Typhoid fever imported from Mexico to Switzerland. Studies on R factor mediated chloramphenicol resistance

SUMMARYA case of typhoid fever caused bySalmonella typhioccurred in Geneva. The patient was probably infected in Mexico City. The strain isolated from this patient corresponds with the description of the MexicanS. typhistrain, since it is a degraded Vi-strain resistant to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracyclines. It carried anfi−transferable R factor with a CSSuT resistance pattern. It can be accepted that this case forms part of the Mexican outbreak of chloramphenicol-resistant typhoid fever which has already been observed in visitors to Mexico from England and the United States.

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Drug-Resistant Salmonella typhi in Pakistan

Clinical Pediatrics ◽

10.1177/0009922819881203 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 59 (1) ◽

pp. 31-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christine E. Petrin ◽

Russell W. Steele ◽

Elizabeth A. Margolis ◽

Justin M. Rabon ◽

Holly Martin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Typhoid Fever ◽

Enteric Fever ◽

The United States ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Antimicrobial Treatment ◽

Third Generation ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Oral Transmission ◽

Third Generation Cephalosporins

Enteric fever (formerly typhoid fever) is a bacterial illness caused by fecal-oral transmission of Salmonella typhi or paratyphi. In early 2018, an outbreak of Salmonella typhi resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol was reported in Pakistan. This strain, termed “extensively resistant typhi,” has infected more than 5000 patients in endemic areas of South Asia, as well as travelers to and from these areas, including 5 cases in the United States. We present the case of one such child who developed extensively resistant enteric fever during a recent visit to Pakistan and required broader antimicrobial treatment than typically required. Clinicians should be aware that incoming cases of enteric fever may be nonsusceptible to commonly recommended antibiotics and that extensively resistant typhi requires treatment with carbapenems such as meropenem or azithromycin.

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165. Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Infections—United States, 2008–2020

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofab466.165 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S99-S100

Author(s):

Felicita Medalla ◽

Louise Francois Watkins ◽

Michael Hughes ◽

Meseret Birhane ◽

Layne Dorough ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Typhoid Fever ◽

The United States ◽

Empiric Therapy ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

International Travel ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Extensively Drug Resistant ◽

Large Outbreak ◽

Control And Prevention

Abstract Background Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella Typhi, is fatal in 12%–30% of patients not treated with appropriate antibiotics. In 2016, a large outbreak of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Typhi infections began in Pakistan with cases reported globally, including the United States. In 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a health advisory on XDR infections among U.S. residents without international travel. We describe resistance of Typhi infections diagnosed in the United States to help guide treatment decisions. Methods Typhoid fever is a nationally notifiable disease. Health departments report cases to CDC through the National Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever Surveillance system. Isolates are submitted to the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) using broth microdilution. AST results are categorized by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute criteria. We defined XDR as resistant to ceftriaxone, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole, and nonsusceptible to ciprofloxacin. Results During 2008–2019, of 4,637 Typhi isolates, 52 (1%) were ceftriaxone resistant (axo-R); 71% were ciprofloxacin nonsusceptible, 1 azithromycin resistant (azm-R), and none meropenem resistant. XDR was first detected in 2018, in 2% of 474 isolates and increased to 7% of 535 in 2019. Of the 52 axo-R isolates, 46 were XDR, of which 45 were from travelers to Pakistan, and one from a non-traveler; 6 were not XDR, of which 4 were linked to travel to Iraq. In preliminary 2020 reports, 23 isolates were XDR; 14 were from travelers to Pakistan, 8 from non-travelers, and 1 from someone with unknown travel status. Among those with XDR infection, median age was 11 years (range 1–62), 54% were female, and 62% were from 6 states. Conclusion Ceftriaxone-resistant Typhi infections, mostly XDR, are increasing. Clinicians should ask patients with suspected Typhi infections about travel and adjust treatment based on susceptibility results. Carbapenem, azithromycin, or both may be considered for empiric therapy of typhoid fever among travelers to Pakistan or Iraq and in uncommon instances when persons report no international travel. Ceftriaxone is an empiric therapy option for travelers to countries other than Pakistan and Iraq. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Clinically Important Resistance among Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Isolates—United States, 2003–2015

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofx163.890 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S365-S365

Author(s):

Felicita Medalla ◽

Louise Francois Watkins ◽

Kevin Chatham-Stephens ◽

Jared Reynolds ◽

Amelia Bicknese ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Typhoid Fever ◽

Treatment Options ◽

The United States ◽

Empiric Therapy ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Antimicrobial Treatment ◽

Delayed Response ◽

Azithromycin Resistance

Abstract Background Salmonella Typhi (Typhi) causes typhoid fever, accounting for an estimated 5,700 illnesses and 623 hospitalizations per year in the United States. Most infections are acquired during travel to regions outside the United States where typhoid fever is prevalent and antimicrobial resistance is a problem. Fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin) are considered the treatment of choice for susceptible Typhi infections due to their superior ability to concentrate intracellularly and in bile, however, nonsusceptibility has been associated with treatment failure or delayed response. Azithromycin and ceftriaxone are treatment options. We describe antimicrobial susceptibility among Typhi isolates in the United States and the implications for management. Methods The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System at CDC conducts susceptibility testing on all Typhi isolates submitted by public health laboratories. We used broth microdilution to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to agents representing 9 antimicrobial classes and categorized isolates according to criteria from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. We defined ciprofloxacin nonsusceptibility as MIC ≥0.12 μg/mL, ciprofloxacin resistance as MIC ≥1, azithromycin resistance as MIC ≥32, and ceftriaxone resistance as MIC ≥4. Results From 2003–2015, isolates were tested from 4,550 patients; 2,760 (61%) were ciprofloxacin nonsusceptible, 4% were ciprofloxacin resistant. One isolate was azithromycin resistant and none were ceftriaxone resistant. Ciprofloxacin nonsusceptibility increased from 39% in 2003 to 66% in 2015; resistance increased from 0.3% to 8%. Median age of patients was 23 years (range 1–99 years), 53% were male, most were from the Northeast (33%) or the West (29%), and 74% had an isolate from blood. Conclusion Two thirds of Typhi isolates exhibited ciprofloxacin nonsusceptibility, which has increased over the last decade, and full resistance is increasing. Clinicians should be aware of high rates of fluoroquinolone nonsusceptibility when selecting empiric therapy and should tailor antimicrobial treatment to susceptibility results when feasible. Azithromycin and ceftriaxone remain important treatment options. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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M Protein Gene Type Distribution among Group A Streptococcal Clinical Isolates Recovered in Mexico City, Mexico, from 1991 to 2000, and Durango, Mexico, from 1998 to 1999: Overlap with Type Distribution within the United States

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.41.1.373-378.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 373-378 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

L. E. Espinosa ◽

Z. Li ◽

D. G. Barreto ◽

E. C. Jaimes ◽

R. S. Rodriguez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Mexico City ◽

Protein Gene ◽

The United States ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

M Protein ◽

Type Distribution ◽

Gene Type ◽

Group A

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Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism

Diaspora A Journal of Transnational Studies ◽

10.3138/diaspora.1.1.8 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 8-23

Author(s):

Roger Rouse

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Los Angeles ◽

Mexico City ◽

Latin American ◽

Social Space ◽

The United States ◽

Mexican Migration ◽

Single Word ◽

The Social ◽

Made In

In a hidden sweatshop in downtown Los Angeles, Asian and Latino migrants produce automobile parts for a factory in Detroit. As the parts leave the production line, they are stamped “Made in Brazil.” In a small village in the heart of Mexico, a young woman at her father’s wake wears a black T-shirt sent to her by a brother in the United States. The shirt bears a legend that some of the mourners understand but she does not. It reads, “Let’s Have Fun Tonight!” And on the Tijuana-San Diego border, Guillermo Gómez-Peña, a writer originally from Mexico City, reflects on the time he has spent in what he calls “the gap between two worlds”: “Today, eight years after my departure, when they ask me for my nationality or ethnic identity, I cannot answer with a single word, for my ‘identity’ now possesses multiple repertoires: I am Mexican but I am also Chicano and Latin American. On the border they call me ‘chilango’ or ‘mexiquillo’; in the capital, ‘pocho’ or ‘norteno,’ and in Spain ‘sudaca.’… My companion Emily is Anglo-Italian but she speaks Spanish with an Argentinian accent. Together we wander through the ruined Babel that is our American postmodemity.”

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Did the United States Plan an Invasion of Mexico in 1927?

Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs ◽

10.2307/175010 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 454-471 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

James J. Horn

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Mexico City ◽

The United States ◽

Circumstantial Evidence ◽

American Intervention ◽

Secretary Of State

For many years the vague notion has circulated that the United States and Mexico were on the verge of war in 1927. Howard Cline (1965: 209) cited unspecified “Mexican sources” as purportedly revealing that Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and Ambassador James R. Sheffield in Mexico City were “purposely trying to provoke some Mexican act that could be used as a pretext for American intervention.” Former Mexican President Emilio Portes Gil (1964: 396) went further and insisted that American warships had actually mobilized for intervention, only to be thwarted by an “imperturbable” President Calles. These and other such assertions have never been thoroughly analyzed on the basis of available American diplomatic and military records. This article attempts to demonstrate that intervention was highly unlikely. Moreover, circumstantial evidence and logic combine to suggest that the administration of Calvin Coolidge never seriously considered such a move and that rumors of intervention were founded more upon Mexican suspicion and mistrust than upon realities in Washington.

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Typhoid Fever in Children

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.56.4.606 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 606-609

Author(s):

A. R. Colon ◽

D. R. Gross ◽

M. A. Tamer

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Typhoid Fever ◽

Index Case ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

The United States ◽

Migrant Labor ◽

Sewerage System ◽

Labor Camp

An epidemic of typhoid fever occurred in a migrant labor camp some 15 miles south of Miami, Florida in February 1973. It was the largest reported outbreak of typhoid fever in the United States in the last 30 years. Epidemiological data revealed that an 11-year-old retarded girl was the index case, and that her disease was contracted from a carrier living next door. Spread occurred via a faulty well, chlorinator, and sewerage system in the camp. During a period of approximately three weeks, over 300 patients were hospitalized with suspected typhoid. Of this number, 147 were children under 13 years of age.

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No. 14173. Exchange of notes constituting an agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the United States of Mexico for the avoidance of double taxation of income derived from the operation of ships or aircraft in international traffic. Mexico City and Tlatelolco, 29 January 1974

United Nations Treaty Series - Treaty Series 1883 ◽

10.18356/af31ced0-en-fr ◽

2000 ◽

pp. 528-528

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Mexico City ◽

The United States ◽

Double Taxation ◽

The Government ◽

Government Of Canada ◽

International Traffic

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Anti-Americanism in Retreat: Jack Lang, Cultural Imperialism, and the Anti-Anti-Americans

The French Way ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691151816.003.0002 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Richard F. Kuisel

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Popular Culture ◽

Mexico City ◽

The United States ◽

Cultural Imperialism ◽

American Film ◽

Film Festival ◽

American Popular Culture ◽

Movie Star

This chapter details the rise of anti-Americanism in France, in particular French socialist minister of culture Jack Lang's attack against American popular culture. Lang began by refusing to attend the American film festival at Deauville in September 1981; several months later he gave a notorious address denouncing American cultural imperialism at a UNESCO conference in Mexico City; and then he tried to organize a global “crusade” to combat cultural imports from the United States. Lang was a flamboyant young politician whose movie-star good looks, iconic pink jacket, dramatic initiatives, and hyperactive ways won him both admiration and ridicule. He presided over the Ministry of Culture from 1981 to 1986 and again from 1988 to 1993.

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