Effect of Temperature and Contact Time on the Activity of Eight Disinfectants - A Classification

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 841-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. GÉLINAS ◽  
J. GOULET ◽  
G. M. TASTAYRE ◽  
G. A. PICARD
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Amphoteric Surfactant ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Optimum Growth Temperature ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

The combined influence of temperature (4, 20, 37 and 50°C) and contact time (10, 20 and 30 min) on the efficacy of eight commercial disinfectants was evaluated by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists use-dilution method. An increase of temperature greatly enhanced the activity of all tested solutions, particularly glutaraldehyde, chlorhexidine acetate and the amphoteric surfactant, whereas contact time mainly enhanced the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, the quaternary ammonium compound and the amphoteric surfactant. Temperature and contact time influenced the activity profile of the disinfectants tested, with a maximum efficacy near the optimum growth temperature (37°C) of the test organism (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442). This organism was highly resistant to the amphoteric surfactant as well as to the two quaternary ammonium compounds. Classification of disinfectants is proposed on the basis of their mode of action, temperature dependence and activation energies, heat and light stability, and tolerance to organic matter.

Rapid Screening Test for the Evaluation of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds by Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride Reduction by Microorganisms

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1224-1228
Author(s):  
Raymond J Sitkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Test System ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Rapid Screening Test ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Abstract A rapid screening test has been developed to determine killing dilutions of quaternary ammonium compounds. Two factors, Letheen broth as a quaternary ammonium compound neutralizer and triphenyltetrazolium chloride as a microbial growth indicator, resulted in a rapid test system for the evaluation of quaternary ammonium compounds. This rapid test system takes from 4 to 8 hr to complete as opposed to the 24 to 48 hr for other tests. A new germicide can be bacteriologically screened in one day.

BACTERIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS ALONE AND IN DETERGENT FORMULATIONS

1953 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Humphreys ◽  
C. K. Johns
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Glass Slide ◽  
Detergent Product ◽  
Bacteriological Evaluation ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Using Escherichia coli as test organism, three quaternary detergent-sanitizers and their constituent QACs were evaluated by modified glass slide and Weber and Black methods at 5°, 20°, and 45°C in artificial hard and distilled waters. QAC activity was reduced by low temperature and water hardness, the latter exerting the greater effect. Each detergent product was more effective than its constituent QAC component alone. Reasons for the earlier endpoints obtained with glass slide method are discussed.

Surface Modification for Cotton Fiber and its Antimicrobial Characteristics

2011 ◽  
Vol 311-313 ◽  
pp. 2067-2070
Author(s):  
Fei Zhou ◽  
Jing Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Cotton Fiber ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Ammonium Bromide ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dimethyl Ammonium ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Quaternary ammonium compounds, Couple, Cotton fiber, Antibacterial activity. Abstract. a gemini-type quaternary ammonium compound with a hydroxyl group in their spacer chain, 4,5-bis(dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide)-1-pentanol (called as DAP12), was immobilized on the surface of cotton fiber by using a silane coupler, tetraethoxysilane and a novel antibacterial cotton fiber (called as CF12) was prepared. Antibacterial characteristics of CF12 were investigated comparatively with [3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] octadecyldimethylammonium chloride(TPOAC), a mono-type quaternary ammonium salt. CF12 had excellent antibacterial characteristics in the wide range of environmental pH and temperature, which is not weakened even if 30 times repetitive use. The experimental results indicated also that CF12 has higher antimicrobial activity than TPOAC immobilized on the surface of cotton fiber against a broad range of microorganisms, and average inhibition ratio against 15 strains of gram-negative, gram-positive bacteria and yeasts is 99.0% at 30 °C and pH 6.0.

scholarly journals Minimum inhibitory concentration of the combination of quaternary ammonium compound with ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) towards hand isolated Staphylococcus Epidermidis

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dyah Ika Maria
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Serial Dilution Method

The aim of this study was to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the combination of Quaternary ammonium compound with Ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) towards hand isolated Staphylococcus epidermidis for preventing the cross infection. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was determined based on a serial dilution method in 1/1000, 1/2000, 1/4000, 1/8000, 1/16000, 1/32000, 1/64000, 1/128000 concentration with two repetitions. The result showed that the 1/4000 concentration of the combination of Quaternary ammonium compound with Ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid was the MIC. In conclusion, the combination of Quaternary ammonium compound with Ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid had an antibacterial effect towards Staphylococcus epidermidis with the MIC in 1/4000 concentration.

PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA—A SANITATION PROBLEM1 2

1953 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Parker ◽  
A. L. Coldwell ◽  
P. R. Elliker
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Psychrophilic Bacteria ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Complex Phosphate ◽  
Phosphate Salts ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

The Weber and Black method for evaluating germicides was used to compare the efficiency of hypochlorite and quarternary ammonium compounds in the destruction of representative psychrophilic bacteria isolated from defective milk products. Under conditions of the test, hypochlorites displayed a more rapid germicide action than quaternary ammonium compounds against suspensions of the psychrophilic bacteria studied. The germicidal action of a quaternary ammonium compound was markedly stimulated by the addition of certain complex phosphate salts.

Heat Shock and Cold Shock Treatments Affect the Survival of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium Exposed to Disinfectants

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
MENG-HSUAN LIN ◽  
MING-LUN CHIANG ◽  
CHORNG-LIANG PAN ◽  
CHENG-CHUN CHOU
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Cold Shock ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

The foodborne pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium were subjected to heat shock at 48°C for 10 and 30 min, respectively, and then cold shocked at 15°C for 3 h. The effect of these shocks on the viability of test organisms exposed to chlorine dioxide and quaternary ammonium compounds was then determined. After exposure to the disinfectants, the viable population of each test organism, regardless of heat shock or cold shock treatment, decreased as the exposure period was extended. Both heat shock and cold shock treatments reduced the susceptibility of L. monocytogenes to both disinfectants at 25°C. However, for Salmonella Typhimurium, exposure to the chlorine dioxide disinfectant or quaternary ammonium compounds at 25°C significantly reduced (P < 0.05) survival of heat-shocked cells but significantly increased (P < 0.05) survival of cold-shocked cells compared with control cells. Survival of both L. monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium generally was reduced after exposure to disinfectants at 40°C compared with 25°C.

Inactivation of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, as a Surrogate for Yersinia pestis, by Liquid Biocides in the Presence of Food Residue

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 392-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. HILGREN ◽  
K. M. J. SWANSON ◽  
F. DIEZ-GONZALEZ ◽  
B. CORDS
Keyword(s):  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Sodium Chlorite ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Peroxyacetic Acid ◽  
Food Residues

The efficacy of liquid biocides is influenced by surface cleanliness, treatment time, and temperature. Experiments were completed to measure the impact of these variables on the ability of commercial biocides to inactivate Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ATCC 29910, as a surrogate for Yersinia pestis, in the presence of food residues. The test organism was mixed with water, milk, flour, or egg yolk and then dried onto stainless steel coupons. Coupons were then exposed to sodium hypochlorite, acidified sodium chlorite, a quaternary ammonium compound, an iodophor, hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacetic acid, or a peroxy–fatty acid mixture, for 10 or 30 min at 10, 20, or 30°C. For all biocides except the iodophor, manufacturer-recommended disinfection levels applied for 10 min at 20°C resulted in 5-log reductions of the test organism dried alone or with flour. However, in the presence of whole milk or egg yolk residue, markedly higher sodium hypochlorite, peroxyacetic acid, peroxy–fatty acid mixture, quaternary ammonium compound, and iodophor concentrations were needed to achieve the 5-log reductions. Further, the quaternary ammonium compound was incapable of achieving 5-log reductions in 10 min in the presence of milk and egg yolk residues. Hydrogen peroxide and acidified sodium chlorite disinfection levels (7.5% and 2,500 ppm, respectively) achieved 5-log reductions under all test conditions. These results suggest that commercial disinfectants can adequately decontaminate clean surfaces contaminated with Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. pestis. These results also provide guidance on the feasibility of overcoming the negative influence of food residues on disinfection by adjusting biocide exposure time, temperature, and concentration.

scholarly journals Mechanism of Osmotic Activation of the Quaternary Ammonium Compound Transporter (QacT) of Lactobacillus plantarum

1998 ◽  
Vol 180 (21) ◽  
pp. 5540-5546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwin Glaasker ◽  
Esther H. M. L. Heuberger ◽  
Wil N. Konings ◽  
Bert Poolman
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Membrane Stretch ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

ABSTRACT The accumulation of quaternary ammonium compounds inLactobacillus plantarum is mediated via a single transport system with a high affinity for glycine betaine (apparentKm of 18 μM) and carnitine and a low affinity for proline (apparent Km of 950 μM) and other analogues. Mutants defective in the uptake of glycine betaine were generated by UV irradiation and selected on the basis of resistance to dehydroproline (DHP), a toxic proline analogue. Three independent DHP-resistant mutants showed reduced glycine betaine uptake rates and accumulation levels but behaved similarly to the wild type in terms of direct activation of uptake by high-osmolality conditions. Kinetic analysis of glycine betaine uptake and efflux in the wild-type and mutant cells is consistent with one uptake system for quaternary ammonium compounds in L. plantarum and a separate system(s) for their excretion. The mechanism of osmotic activation of the quaternary ammonium compound transport system (QacT) was studied. It was observed that the uptake rates were inhibited by the presence of internal substrate. Upon raising of the medium osmolality, the QacT system was rapidly activated (increase in maximal velocity) through a diminished inhibition by trans substrate as well as an effect that is independent of intracellular substrate. We also studied the effects of the cationic amphipath chlorpromazine, which inserts into the cytoplasmic membrane and thereby influences the uptake and efflux of glycine betaine. The results provide further evidence for the notion that the rapid efflux of glycine betaine upon osmotic downshock is mediated by a channel protein that is responding to membrane stretch or tension. The activation of QacT upon osmotic upshock seems to be brought about by a turgor-related parameter other than membrane stretch or tension.

COMPARATIVE DESTRUCTION OF AIR-BORNE LACTIC BACTERIOPHAGES BY VARIOUS GERMICIDES APPLIED AS AEROSOLS1,2

1964 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Sing ◽  
P. R. Elliker ◽  
W. E. Sandine
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Chelating Agents ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Virucidal Activity ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Dichloroisocyanuric Acid

Summary The chlorine-releasing compounds were highly effective in destroying air-borne lactic streptococcus bacteriophages 144F and 18–16. At a concentration of .048 ppm available chlorine in the chamber, which was attained with 1000 ppm available chlorine in the solution applied, the inactivation was 99.999% or better. Of the various germicides tested, the quaternary ammonium compound and phosphoric acid wetting agent were found to be least effective as virucidal aerosols. Incorporation of chelating agents (EDTA) with quaternary ammonium compounds, to enhance their virucidal activity, was unsuccessful. The effectiveness of iodophor applied as an aerosol, was progressively greater with increasing concentration; however, undesirable side effects such as a heavy brown residue on all surfaces contacted and undesirable odors were noted. The study of corrosive effects by germicides on various metals indicated that of the chlorine-containing compounds, dichloroisocyanuric acid was least corrosive. Phosphoric acid wetting agents were the least corrosive of all compounds tested. Results of this study suggested that the chlorine-containing compounds, when applied as an aerosol at sufficiently high concentration, should provide the most effective agents for sanitizing procedures for the control of bacteriophages in the air and on building and equipment surfaces. The results further indicated that a concentration of .048 ppm available chlorine or more in the air provided most effective phage destruction under experimental conditions. This concentration was provided by the equivalent of 1 to 1.5 liters of 1000 ppm applied as an aerosol per 1000 ft3 of space. Present state of knowledge would indicate that dichloroisocyanuric acid should be an effective and practical compound for control of bacteriophage in dairy plants. In addition to being highly virucidal, dichloroisocyanuric acid also has a low rate of corrosion.

“INHIBITION” OF STREPTOCOCCUS LACTIS BY A QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUND IN CHEESE MILKS

1952 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 278-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet C. Curry ◽  
Franklin W. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Streptococcus Lactis ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

The inhibition of lactic acid bacteria by quaternary ammonium compounds in milk has been shown to be an effect on acid production and not upon growth. Lactic acid production is affected by concentrations of 2.5 – 10 ppm, while growth is not affected unless the concentration is 25 – 50 ppm.

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