scholarly journals The Role of Shear Heating in the Dynamics of Large Ice Masses

1979 ◽  
Vol 24 (90) ◽  
pp. 195-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Yuen ◽  
Gerald Schubert

Abstract Self-consistent, steady, one-dimensional, subsolidus creep models of temperature and velocity are calculated for constant-thickness ice sheets sliding down a bed of constant slope under their own weight. Surface velocities of meters per year together with ice thicknesses of hundreds of meters can be realized by models wherein no melting occurs only if the activation energy for shear deformation E* is relatively small; a value of E* of about 60.7 kJ/mol (14.5 kcal/mol) is satisfactory, but an activation energy twice as large is not. Models which satisfy these constraints always lie close to the critical point which separates subcritical solutions (surface velocity u0 and basal temperature T b increase with ice thickness h) from supercritical ones (u0 T b decrease with h). All steady states, whether subcritical or supercritical, are stable to perturbations of infinitesimal amplitude. However these ice layers are vulnerable to finite-amplitude frictional-heating instability which may be caused, for example, by sudden increases of glacier thickness. The superexponential growth-rates of such finite-amplitude instabilities may be responsible for the disintegration of large ice sheets in short periods of time. On a calculé pour la température et la vitesse des modèles de fluage cohérents, stables, uni-dimensionnels, quasi-solides pour une épaisseur constante de glace glissant sur un lit de pente constante sous l’effet de son propre poids. Des vitesses de surface de quelques mètres par an liées à des épaisscurs de glace de quelques centaines de mètres ne peuvent être réalisées par des modèles sans fusion que si l’énergie d’activation pour la déformation par cisaillement E* est relativement faible. Une valeur de E* d’environ 60,7 kJ/mol (14,5 kcal/mol) est satisfaisante mais une énergie d’activation double ne l’est pas. Les modéles qui satisfont à ces contraintes demeurent trés proches du point critique qui sépare les solutions sous-critiques (la vitesse de surface u 0 et la température à la base T b croissent avec l’épaisseur de glace h) des solutions sur-critiques (u 0, T b décroissent avec h). Tous les états d’équilibre, sous-critiques ou sur-critiques sont stables pour des perturbations d’amplitude infinitésimale. Cependant, ces niveaux de glace sont vulnérables à l’instabilité par réchauffement de frottement d’amplitude finie, qui peut provoquer, par exemple, un acroissement subit de l’épaisseur des glaciers. La vitesse de croissance superexponentielle de telles instabilités d’amplitude finie peut être responsable de la désintégration de grandes calottes glaciaires en de courtes périodes de temps. Für Eisdecken mit konstanter Dicke, die über ein Bett mit konstanter Neigung unter ihrem eigenen Gewicht herabgleiten, werden in sich abgeschlossene, stetige, eindimensionale Kriechmodelle der Temperatur und Geschwindigkeit berechnet. Oberflächengeschwindigkeiten von einigen Metern pro Jahr zusammen mit Eisdicken von mehreren hundert Metern können durch Modelle erfasst werden, in denen keine Abschmelzung auftritt, wenn nur die Aktivationsenergie für die Scherdeformation E* relativ klein ist; ein Wert E* von etwa 60,7 kJ/mol (14,5 kcal/mol) erfüllt diese Bedingung, eine doppelt so grosse Aktivationsenergie dagegen nicht. Modelle, die solchen Einschränkungen genügen, liegen immer nahe dem kritischen Punkt, der unterkritische Lösungen (Oberflächengeschwindigkeit u0 und Temperatur am Untergrund T b wachsen mit der Eisdicke h) von überkritischen (u0, T b nehmen mit h ab) trennt. Alle stationären Zustände, gleichgültig ob unter- oder überkritisch, sind stabil gegenüber Störungen mit infinitesimaler Amplitude. Jedoch können diese Eisschichten von Instabilitäten infolge Reibungswärme mit finiter Amplitude betroffen werden, die zum Beispiel durch eine plötzliche Zunahme der Gletscherdicke verursacht werden können. Die überexponentiellen Anstiegsraten solcher Instabilitäten mit finiten Amplituden könnten der Grund für die Auflösung grosser Eisschilde in kurzen Zeitspannen sein.

1979 ◽  
Vol 24 (90) ◽  
pp. 195-212
Author(s):  
David A. Yuen ◽  
Gerald Schubert

AbstractSelf-consistent, steady, one-dimensional, subsolidus creep models of temperature and velocity are calculated for constant-thickness ice sheets sliding down a bed of constant slope under their own weight. Surface velocities of meters per year together with ice thicknesses of hundreds of meters can be realized by models wherein no melting occurs only if the activation energy for shear deformation E* is relatively small; a value of E* of about 60.7 kJ/mol (14.5 kcal/mol) is satisfactory, but an activation energy twice as large is not. Models which satisfy these constraints always lie close to the critical point which separates subcritical solutions (surface velocity u0 and basal temperature Tb increase with ice thickness h) from supercritical ones (u0Tb decrease with h). All steady states, whether subcritical or supercritical, are stable to perturbations of infinitesimal amplitude. However these ice layers are vulnerable to finite-amplitude frictional-heating instability which may be caused, for example, by sudden increases of glacier thickness. The superexponential growth-rates of such finite-amplitude instabilities may be responsible for the disintegration of large ice sheets in short periods of time.On a calculé pour la température et la vitesse des modèles de fluage cohérents, stables, uni-dimensionnels, quasi-solides pour une épaisseur constante de glace glissant sur un lit de pente constante sous l’effet de son propre poids. Des vitesses de surface de quelques mètres par an liées à des épaisscurs de glace de quelques centaines de mètres ne peuvent être réalisées par des modèles sans fusion que si l’énergie d’activation pour la déformation par cisaillement E* est relativement faible. Une valeur de E* d’environ 60,7 kJ/mol (14,5 kcal/mol) est satisfaisante mais une énergie d’activation double ne l’est pas. Les modéles qui satisfont à ces contraintes demeurent trés proches du point critique qui sépare les solutions sous-critiques (la vitesse de surface u0 et la température à la base Tb croissent avec l’épaisseur de glace h) des solutions sur-critiques (u0, Tb décroissent avec h). Tous les états d’équilibre, sous-critiques ou sur-critiques sont stables pour des perturbations d’amplitude infinitésimale. Cependant, ces niveaux de glace sont vulnérables à l’instabilité par réchauffement de frottement d’amplitude finie, qui peut provoquer, par exemple, un acroissement subit de l’épaisseur des glaciers. La vitesse de croissance superexponentielle de telles instabilités d’amplitude finie peut être responsable de la désintégration de grandes calottes glaciaires en de courtes périodes de temps.Für Eisdecken mit konstanter Dicke, die über ein Bett mit konstanter Neigung unter ihrem eigenen Gewicht herabgleiten, werden in sich abgeschlossene, stetige, eindimensionale Kriechmodelle der Temperatur und Geschwindigkeit berechnet. Oberflächengeschwindigkeiten von einigen Metern pro Jahr zusammen mit Eisdicken von mehreren hundert Metern können durch Modelle erfasst werden, in denen keine Abschmelzung auftritt, wenn nur die Aktivationsenergie für die Scherdeformation E* relativ klein ist; ein Wert E* von etwa 60,7 kJ/mol (14,5 kcal/mol) erfüllt diese Bedingung, eine doppelt so grosse Aktivationsenergie dagegen nicht. Modelle, die solchen Einschränkungen genügen, liegen immer nahe dem kritischen Punkt, der unterkritische Lösungen (Oberflächengeschwindigkeit u0 und Temperatur am Untergrund Tb wachsen mit der Eisdicke h) von überkritischen (u0, Tb nehmen mit h ab) trennt. Alle stationären Zustände, gleichgültig ob unter- oder überkritisch, sind stabil gegenüber Störungen mit infinitesimaler Amplitude. Jedoch können diese Eisschichten von Instabilitäten infolge Reibungswärme mit finiter Amplitude betroffen werden, die zum Beispiel durch eine plötzliche Zunahme der Gletscherdicke verursacht werden können. Die überexponentiellen Anstiegsraten solcher Instabilitäten mit finiten Amplituden könnten der Grund für die Auflösung grosser Eisschilde in kurzen Zeitspannen sein.


1967 ◽  
Vol 6 (46) ◽  
pp. 561-564
Author(s):  
Norikazu Maeno ◽  
Daisuke Kuroiwa

RésuméObservations have been made of the modification produced by a temperature gradient in the shape of air bubbles in natural snow crystals, and also of the shrinkage of the bubbles with time. The rate of shrinkage is governed by a constant which is strongly temperature dependent with an activation energy of about 15.1 kcal./mole, a value sufficiently similar to the activation energy for diffusion of tritium, dielectric relaxation and mechanical relaxation to suggest that atomic diffusion processes may be responsible for all of these phenomena.


1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1462-1468 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Blake ◽  
K. O. Kutschke

The pyrolysis of di-t-butyl peroxide has been reinvestigated and used as a source of methyl radicals to study the abstraction reaction between methyl radicals and formaldehyde. At low [HCHO]/[peroxide] ratios the system was simple enough for kinetic analysis, and a value of 6.6 kcal/mole was obtained for the activation energy. At higher [HCHO]/[peroxide] ratios the system became very complicated, possibly due to the increased importance of addition reactions.


Hydrology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Evangelos Rozos ◽  
Panayiotis Dimitriadis ◽  
Katerina Mazi ◽  
Spyridon Lykoudis ◽  
Antonis Koussis

Image velocimetry is a popular remote sensing method mainly because of the very modest cost of the necessary equipment. However, image velocimetry methods employ parameters that require high expertise to select appropriate values in order to obtain accurate surface flow velocity estimations. This introduces considerations regarding the subjectivity introduced in the definition of the parameter values and its impact on the estimated surface velocity. Alternatively, a statistical approach can be employed instead of directly selecting a value for each image velocimetry parameter. First, probability distribution should be defined for each model parameter, and then Monte Carlo simulations should be employed. In this paper, we demonstrate how this statistical approach can be used to simultaneously produce the confidence intervals of the estimated surface velocity, reduce the uncertainty of some parameters (more specifically, the size of the interrogation area), and reduce the subjectivity. Since image velocimetry algorithms are CPU-intensive, an alternative random number generator that allows obtaining the confidence intervals with a limited number of iterations is suggested. The case study indicated that if the statistical approach is applied diligently, one can achieve the previously mentioned threefold objective.


2020 ◽  
pp. 174751982094835
Author(s):  
Xiao-Lin Qiu ◽  
Qing-Feng Zhang

The acidic hydrolysis of astilbin to produce its aglycone, taxifolin, was investigated in this study. The effects of aq. HCl concentration and temperature on the reaction were studied, and the kinetic parameters were calculated. The results showed that with higher aq. HCl concentration and temperature, the hydrolysis of astilbin became faster. The activation energy of the hydrolysis reaction under 1 mol L−1 aq. HCl was calculated with a value of 148.6 kJ mol−1. The reaction was successfully applied to produce taxifolin from a sample of Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae. A simple method for the purification of taxifolin from Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae was developed with purity of 97.5%.


Nitrous oxide decomposes to nitrogen and oxygen at velocities which can be conveniently measured at temperatures between 600° and 850° C. M. A. Hunter investigated the reaction by streaming the gas through a porcelain bulb in a furnace and measuring the decomposition for different times of passage. No attempt was made to determine whether the reaction is homogeneous or heterogeneous. The effect of wide variation of pressure was not used to determine its order, since the reaction was followed only over small ranges of decomposition at atmospheric pressure. From the velocity of decomposition, however, bimolecular constants were obtained which could be represented by the equation: ln k = 24·12 - 31800/T, where k is the bimolecular velocity constant and T the absolute temperature. If this equation holds, the activation energy of the bimolecular reaction is 62,040 cal./gm. mol. A much more thorough examination of the reaction was made by Hinshelwood and Burk, who measured the rate of reaction by following the pressure increase at constant volume in a silica bulb. The reaction was proved to be homogeneous. The initial pressure was varied between 50 and 500 mm. Hg, and it was found that the reciprocal of the half-lives when plotted against the initial pressures gave a straight line. true bimolecular reaction requires the straight line 1/ t ½ = ka , where t ½ is the half-line, and k the velocity constant, and a the initial concentration. The line through the experimental points showed a small intercept on the 1/ t ½ axis for which no explanation was offered at the time. From the variation of the bimolecular constants between 565° and 852° C. the activation energy of the reaction was calculated to be 58,450 cal./gm. mol. If the reaction were a bimolecular one dependent on immediate decomposition at each activating collision of the molecules the number of molecules reacting per second should be equal to Z x e -E/RT , where Z is the number of molecules colliding per second and E is the activation energy. From the observed rate of reaction at 1000° K. a value of 55,000 cal./gm. mol. was found for the activation energy. The fairly close agreement between the two values of the activation energy, 58,450 and 55,000 cal./gm. mol. and the manner in which the half-life varied with pressure provided good grounds for believing the reaction to be a simple bimolecular one, dependent only on collisions between the molecules.


2005 ◽  
Vol 108-109 ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Murphy ◽  
A. Giannattasio ◽  
Charles R. Alpass ◽  
Semih Senkader ◽  
Robert J. Falster ◽  
...  

Dislocation locking by nitrogen impurities has been investigated in float-zone silicon with nitrogen concentrations of 2.2 x 1015cm-3 and 3 x 1014cm-3. The stress required to unlock dislocations pinned by nitrogen impurities was measured as a function of annealing time (0 to 2500 hours) and temperature (550 to 830°C). For all conditions investigated the locking effect was found to increase linearly with annealing time before saturating. It is assumed that the rate of increase of unlocking stress with annealing time is a measure of transport of nitrogen to the dislocation core. This rate of increase was found to depend linearly on nitrogen concentration, which is consistent with transport by a dimeric species, whose activation energy for diffusion is approximately 1.4eV. The saturation unlocking stress has been found to be dependent on the nitrogen concentration. Additionally, the temperature dependence of the stress required to move dislocations immobilised by nitrogen impurities has been studied. By assuming a value for the binding energy of the nitrogen to the dislocation, the density of the locking species at the dislocation core has been calculated.


2008 ◽  
Vol 604-605 ◽  
pp. 212-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Spigarelli ◽  
Mohamad El Mehtedi ◽  
P. Ricci

The high temperature workability of the ZEK200 Mg-alloy produced by Direct Chill casting (DC) was investigated by torsion testing between 200 and 450°C. The alloy exhibited a higher strength and a slightly lower equivalent strain to fracture than AZ31 and ZM21 produced by DC. The calculation of the constitutive equation gave a value of the activation energy for high temperature deformation close to 175 kJ/mol, in line with those calculated by following the same procedure in AZ31 and ZM21. Partial or complete recrystallization of the deformed structure was observed at 350 and 400°C respectively. Grain growth occurred after recrystallization in the samples tested at 450°C.


1980 ◽  
Vol 25 (93) ◽  
pp. 457-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Moran ◽  
Lee Clayton ◽  
R. Leb Hooke ◽  
M.M Fenton ◽  
L.D. Andriashek

AbstractTwo major types of terrain that formed at or near the bed of Pleistocene continental ice sheets are widespread throughout the prairie region of Canada and the United States. These are (1) glacial-thrust blocks and source depressions, and (2) streamlined terrain.Glacial-thrust terrain formed where the glacier was frozen to the substrate and where elevated pore-pressure decreased the shear strength of the substrate to a value less than that applied by the glacier. The marginal zone of ice sheets consisted of a frozen-bed zone, no more than 2–3 km wide in places, within which glacial-thrust blocks are large and angular. Up-glacier from this zone, the thrust blocks are generally smaller and smoothed. Streamlined terrain begins 2–3 km behind known ice-margin positions and extends tens of kilometres up-glacier Streamlined terrain formed in two ways: (1) erosion of the substrate as a consequence of basal sliding in the sub-marginal thawed-bed zone, and (2) erosional smoothing accompanied by emplacement of till in the lee of thrust blocks where they were deposited and subsequently exposed to thawed-bed conditions as a result of further advance of the glacier.


Although the existence as well as some of the properties of adsorbed films of alkali and alkali earth metals on metals of higher work function have long been known, it is only recently that these films have been shown to be capable of migrating over the surface of the adsorbent, and that attempts have been made to measure diffusion coefficients and the activation energy associated with the diffusion. Langmuir and Taylor, investigating the properties of cæsium films, found it necessary to postulate that the cæsium was mobile in order to account for the high value (α ≅ 1.0) for the condensation coefficient on quite concentrated films. Later they were able to make a direct measurement of the diffusion coefficient. They obtained a value of D at 812° K of 3.4 x 10 -5 cm 2 secs -1 , and an activation energy of 0.61 volt. Langmuir has also shown that cæsium films exist in two phases and has measured the diffusion coefficient by following the movement of the boundary between these two phases.


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