scholarly journals Incidence and penicillin sensitivity ofStaphylococcus aureusin the nose in infants and their mothers

1953 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Ludlam
Keyword(s):  
Phage Type ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
First Year ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Maternity Hospitals ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Very High ◽  
At Home

1. Among infants attending Child Welfare Clinics there was a steady decline in the incidence of nasal carriage ofStaph. aureusover the first year of life.2. Infants born in hospital showed a much higher incidence ofStaph. aureusin the first 2 months of life than infants born at home. A similar difference was also very distinct in the later part of the first year of life.3. Mothers delivered 2 weeks to 2 months previously had a higher incidence of nasal carriage ofStaph. aureuswhen delivered in hospital than when delivered at home. After this interval the incidence was similar in all groups of mothers throughout the rest of the year.4. In the first few months of life there was a tendency for carriage in infants to be associated with carriage in the mother, but towards the end of the year there was no such relationship. This association appeared most clearly in infants born at home and in infants 2–5 months old born in hospital F.5. A very high proportion (25 out of 30) of the strains tested from infants born in hospital F less than 5 months previously were penicillin-resistant. Infants born at home had a much lower incidence of resistant strains.6. A high proportion of strains ofStaph. aureusisolated from mothers delivered in hospital F were resistant throughout the first year. Strains from mothers delivered in hospital C or at home showed a much lower proportion of resistant strains.7. Phage-typing showed a great variety of types, but those found among the penicillin-resistant strains were rather less varied than among the sensitive strains. WhenStaph. aureuswas found both in infant and mother, although the same phage type was commonly present in both, in 16 out of 35 couples different types were found.8. Investigation in maternity hospitals C and F showed a high proportion of penicillin-resistant strains ofStaph. aureusamong the nurses and infants and in the dust of the nurseries, but not among the mothers. There was no important difference between the two hospitals as regards the incidence of resistant strains isolated from nurses and infants in spite of the differences found in babies from the two hospitals when swabbed at the clinics.9. The significance of these results is discussed.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistant staphylococci acquired during the first year of life

1978 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Burr ◽  
C. H. L. Howells ◽  
P. W. J. Rees
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
First Year ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Maternity Hospitals ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Discharge From Hospital ◽  
First Year Of Life

SUMMARYNasal swabs were taken from 492 babies born consecutively to residents of two South Wales towns soon after their discharge from maternity hospitals. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 352 babies (72%) and in 79 (22%) of these it was resistant to at least one antibiotic. By the time these babies were a year old the prevalence of both sensitive and resistant strains had fallen, so that only 12% still carried nasal staphylococci, but 64% of these organisms were then resistant to penicillin. Administration of penicillin to the baby seemed to be a more important factor in selecting resistant organisms than other antibiotics given to the baby, any antibiotic treatment to other members of the household, or discharge from hospital.

scholarly journals Clinical and Bacteriological Aspects of Impetigo Contagiosa

1955 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
George I. Barrow
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Impetigo Contagiosa ◽  
Resistant Strains

Summary1. The results of an investigation into the clinical, epidemiological and bacteriological features of impetigo contagiosa, with special reference to the type identification of staphylococci and streptococci, are reported and discussed.2. Of 106 impetigo cases studied, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated alone from 86 lesions (81 %), Streptococcus pyogenes alone from 6 (5·6 %), and a mixed growth of Staph. aureus and haemolytic streptococci in 14 instances (13·2 %).3. Of the 100 strains of Staph. aureus isolated from impetigo lesions, 63 were identical in phage type (‘type 71’), and a further 17 were closely related (‘weak 71’).4. Only one representative of ‘type 71’, and 9 of ‘weak 71’, were obtained from 164 strains of Staph. aureus from 200 persons in three control groups.5. Of 90 strains of Staph. aureus from impetigo lesions, 64 (71 %) were resistant to penicillin. Of these penicillin-resistant strains, 54 (84 %) were of ‘type 71’, or close variants.6. Strep, pyogenes was probably causative in at least 6 of the 18 patients yielding this organism from lesions; it was presumed to be a secondary invader in the remainder.7. It is doubtful if nasal carriage is of importance in the epidemiology of impetigo.8. It is concluded that there is a specific ‘type’ of staphylococcus associated with this form of impetigo.

scholarly journals Staphylococcal disease and nasal carriage in the Royal Air Force

1962 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Miller ◽  
J. C. McDonald ◽  
M. P. Jevons ◽  
R. E. O. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Director General ◽  
Royal Air Force ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Group I ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
New Recruits

1. The nasal carriage of Staph. aureus and its relation to disease was studied in new recruits, boy apprentices and trained men of the Royal Air Force.2. The proportions of Staph. aureus that were penicillin-resistant ranged from 15% in new recruits to 29% in trained men. In a school for apprentices the rate in new arrivals was 18%, and 23% for boys after the initial training. We were unable to find when these changes occurred.3. 31% of strains isolated from septic lesions were penicillin-resistant and the rate was similar in all types of unit. Resistant strains were not apparently more virulent than sensitive strains.4. About 1% of all strains isolated were resistant to tetracycline and streptomycin and much smaller proportions to chloramphenicol and erythromycin.5. The phage-group distribution was similar for nasal and lesion strains, but nearly half the penicillin-resistant lesion strains belonged to Group I, and types 52A and 3C/55/71 were much commoner in lesions than in the nose.6. Penicillin-resistant strains were more readily acquired and more rapidly lost than the sensitive strains.7. Nasal carriers suffered from septic lesions more frequently than non-carriers, and those with a lesion tended to suffer further lesions. There was no evidence of cross-infection among bedroom contacts.8. The proportion of penicillin-resistant strains rose from 30 to 40% between admission to and discharge from service hospitals. Resistant strains were not carried for long after discharge.9. Penicillin treatment resulted in a fall in the total carrier rate and a rise in the resistance rate. Phage type analysis showed that this was mainly due to elimination of sensitive strains and recolonization with resistant strains.We are greatly indebted to Miss Susan Green for the large amount of work that she did in the laboratory. We should like to thank also many Royal Air Force medical officers for their assistance, in particular Wing Commander E. S. Odbert, Wing Commander M. White, Squadron Leader M. Shearer and Flight Lieutenant A. J. Zuckerman; and the Director-General of the Royal Air Force Medical Services for permission to publish the results.

scholarly journals Sources of staphylococcal infection in surgical wound sepsis

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. M. Bassett ◽  
W. G. Ferguson ◽  
E. Hoffman ◽  
M. Walton ◽  
Robert Blowers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operating Room ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Staphylococcal Infection ◽  
Surgical Team ◽  
Equal Frequency ◽  
Hospital Workers ◽  
Wound Sepsis ◽  
Skin Preparation ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Different Types

1. In two hospitals, post-operative staphylococcal wound sepsis occurred with equal frequency in patients who were and in those who were not nasal carriers of Staph. aureus.2. Nasal carriage of Staph. aureus was not always associated with skin carriage at the site of operation, but even patients who were skin carriers suffered no more sepsis than non-carriers.3. Self-infection was a less frequent cause of sepsis than was cross-infection. Other investigations of this type have revealed conflicting findings on the frequency of self-infection. These may be due to differences in the epidemiological properties of staphylococci infesting the hospitals; to different methods of preoperative skin preparation; and to the different types of operation concerned.4. In one of the hospitals, 31% of probable operating-room infections were with organisms similar to those carried by some member of the surgical team. In infections thought to have occurred in the ward, only 10% showed this similarity. In 11 of 35 presumed operating-room infections, the source may have been a member of the surgical team.For help and co-operation we are grateful to Mr G. A. Mason, Senior Surgeon, Newcastle Regional Thoracic Surgery Service; and Dr Joan Millar, Miss G. Jones, Miss E. Smith, Mrs Jean Best, Miss Winifred Mahon, Dr K. Hodgkin, Dr W. Stewart, Mr S. Griffin, Mr W. C. Barnsley, Mr R. Dobson, Mr W. H. Bound, and many nurses and other hospital workers. Our especial thanks are due to Professor R. E. O. Williams, who phage-typed many of the staphylococci, and then taught us to do this for ourselves.

scholarly journals The State of Specific Immunity to Measles and Rubella Virus in Newborns and their mothers

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 14-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. T. Tikhonova ◽  
O. V. Tsvirkun ◽  
A. G. Gerasimova ◽  
A. A. Basov ◽  
R. A. Frolov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rubella Virus ◽  
Vaccination Status ◽  
The State ◽  
First Year ◽  
Specific Immunity ◽  
Maternity Hospitals ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
And Control

Objective: evaluate the passive specific immunity to measles and rubella in newborns and their mothers. Materials and metods: a study was made by the ELISA of the state of specific immunity to measles and rubella in 226 puerperas aged 15 to 44 without taking into account the vaccination status and their newborns in maternity hospitals in Moscow and Moscow Region. Results - the seropositive of measles proportion - 73.9 ± 2.9%, the rubella - 84.5 ± 2.4%. Comparison of the results of the study of immunity to rubella in puerperas and newborns with the results of previous years did not reveal any significant differences. The results of the examination of 226 newborns for the presence of antibodies to the rubella virus showed that the proportion of seropositive measles to the virus turned out to be 177 (78.3 ± 2.7%) children, rubella - 83.6 ± 2.4%, comparable to results of a survey of their mothers. Conclusion: high level of protection of the puerperas and their newborns from these infections. However, the organization and carrying out of vaccinations requires increased attention and control, since only high and timely coverage with vaccinations will prevent the increase in the incidence of infection when meeting with the pathogen of infection, including children of the first year of life.

scholarly journals Global Review of the Age Distribution of Rotavirus Disease in Children Aged <5 Years Before the Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccination

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1071-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Hasso-Agopsowicz ◽  
Chandresh Nanji Ladva ◽  
Benjamin Lopman ◽  
Colin Sanderson ◽  
Adam L Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
First Year ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Very High

Abstract We sought datasets with granular age distributions of rotavirus-positive disease presentations among children <5 years of age, before the introduction of rotavirus vaccines. We identified 117 datasets and fit parametric age distributions to each country dataset and mortality stratum. We calculated the median age and the cumulative proportion of rotavirus gastroenteritis events expected to occur at ages between birth and 5.0 years. The median age of rotavirus-positive hospital admissions was 38 weeks (interquartile range [IQR], 25–58 weeks) in countries with very high child mortality and 65 weeks (IQR, 40–107 weeks) in countries with very low or low child mortality. In countries with very high child mortality, 69% of rotavirus-positive admissions in children <5 years of age were in the first year of life, with 3% by 10 weeks, 8% by 15 weeks, and 27% by 26 weeks. This information is critical for assessing the potential benefits of alternative rotavirus vaccination schedules in different countries and for monitoring program impact.

First-Year Mortality among Infants with Facial Clefts

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 451-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe P. Hujoel ◽  
Anne-Marie Bollen ◽  
Beth A. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Death Certificate ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Birth Certificate ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
First Year ◽  
Facial Cleft ◽  
Facial Clefts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
First Year Of Life

Children born with a facial cleft are not thought to be at a greater risk for infant mortality than are those without congenital anomalies. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the presence of a facial cleft alone or its coexistence with other anomalies increases a child's risk for dying. Birth and death certificate data from Washington State for the years 1984 to 1988 were linked for infants who died before 1 year of age. Mortality rates for different types of facial clefts and for births without noted abnormalities were compared. Relative to infants with no diagnosed abnormalities noted in the birth certificate, infants with facial clefts without other abnormalities have a 3.7 fold increased odds for dying during their first year of life. This elevated risk for dying was fairly consistent during the first year of life. When facial clefts are associated with other abnormalities there is an 82.3 fold increase in odds for mortality during the first year of life. This elevated risk is highest during the neonatal period; 77% of all deaths occurred during the first 27 days. It is concluded that infants with facial clefts with or without associated anomalies have a significantly increased mortality risk when compared to infants without any diagnosed abnormalities at birth.

scholarly journals Prevalence of allergic rhinitis, related comorbidities and risk factors in schoolchildren

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Sultész ◽  
Alpár Horváth ◽  
Dávid Molnár ◽  
Gábor Katona ◽  
Györgyi Mezei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis ◽  
First Year ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
At Home

Abstract Background The study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of allergic rhinitis and related comorbidities in school-age children in Budapest, capital of Hungary. Data and epidemiological studies on this disease are still limited. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted in 21 representative and randomly selected primary schools in 2019. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood-based questionnaires (n = 6869) inquiring about prevalence and related risk factors of allergic rhinitis were distributed to all parents. The data were characterised with standard descriptive statistics: frequencies (percentages) and means for categorical and quantitative data, respectively. Results 3836 of the questionnaires (1857 M/1979F) were completed. The prevalence of current allergic rhinitis was 29.3% (1043), physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis was 9.7% (373), cumulative allergic rhinitis was 36.2% (1289) and current allergic rhinoconjunctivitis was 16.2% (577). The presence of physician diagnosed atopic disease–asthma (p < 0.0001, OR = 4.398, 95% CI 3.356–5.807), food allergy (p < 0.0001, OR = 2.594, 95% CI 1.995–3.378), and eczema (p < 0.0001, OR = 1.899, 95% CI 1.568–2.300)-were significantly related to an increased risk of cumulative allergic rhinitis. Significant factors associated with allergic rhinitis include male gender (p < 0.0001), family history of atopy (p < 0.0001), frequent upper respiratory tract infections (p < 0.0001), tonsillectomy (p = 0.0054), antibiotics given in the first year of life (p < 0.0001), paracetamol given in the first year of life (p = 0.0038), long-lasting common infections caused by viruses and/or bacteria before the appearance of the allergy (p < 0.0001), consumption of drinks containing preservatives or colourants (p = 0.0023), duration of living in Budapest (p = 0.0386), smoking at home (p = 0.0218), smoking at home in the first year of life (p = 0.0048), birds at home (p = 0.0119), birds at home in the first year of life (p = 0.0052), visible mould in the bedroom (p = 0.0139), featherbedding (p = 0.0126), frequent or constant heavy-vehicle traffic (p = 0.0039), living in a weedy area (p < 0.0001) and living in the vicinity of an air-polluting factory or mine (p = 0.0128). Conclusions The prevalence of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in 6–12-year-old children in Budapest is higher than reported for most of the surrounding European countries. While asthma (OR = 4.398) is the most significant comorbidity, environmental factors such as birds at home in the first year of life (OR = 2.394) and living in a weedy area (OR = 1.640) seem to be the most important factors associated with AR. Strategies for preventive measures should be implemented. Trial registration number: KUT-19/2019. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee at Heim Pál National Pediatric Institute,

scholarly journals Acquisition of Staphylococcus aureus by patients undergoing cytotoxic therapy in an ultra-clean isolation unit

1966 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Andrews ◽  
K. D. Bagshawe
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Staphylococcal Infection ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Cytotoxic Therapy ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Isolation Ward

The twenty-four young women and one man treated in an ultra-clean isolation ward should have had a low incidence of staphylococcal infection on grounds of age, sex and clean environment alone. However, they apparently acquired new strains of Staph. aureus at the rate of 4·7/100 patient weeks (3·9 multiple resistant strains/100 patient weeks) from the sixth week after admission onwards.Environmental factors contributing to infection included introduction of resistant strains by the patients on admission, contact between patients in the unit, and failure to eliminate nasal carriage in staff and patients.Host susceptibility was increased by malignancy, and by antibiotic and cytotoxic therapy. The nasal carriage rate of Staph. aureus was significantly greater for patients with repeated episodes of leucopenia induced by cytotoxic drugs.

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