The In Vitro Action of Immune Serum on the Juveniles of the Nematode, Oesophagostomum columbianum (Curtice, 1890) Stossich, 1899

1968 ◽  
Vol 42 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Dhar ◽  
Kunwar Suresh Singh
Keyword(s):  
Immune Serum ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Oesophagostomum Columbianum ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. A precipitate was formed at the oral opening, excretory pore and anal opening of the fourth stage juveniles of O. columbianum in the presence of immune serum in vitro, causing their immobilisation and subsequent death in large numbers. The precipitates failed to appear on these juveniles in normal serum or in saline; nor did they appear on the third stage juveniles on incubation in immune sera. Apparently the excretory-secretory products of the fourth stage juveniles of O. columbianum serve as antigen and play an important role in the stimulation of antibodies in the host.2. Inactivation of the immune serum did not destroy the precipitin type of antibody, nor was it affected when the immune animals had been treated with cortisone.3. Immune serum from animals receiving multiple infections showed a higher antibody titre.4. The possible way in which the antibody acts on the fourth stage juveniles, causing their immobilisation and subsequent death, is discussed.

The in vitro action of immune pig serum on second - and third-stage Ascaris suum larvae

Parasitology ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 327-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. Taffs
Keyword(s):  
Excretory Pore ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Antigenic Material ◽  
Pig Serum

Third and artificially hatched second-stage larvae of A. suum were exposed to the action of saline and normal and homologous immune pig serum. Precipitates developed at the mouth, excretory pore, anus and around the cuticle of third-stage larvae when they were placed in immune pig serum, but not in saline or normal serum. Precipitate was most evident at the excretory pore and was often the first precipitate to form. It is suggested that the excretory products may play an important role in stimulating the production of antibody in the host. A relationship was noted between the antibody titre of the serum and the amount of precipitate, the life span of the larvae, their activity, and the rate at which precipitates formed. It is concluded that the titre of the serum was in some degree a measure of the ability of the host to resist reinfection.Circumlarval precipitates did not form when second-stage larvae were placed in samples of the same immune serum. It is pointed out that this may be due to the lack of sufficient antigenic material available to react with antibody in the antisera. It is also suggested that an absence of sufficient larval antigen may also partly account for the small degree of resistance exhibited by the resistant host within the first 2 or 3 days of reinfection.The work, which is abstracted from a Ph.D. thesis, was carried out in 1957 under the tenure of an Animal Health Trust Wellcome Fellowship. I am grateful to Dr Soulsby, under whose guidance this work was carried out.

Studies on resistance in calves to experimental infection with the nodular worm, Oesophagostomum radiatum (Rudolphi, 1803). III. The stimulation of resistance by multiple infections with larval stages

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 707 ◽  
Author(s):  
RK Keith
Keyword(s):  
Test Dose ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Lower Weight ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Stimulation Of

Observations are reported on the influence of multiple infections with larval stages of Oesophagostomum radiatum on the stimulation of resistance in calves to reinfection with this parasite. Calves were given spaced doses of infective larvae, and the resulting infections were terminated in the early fourth stage by treatment with an anthelmintic. The egg counts, numbers of adult worms recovered at necropsy, and the pathological changes observed in the intestine subsequent to a test dose indicated that the reinfected calves had developed a high degree of resistance. The reinfected calves made significantly lower weight gains than uninfected control calves during the period of exposure to the larval infections. The results suggest that the immunogenic products of adult worms, and of third stage or early fourth stage larvae, are qualitatively similar.

scholarly journals Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematode: Metastrongiloidea): In Vitro Cultivation of Infective Third-Stage Larvae to Fourth-Stage Larvae

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. e72084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong-Jyh Lin ◽  
Jie-Wen He ◽  
Li-Yu Chung ◽  
June-Der Lee ◽  
Jiun-Jye Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiostrongylus Cantonensis ◽  
In Vitro Cultivation ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Third Stage

In vitro development of cyathostomin larvae from the third stage larvae to the fourth stage: morphologic characterization, effects of refrigeration, and species-specific patterns

2009 ◽  
Vol 163 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Brianti ◽  
Salvatore Giannetto ◽  
Donato Traversa ◽  
Sharon R. Chirgwin ◽  
Krishna Shakya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Stage ◽  
In Vitro Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Vitro Development

The parasitic life-cycle of the swine kidney worm Stephanurus dentatus Diesing

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
AH Waddall
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Migratory Behaviour ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Parasitic Life Cycle ◽  
Patent Infection ◽  
Swine Kidney ◽  
Small And Large Intestine

Third-stage larvae of S. dentatus exsheath in and invade the tissues of a variety of animals. After oral infection of guinea pigs and pigs, third-stage larvae migrate principally from the small and large intestine via the portal blood, mesenteric lymphatics, and, to a lesser degree, the peritoneal cavity. Large numbers of larvae invade the liver, and it was shown that some larvae can escape from the liver and lungs. After infection via the skin, third-stage larvae migrate mainly to the lungs. There was evidence that some larvae undertake a tracheal migration from the lungs and subsequently penetrate the digestive tract. The third moult occurs in a variety of tissues, and by using transplantation techniques, it was shown that fourth-stage larvae are capable of extensive migration. The liver is the most suitable organ for the development of fourth-stage larvae and immature adult worms. The migratory behaviour of mature adult worms was studied by transplanting adult worms into the peritoneal cavity. One patent infection was established using this technique, but it appeared that most worms migrated randomly throughout the carcass.

A preliminary proteomic survey of thein vitroexcretory/secretory products of fourth-stage larval and adultTeladorsagia circumcincta

Parasitology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. CRAIG ◽  
J. M. WASTLING ◽  
D. P. KNOX
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Cysteine Proteinase ◽  
Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Peptide Mass ◽  
Secretory Products

The nature of the proteins which comprise thein vitroexcretory/secretory products (ES) of the fourth-stage larva (L4) and adultTeladorsagia circumcinctaare largely undefined, despite the fact that this nematode induces profound changes, in part related to parasite ES, in the cellular architecture of the glands lining the abomasal surface of infected sheep and goats. In this study, the protein components of L4 and adult ES were fractionated using 1D gel electrophoresis and the major protein bands, detected by Coomassie blue staining, excised from the gel and subjected to tryptic digest and subsequent mass spectrometric analysis. The resultant peptide mass fingerprints were used to identify 15 L4 and 13 adult ES proteins. Several proteins, such as globin and some metabolic enzymes, were present in both ES. L4 ES alone contained thioredoxin peroxidase, an enzyme that can detoxify free radicals resulting from host inflammatory responses to the parasite, a cysteine proteinase which may aid penetration of the gastric mucosa and 2 different galectins which may influence cell differentiation and morphogenesis. Adult ES contained a nucleoside diphosphate kinase homologue, an enzyme which has been linked to cellular changes and can affect liquid secretion and goblet cell degranulation.

scholarly journals Local circuit interactions in synchronization of cortical neurones

1984 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-178
Author(s):  
R. K. Wong ◽  
R. Miles ◽  
R. D. Traub
Keyword(s):  
Hippocampal Slice ◽  
Synaptic Inhibition ◽  
Afferent Pathway ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Local Circuit ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Recurrent Connections

Under certain circumstances large numbers of neurones in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) can discharge simultaneously. An example of such activity is recorded from a hippocampal slice in the presence of agents which block synaptic inhibition. This synchronized discharge occurs spontaneously in a rhythmic fashion or may be triggered by stimulation of any afferent pathway. Its generation appears to involve local circuit interactions. The favourable conditions offered by an in vitro preparation have allowed the cellular events during this activity to be examined in some detail. Three factors appear to be critically involved in the synchronization process. Firstly, the intrinsic ability of neurones to generate bursts, secondly, the existence of powerful recurrent excitatory connections, and thirdly the absence of inhibition which normally prevents the spread of bursting activity through the recurrent connections. Computer simulations show that in a sparsely connected network of bursting neurones activity initiated in a few cells may spread through recurrent connections until eventually the whole population discharges simultaneously. Rhythmic discharges similar to those described here also underly various CNS functions including centrally-originating motor patterns. It remains to be determined whether neuronal properties and connectivity found to be important in this hippocampal rhythm may also play a role in the generation of other rhythmic activities in the mammalian CNS.

Stimulation of thyroidal iodothyronine 5'-monodeiodinase by long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS)

1987 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sing-Yung Wu ◽  
R. Reggio ◽  
W. Florsheim ◽  
I. J. Chopra ◽  
D. H. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Detectable Change ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Mouse Thyroid

Abstract. To evaluate the effect of long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) on thyroid iodothyronine monodeiodinating activity, we have studied the in vitro conversion of T4 to T3 by mouse thyroid homogenate comparing tissue from LATS treated (0.1 ml LATS(+) serum, ip, for 3 days) with tissues from LATS(–) Graves' disease patients' serum or normal serum treated controls. Five out of seven LATS(+) sera were shown to stimulate the T4 5'-deiodinase significantly in mouse thyroid. There was no significant correlation between LATS titre and deiodinase activities in the different sera tested. To compare the effect of LATS and TSH (0.2 IU, ip daily), studies were carried out from 12 to 72 h. LATS had a similar latency of 12 h on the stimulation of thyroid deiodinase compared to TSH as reported earlier. However, the conversion activities reached a plateau by 12 h after LATS treatment, while it continued to rise upon daily TSH injection from 24 to 72 h. In addition, TSH caused a marked reduction of thyroid protein and an early peaking in serum T3 and T4 at 12 h, whereas LATS caused no detectable change in thyroid protein and a gradual rise in circulating T3 and T4. The kinetic analysis indicated that LATS-mediated stimulation of T4 5'-deiodinase was, similar to TSH, associated with an increase in maximum velocity (Vmax were 139, 208 and 505 pmol/mg protein/30 min respectively in control, LATS and TSH-treated animals) without a demonstrable change in the apparent Km (approximately 2.0 μm for T4). The present study demonstrated that some LATS-rich sera stimulate thyroid T4 to T3 conversion in mouse. It provides an insight into the mechanism of increased T3 secretion from Graves' thyroid glands.

Microscopical observations on immune precipitates formedin vitroon the surface of hymenolepid tapeworms

Parasitology ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Hoole ◽  
J. Andreassen ◽  
D. Birklund
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Culture Vessel ◽  
Serum Antibodies ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Hymenolepis Microstoma

SUMMARYFour-day-old worms of the tapewormsHymenolepis microstoma,H. diminutaandH. nanaand newly excystedH. microstomawere exposed in vitro at 37 °C to immune serum from mice infected for 4–1 2 weeks withH. microstoma. Worms were fixed for electron microscopy after intervals of 5 min to 96 h. Within 10–15 min an homogeneous precipitate occurred between the microtriches of 4-day-oldH. microstomaandH. nana, while on some areas ofH. microstomathe precipitate extended distal to the microthrix border and contained small vesicles (30 nm in diameter) and shed microtriches. InH. diminutaprecipitates were not found until 2 h post-incubation. The thickness of the precipitate and the number of small vesicles and shed microtriches increased with time after incubation. Since a similar precipitate occurred on worms kept in complement-depleted immune serum, antibodies alone may induce immune damage. The precipitate on newly excystedH. microstomalacked microthrix fragments. After 48 h an extensive precipitate was found protruding from the rostellar glands on someH. microstoma, and within the culture vessel. Antibodies may therefore be complexing with tapeworm secretory products.

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