scholarly journals The Quantity of Melt Water in the Marble Point–Gneiss Point Area McMurdo Sound, Antarctica

1968 ◽  
Vol 7 (50) ◽  
pp. 313-320
Author(s):  
John R. Davis ◽  
Robert L. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Active Zone ◽  
Mcmurdo Sound ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Seasonal Discharge ◽  
Snow And Ice

Among the important factors in the formation of melt water are: (1) The air and soil temperatures. (2) The presence or absence of debris on snow and ice. (3) The surface gradients of the glaciers. These gradients determine the areas of snow and ice in the zone where melting can occur as well as the amount of insolation. (4.) The orientation of snow and ice slopes. In general, in the Southern Hemisphere north-facing slopes receive more insolation than south-facing slopes. The main source of the melt water is Wilson Piedmont Glacier, and the snowdrift-ice slabs are next in importance. The seasonal snowfall is not an important source, nor is the ice in the active zone. As no rain has ever been reported, all run-off is melt water. The seasonal discharge of the Surko and Scheuren Rivers was roughly measured in 1957–58. It was found to be approximately 13 m3 s−1 d for the Surko River and approximately 19 m3 s−1 d for the Scheuren River, and it seems likely that the total seasonal discharge of all streams in the area was not far from 50 m3 s−1 d.

scholarly journals The Quantity of Melt Water in the Marble Point–Gneiss Point Area McMurdo Sound, Antarctica

1968 ◽  
Vol 7 (50) ◽  
pp. 313-320
Author(s):  
John R. Davis ◽  
Robert L. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Active Zone ◽  
Mcmurdo Sound ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Seasonal Discharge ◽  
Snow And Ice

Among the important factors in the formation of melt water are: (1) The air and soil temperatures. (2) The presence or absence of debris on snow and ice. (3) The surface gradients of the glaciers. These gradients determine the areas of snow and ice in the zone where melting can occur as well as the amount of insolation. (4.) The orientation of snow and ice slopes. In general, in the Southern Hemisphere north-facing slopes receive more insolation than south-facing slopes.The main source of the melt water is Wilson Piedmont Glacier, and the snowdrift-ice slabs are next in importance. The seasonal snowfall is not an important source, nor is the ice in the active zone. As no rain has ever been reported, all run-off is melt water.The seasonal discharge of the Surko and Scheuren Rivers was roughly measured in 1957–58. It was found to be approximately 13 m3 s−1 d for the Surko River and approximately 19 m3 s−1 d for the Scheuren River, and it seems likely that the total seasonal discharge of all streams in the area was not far from 50 m3 s−1 d.

scholarly journals Short-Term Forecasting of Water Run-Off From Snow and Ice

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (81) ◽  
pp. 571-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Colbeck
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Stream Network ◽  
Hydrological Characteristics ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Scarce Water ◽  
Hydrologic System ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Short Term Forecasting ◽  
Snow And Ice

AbstractAccurate forecasting of water run-off from snow covers and glaciers is increasingly important because of the increasing competition for scarce water resources. The trend toward conceptual computerized models of hydrologic system, require extensive knowledge of the physical aspects of those systems. Unlike river and stream network>, the hydrological characteristics of snow coven and glaciers are highly variable with time and cannot be easily defined. After reviewing the physical aspects of water flow through snow covers and glaciers, it is concluded that snow covers and glaciers are predictable hydrological systems once the melt metamorphism of the snow is complete and the englacial conduits have been established. However, much additional information about snow and ice masses must be generated before general forecasting techniques can be established for all situations.

scholarly journals Soil Temperatures, Marble Point, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica

1964 ◽  
Vol 5 (39) ◽  
pp. 357-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Nichols ◽  
Donald G. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Mcmurdo Sound ◽  
Soil Temperatures

scholarly journals Main Results of Mapping Glacio-Nival Systems in the World Atlas of Snow and Ice Resources

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
Vladimir M. Kotlyakov ◽  
Natalia N. Dreyer ◽  
Valentina I. Kravtsova
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Snow Storage ◽  
Surface Ablation ◽  
Run Off ◽  
The World ◽  
Complementary Nature ◽  
Liquid Precipitation ◽  
Ice Resources ◽  
Snow And Ice

The compilation of the Atlas was based on the concept of glacio-nival systems (and the fields of these systems), developed in the U.S.S.R. It became possible to map glacionival systems by using all available data and by the development of indirect methods of obtaining regime parameters, characterising the glacio-nival zones. This, in turn, made it possible to show, on maps of different scales, properties relating to glacio-nival phenomena and processes, such as air temperature in a glacierized zone, the amount of solid and liquid precipitation, snow storage, the accumulation and surface ablation of glaciers and melt run-off. The compilation of these maps has demonstrated their conformity and complementary nature, the principles of which were worked out in the course of creating the Atlas. Based on the experience of compiling hundreds of various maps, the paper describes some peculiarities of depicting different elements of glacio-nival systems on maps of different scales and shows ways to overcome shortages of data in preparing the maps.

scholarly journals Field Observations and Experimental and Theoretical Studies on the Superimposed Ice of McCall Glacier, Alaska

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (74) ◽  
pp. 135-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gorow Wakahama ◽  
Daisuke Kuroiwa ◽  
Tatsuo Hasemi ◽  
Carl S. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Initial Temperature ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Snow Melting ◽  
Initial Temperature Distribution ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Melt Water

AbstractThe formation of superimposed ice in the accumulation area of sub-polar glaciers plays an important role in the heat and mass balance of the glaciers. In order to study the process of superimposed ice formation in detail, field observations were conducted on McCall Glacier, a sub-polar glacier in Arctic Alaska. It was found that the approximate thickness of superimposed ice formed in a whole summer was 20 cm in the upper region and 30—40 cm in the lower region of the accumulation area of the glacier. This difference in thickness may be attributed to the difference in the temperature of the underlying ice and the rate of supply of melt water. The ratio of the amount of superimposed ice formed in the accumulation area from May to July in 1972 to the total amount of melt was determined. Approximately 50% of the total melt water was discharged from the glacier as run-off water, and the remainder contributed to the formation of superimposed ice.An experimental study on the artificial formation of superimposed ice was conducted in the cold laboratory to obtain the ratio of superimposed ice, that of run-off water, and that of free water suspended between snow grains, to the total amount of melt water produced in the snow. The ratios obtained in the laboratory experiment agree fairly well with those derived from the observational data on McCall Glacier.Numerical calculations were conducted to examine the relationship between the growth rate of superimposed ice, the rale of snow melting, the rate of discharge of excess melt-water, and the temperature of the underlying ice. Calculations were made in reference to both the laboratory experiment and the field observations on McCall Glacier. It was found that the predominant factors controlling the growth rate or the total amount of superimposed ice in a sub-polar glacier are the rate of supply of melt water to the snow-ice interface and the initial temperature distribution in the underlying ice. By using the present calculation, it may be possible to estimate the growth rate, the total amount of superimposed ice, and the ratio of superimposed ice to the total amount of melting in the accumulation area of any sub-polar glacier, if observational data on the initial temperature distribution in ice and the rate of snow melting at the snow surface are available.

scholarly journals Systematic Unequal Dissection of Opposing Valley Sides

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (103) ◽  
pp. 512-514
Author(s):  
Richard S. Liebling ◽  
Horst S. Scherp
Keyword(s):  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Long Period ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
Snow And Ice

AbstractIn the Nahoni Range of the northern Ogilvie Mountains, Yukon Territory, Canada, dissection channels are most markedly developed on valley sides facing the north and north-east. The extent of slope channelling is controlled by intensity of insolation and its influence on persistence of snow and ice. Upon the cooler north- and north-east-facing slopes, snow and ice remain well into midsummer; melt water is released over a long period and its discharge is restricted to narrow rivulets. In contrast, snow and ice on the warmer west- and south-facing slopes melt rapidly during the late spring months. The scree on these valley sides moves down-slope as a more or less uniform mass of water-saturated detritus.

scholarly journals The Glaciological Studies of the Baffin Island Expedition, 1950: Part IV: The Heat Exchange at the Surface of the Barnes Ice Cap During the Ablation Period

1953 ◽  
Vol 2 (13) ◽  
pp. 158-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Ward ◽  
S. Orvig
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Theoretical Estimate ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Baffin Island ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Atmospheric Heat

AbstractThe heat exchange takes place in two stages: (i) the atmospheric heat causes melting of the whole of the annual snow accumulation and leads to the formation of slush rivers; (ii) some of the melt water refreezes to form a new layer of ice superimposed on the original ice, which is warmed by the latent heat yielded to it. A theoretical estimate of the rate of formation of the superimposed ice, and of the temperature change in the original ice, is given, which agrees reasonably with the actual measurements. A rough measurement of the melt water run-off checks with the observations of ablation and superimposed ice. The total energy available for melting is estimated approximately from the meteorological observations; it underestimates the actual ablation. About 70 per cent of the total ablation energy (47 cm. water, total ablation) is disposed of as melt water that is discharged from the ice cap surface; the remainder goes as sensible heat to the low temperature ice.

Progress in the development of no-tillage systems for maize and soya beans in the tropics

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
D M Hayward ◽  
T L Wiles ◽  
G A Watson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Loss ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Moisture Retention ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Large Farms

Although, in the tropics, maize is largely peasant-grown while soya is produced on large-scale mechanized farms, traditional growing methods have imposed limitations common to both. With the no-tillage techniques now being developed in W Africa and S America, however, benefits from reduced run-off and soil loss, lower soil temperatures and improved moisture retention have raised yields and, with new equipment, promise better returns from both small and large farms.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation of Solute Concentration in Melt Waters Draining from an Alpine Glacier

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.N. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Alpine Glacier ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
Discharge Regime ◽  
Almost All

Electrical conductivity of melt waters draining from the portal of Gornergletscher, Switzerland, was recorded continuously for extended periods during the 1978‐79 hydrological year. Conductivity was used as a surrogate measure of the total dissolved solids concentration in melt water to describe the seasonal variation of solute, and its relation to discharge, in an attempt to use melt-water hydrochemistry as an indicator of the nature of subglacial processes within an alpine glacier. In winter, conductivity was 2 to 10 times higher than during the summer ablation season. and also showed considerable diurnal and annual variations independent of discharge. The transition from winter to summer discharge regime was preceded by falling solute concentration. A distribution shaped as a “triangle-with-spike” describes the complex relationship between discharge and electrical conductivity for the annual cycle of run-off. Almost all the solute load from beneath Gornergletscher is evacuated during summer. Melt-water hydrochemistry provides some insight into the nature of sub-glacial chemical processes, but, since melt waters do not appear to have access to all areas of the glacier bed, it probably under-estimates total chemical activity.

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