men but between entities. Accordingly, the lawful objective of parties cannot be to harm opponents as individuals but only to overcome the entity for which the individual fights. This necessitates that any party to an armed conflict is a collective, organized entity and not a loosely connected group of individuals. Second, de Vattel already stressed that civil war is fought between two parties who ‘acknowledge no common judge’ and have no ‘common superior’ on earth....

scholarly journals Do Military Expenditure and Conflict Affect Economic Growth in Sri Lanka? Evidence from the ARDL Bounds Test Approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Abdul Rasheed Sithy Jesmy ◽  
Mohd Zaini Abd Karim ◽  
Shri Dewi Applanaidu
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Military Expenditure ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Bounds Test

Conflicts in the form of civil war, ethnic tensions and political discord are of enduring concern and a major bottleneck to economic development in Sri Lanka. Three decades of civil war and unethical political culture have caused severe economic problems for the country, including slower rate of growth and a huge defence expenditure. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of military expenditure and conflict on per capita GDP growth rate in Sri Lanka from 1973 to 2014 using the Solow growth model and ARDL bounds test approach. The results of the bounds test are highly significant and lead to cointegration. The negative and significant coefficients of the error correction term illustrate the expected convergence process in the long-run dynamic of per capita GDP. The estimated empirical results show that, the coefficients of military expenditure and conflict are negative and statistically significant in the short-run as well as in the long-run in determining per capita GDP growth rate in Sri Lanka. Hence, it is critically important to take necessary action to decrease military expenditure and provide an efficient political solution to the problem of minorities, specifically in the post-war period.

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