scholarly journals Is routine disinfection efficient in preventing contamination with Toxocara canis eggs?

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.L. Ursache ◽  
V. Mircean ◽  
M. Dumitrache ◽  
S. Andrei ◽  
L. Ştefănuţ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate ◽  
Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride ◽  
Household Cleaning ◽  
Household Cleaning Products ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Great Public Health

Abstract Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782) is a zoonotic nematode commonly parasitizing dogs worldwide with great public health importance as the aetiological agent of human toxocariasis. In this respect, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of six disinfectant products commonly used in kennels, veterinary clinics and as household cleaning products on the embryogenesis and viability of T. canis eggs. The composition of active ingredients in these commercial disinfectants was sodium hypochlorite (A); a mix of N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-dodecylpropan-1.3-diamine and didecyldimethylammonium chloride (B); sodium dichloroisocyanurate dehydrate (C); a mix of glutaraldehyde, quaternary ammonium compounds, benzyl-c12-18-alkyldimethyl and chlorides (D); a mix of 2-propanol, ethanol, benzalkonium chloride and glucoprotamin (E); a mix of pentapotassium bis (peroxymonosulphate) bis (sulphate), sodium C10-13-alkylbenzenesulphonate, malic acid, sulphamidic acid, sodium toluenesulphonate, dipotassium peroxodisulphate and dipentene (F). After dilution, the tested disinfectants had the maximal concentration recommended by the manufacturer in order to achieve a biocidal effect. Each product was tested on approximately 10,000 T. canis eggs, having five different contact times (5, 10, 15, 30, 60 min). Three replicates were tested for each diluted disinfectant and for each contact time. After the treatment, eggs were washed and incubated in distilled water at 27 °C for 2 weeks. None of the tested products had a significant inhibitory effect on the embryogenesis and viability of T. canis eggs, regardless of the contact time. Moreover, after 2 weeks, in all tested samples, eggs containing motile infective larvae were identified, showing that routinely used disinfectants do not eliminate risk of infection by T. canis.

scholarly journals An Overview on the Potential Hazards of Pyrethroid Insecticides in Fish, with Special Emphasis on Cypermethrin Toxicity

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1880
Author(s):  
Mayada R. Farag ◽  
Mahmoud Alagawany ◽  
Rana M. Bilal ◽  
Ahmed G. A. Gewida ◽  
Kuldeep Dhama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Aquatic Weeds ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Great Public Health

Pesticides are chemicals used to control pests, such as aquatic weeds, insects, aquatic snails, and plant diseases. They are extensively used in forestry, agriculture, veterinary practices, and of great public health importance. Pesticides can be categorized according to their use into three major types (namely insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides). Water contamination by pesticides is known to induce harmful impacts on the production, reproduction, and survivability of living aquatic organisms, such as algae, aquatic plants, and fish (shellfish and finfish species). The literature and information present in this review article facilitate evaluating the toxic effects from exposure to various fish species to different concentrations of pesticides. Moreover, a brief overview of sources, classification, mechanisms of action, and toxicity signs of pyrethroid insecticides in several fish species will be illustrated with special emphasis on Cypermethrin toxicity.

Effect of Temperature and Contact Time on the Activity of Eight Disinfectants - A Classification

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 841-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. GÉLINAS ◽  
J. GOULET ◽  
G. M. TASTAYRE ◽  
G. A. PICARD
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Amphoteric Surfactant ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Optimum Growth Temperature ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

The combined influence of temperature (4, 20, 37 and 50°C) and contact time (10, 20 and 30 min) on the efficacy of eight commercial disinfectants was evaluated by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists use-dilution method. An increase of temperature greatly enhanced the activity of all tested solutions, particularly glutaraldehyde, chlorhexidine acetate and the amphoteric surfactant, whereas contact time mainly enhanced the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, the quaternary ammonium compound and the amphoteric surfactant. Temperature and contact time influenced the activity profile of the disinfectants tested, with a maximum efficacy near the optimum growth temperature (37°C) of the test organism (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442). This organism was highly resistant to the amphoteric surfactant as well as to the two quaternary ammonium compounds. Classification of disinfectants is proposed on the basis of their mode of action, temperature dependence and activation energies, heat and light stability, and tolerance to organic matter.

The Swine Flu Immunization Program: Scientific Venture or Political Folly?

1978 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril H. Wecht
Keyword(s):  
Swine Flu ◽  
Allegheny County ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
The Public ◽  
Kennedy Assassination ◽  
Commission Report ◽  
Human Costs ◽  
Political Value ◽  
Great Public Health

AbstractThe author of this Article, an internationally recognized coroner perhaps best known among laymen for his incisive and tenacious criticism of the Warren Commission report on the Kennedy assassination, turns his attention to the federal government's 1976-1977 Swine Flu Immunization Program. Dr. Wecht contends that although this program may have been viewed by its key proponents as having great public health importance, or perhaps even political value, its creation and continuation nevertheless were scientifically unjustified. Furthermore, he contends, the federal government failed to inform the public adequately of important facts about the program's origins and progress, and it mismanaged the program in several important respects. Among the topics he discusses are swine flu's epidemiological history (including the 1976 Fort Dix outbreak that propelled swine flu into the national consciousness); the key elements leading to the government's decision to immunize; the government's failure to reevaluate the program seriously as problems arose; the shortcomings of the federal swine flu statute; the inadequacy of the government's investigation of the deaths of three persons in Pittsburgh within a few hours after being vaccinated (a matter that was of immediate concern to the author in his role as Coroner of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania); the long-delayed termination of the program following the emergence of a possible statistical link between the immunizations and an increase in the incidence of the Guillain-Barré Syndrome; the financial and human costs of the program; and the need for calmer, more objective decision making in future situations where immunization of the general populace is being considered.

scholarly journals Modeling the Distribution of Medically Important Tick Species in Florida

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 190 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Kessler ◽  
Claudia Ganser ◽  
Gregory E. Glass
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Suitability ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Dermacentor Variabilis ◽  
Amblyomma Americanum ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Great Public Health

The lone star (Amblyomma americanum), black-legged (Ixodes scapularis) and American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) are species of great public health importance as they are competent vectors of several notable pathogens. While the regional distributions of these species are well characterized, more localized distribution estimates are sparse. We used records of field collected ticks and an ensemble modeling approach to predict habitat suitability for each of these species in Florida. Environmental variables capturing climatic extremes were common contributors to habitat suitability. Most frequently, annual precipitation (Bio12), mean temperature of the driest quarter (Bio9), minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6), and mean Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were included in the final models for each species. Agreement between the modeling algorithms used in this study was high and indicated the distribution of suitable habitat for all three species was reduced at lower latitudes. These findings are important for raising awareness of the potential for tick-borne pathogens in Florida.

Determination of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Oranges and Cucumbers Using QuEChERS Extraction and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

2014 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 1021-1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Arrebola-Liébanas ◽  
María Angeles Herrera Abdo ◽  
José Luis Fernandez Moreno ◽  
José L Martínez-Vidal ◽  
Antonia Garrido Frenich
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Fast Method ◽  
Benzethonium Chloride ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride ◽  
Accredited Laboratory ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Abstract A simple and fast method has been developed for determining relevant quaternary ammonium compounds in cucumber and orange samples. The target compounds were benzoalkonium chloride (BAC-10, BAC-12, BAC-14, and BAC-16), didecyldimethylammonium chloride, and benzethonium chloride, all frequently used biocides in the agrifood industry. An extraction based on the buffered Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe method and determination by ultra-performance LC/MS/MS that eluted the biocides in less than 5 min were used. The method was fully validated and implemented in a UNE-EN-ISO/IEC 17025 accredited laboratory for its application to the analysis of real samples. Performance characteristics of the method are reported, including an estimation of measurement uncertainty. Calibration curves were set between 0.01 and 0.150 mg/kg, LOD values were always between 0.4 and 1.0 μg/kg, LOQ values were in the range 1–4 μg/kg, recovery was between 81 and 115%, intraday and interday precision were always lower than 17% (expressed as RSD), and expanded uncertainty was always lower than 40%. The validation was accomplished for the two studied matrixes at spiking concentrations of 0.011 and 0.050 mg/kg. The method has been applied to the analysis of 30 cucumber and orange samples that were found to contain concentrations of BAC-12 that ranged between 0.015 and 0.210 mg/kg and of BAC-14 between 0.018 and 0.081 mg/kg.

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