scholarly journals Antibiotics and the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak in 1964

1976 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Brodie
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Expected Values ◽  
High Concentrations

SUMMARYThis paper gives an abbreviated account of part of a research programme which followed the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964. Chloramphenicol, the main antibiotic used in treatment, was shown to have a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of between 5 and 2.5 μg./ml. for the S. typhi phage type 34 of the outbreak. The MIC for methacycline was between 2.5 and 2 μg./ml. Whereas the deep and shallow broth techniques used gave similar results with these antibiotics, the MIC for ampicillin, and also cephaloridine, was less in the deep than in the shallow broths.Serum assays in patients given ampicillin or cephaloridine yielded abnormally high concentrations of both antibiotics when S. typhi phage type 34 was the test organism whereas, with other test organisms, the concentrations were within expectation. These abnormally high values fell within expected values when the sera under investigation had first been heated to 56° C. for 30 min. before assay against the S. typhi of the outbreak.The findings with ampicillin suggested that dosages given were satisfactory. With cephaloridine the concentrations found in patients' sera seemed to show that twice daily doses of 0.5 g. fell short of adequacy.

In-Vitro Studies on the Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to Some Ethno-Medicinal Preparations Sold around Kano, Nigeria

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Bashir ◽  
I Yusuf ◽  
AS Kutama
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Herbal Preparations

Five traditional herbal preparations were sampled between May-June, 2009 in Kano. The samples were investigated for invitro antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Likewise, phytochemical screening tests were conducted to determine some of the phytochemicals present in the ethanolic and water extracts of the samples. Various concentrations of the extracts were prepared using serial doubling dilutions (5000=l/ml, 2500=g/ml, 1250=g/ml, 625=g/ml and 312.5=g/ml). All the test extracts showed slight antibacterial activity against the test organism, with ethanolic extract of sample E having the highest zone diameter of inhibition, while sample H had the lowest diameter of inhibition. The standard antibiotic disc (Gentamicin) had demonstrated the highest activity on the test organisms. The results of the Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of steroid in all the samples, tannin in samples A, C, D and E, reducing sugars in sample A, D and E respectively. The result of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was found to be above 312.5=g/ml for samples C, D and E. Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Herbal preparations, antibacterial activity, Phytochemical screening and minimum inhibitory concentration.

scholarly journals The Inhibitory Effect of Clindamycin onLactobacillus in vitro

2001 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla Aroutcheva ◽  
Jose A. Simoes ◽  
Susan Shott ◽  
Sebastian Faro
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Bacteriostatic Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Effect On Growth

Objective:To evaluate thein vitroeffect of varying concentrations of clindamycin onLactobacillusspp.Methods: Concentrations of clindamycin ranging from 1.95–20 000 mg/ml were studied for their effect on the growth of six strains ofLactobacillus.Results:Clindamycin concentrations between 1.95–31.25 mg/ml had no statistically significant effect on growth of lactobacilli (p> 0.05). Concentrations 125 and 250 mg/ml had a bacteriostatic effect. The mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for studiedLactobacillusstrains was determined as 1000 mg/ml.Conclusion:High concentrations of clindamycin achieved in the vagina by intravaginal application might be inhibitory forLactobacillus.

scholarly journals Mycobacterium massiliense BRA100 strain recovered from postsurgical infections: resistance to high concentrations of glutaraldehyde and alternative solutions for high level disinfection

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 455-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nádia Suely de Oliveira Lorena ◽  
Marcos Bettini Pitombo ◽  
Patrícia Barbur Côrtes ◽  
Maria Cristina Araújo Maya ◽  
Marlei Gomes da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
National Agency ◽  
Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria ◽  
Mycobacterium Massiliense ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
High Level ◽  
Alternative Solutions

PURPOSE: To evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of GTA against these microorganisms and alternative disinfectants for high-level disinfection (HLD). METHODS: Reference mycobacteria and clinical M. massiliense strains were included in this study. Active cultures were submitted to susceptibility qualitative tests with GTA dilutions (ranging from 1.5% to 8%), and commercial orthophthaldehyde (OPA) and peracetic acid (PA) - based solutions, during the period of exposure as recommended by National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance for HLD. RESULTS: All reference and M. massiliense non-BRA100 strains, recovered from sputum, were susceptible to any GTA concentration, OPA and PA solutions. M. massiliense BRA100 strains presented MIC of 8% GTA and were susceptible to OPA and PA. CONCLUSION: M. massiliense BRA100 strain is resistant to high GTA concentrations (up to 7%), which proves that this product is non-effective against specific rapidly growing mycobacteria and should be substituted by OPA or PA - based solutions for HLD.

Antimicrobial Property of Lemongrass Oil against Porphyromonas Gingivalis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivaprasad Bilichodmath
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Molecular Docking ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Arginine Deiminase ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Lemon Grass ◽  
Lemongrass Oil

Aim: This study determines molecular docking to know the selected active compounds of lemon grass against bacterial receptor proteins of Porphyromonasgingivalis and the minimum inhibitory concentration of lemon grass extract against P. gingivalis. Materials and methods: The lemon grass essential oil extraction was subjected for evaporation to remove the methanol and was collected for analysis by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Analysis (GCMS) to know the compounds of lemon grass which was effective against peptidyl-arginine deiminase of P. gingivalis. Molecular docking technique was done to study these compounds and their interactions with the target protein in the test organism. Finally, minimum inhibitory concentration was done to know the antibacterial activity of lemon grass oil components against P. gingivalis. Results: A total of 15 compounds were obtained after GCMS analysis but 3 main compounds were selected i.eCitronellol, D-Limonene and Geraniol. D- limomonene exhibited good binding with a score of -6.05. Geraniol and Citronellol exhibited a binding score of -5.84 and -5.32 respectively for P.gingivalis. 200µl of extract of lemon grass caused 50.2% reduction in number of colonies of P. gingivalis Conclusion: The active ingredients from lemongrass oil containing Citronellol, D-Limonene and Geraniol showed antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis with MIC of 20µl/ml.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Potential of Coconut and Carrot Oil Extracts on Some Bacterial Skin Microflora

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Ewansiha J.U. ◽  
Tilon G. ◽  
Kolawole I.D. ◽  
Orji S.L.
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Natural Oil ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
Oil Extract

In response to the chemically harmful effects of commercially sold body creams on the skin due to the presence of steroids, hydroquinone and kojic acid, natural oil extracts from medicinal plants and fruits are seen as alternative. The use of natural oil extract is not without some intricacies too as its effect against skin microflora has been reported. Therefore, the inhibitory potentials of coconut and carrot oil extracts on some bacterial skin microflora were determined using standard laboratory identification and agar well diffusion methods for identification of bacteria from human skin swab and antibacterial susceptibility test, respectively. The isolated organisms include, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The result obtained shows that carrot oil extract inhibits all the test isolates with mean zones of inhibition (MZI) ranged from 6.00±1.00 to 12.15±0.55 while coconut oil extract was only active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MZI of 12.50±0.55. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) result also shows that carrot oil extract was significantly (p ˂ 0.05) more active than coconut oil with MIC of 50% while the test isolates were still viable at 100% use of coconut oil extract. There was no minimum inhibitory concentration (MBC) obtained as all the test organisms were still viable at 100% of both oil extracts. From the result of this study, it can be concluded that carrot oil extract possesses inhibitory potentials against skin microflora as opposed to coconut oil extract. Therefore, it is safer to apply coconut oil on human skin since it has less inhibitory effect on skin microflora.

scholarly journals Comparison of plasma and intra-articular gentamicin levels after intravenous administration in healthy horses

2020 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-230
Author(s):  
Marília Alves Ferreira ◽  
Mayra Lissoni Aguiar ◽  
Renan Grigoletto ◽  
Danielle Passarelli ◽  
Julia de Assis Arantes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Synovial Fluid ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Systemic Side Effects ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Right

Septic arthritis is considered one of the most severe disorders that affect horses’ joints. Therapy is intended to eliminate the microorganisms that cause this infection. The intravenous administration of antibiotics is an easily performed technique, but there is no guarantee that the antibiotics will reach the joint milieu at high concentrations and remain elevated for a certain period of time. This study aimed to determine and compare the levels of gentamicin in the plasma and synovial fluid of healthy horses after intravenous administration for seven days. Five horses received 6.6 mg/kg intravenous gentamicin every 24 h for seven consecutive days. Blood and synovial fluid samples were collected from the right metacarpal-phalangeal joint before the start of the treatment (T0) and after 6 h (T6), 12 h (T12), and every 24 h during antibiotic therapy for seven days (D1 to D7). The levels of gentamicin in serum and synovial fluid were quantified by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The intravenous administration of 6.6 mg/kg of gentamicin, in horses, after a period of 24 h, promotes synovial fluid concentrations below the MIC of the drug, in spite of reaching high plasma concentrations of gentamicin, daily mean serum concentration which was 29-fold higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the drug. The intravenous administration every 24 h during seven consecutive days did not cause systemic side effects, such as hepatic or renal injury.

scholarly journals The essential oil from Cymbopogon validus

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Nelisha Naidoo
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Plant Organs ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy

The chemical and biological properties of the essential oil from Cymbopogon validus were investigated. Hydro-distillation was used to extract the oil from C. validus, the flower-heads, leaves, culms and rhizomes. The percentage oil yields obtained from the plant organs varied from 0.05 to 1.23%, with the greatest concentration found in the flower-heads and rhizomes, 1.23 and 1.12% respectively. A sensory evaluation of the oil revealed that the essential oil was slightly murky, pale yellow in colour, had a strong turpentine-like smell and remained liquid at room temperature. The oxidative stability of C. validus oil was evaluated by determining its Rancimat induction period (negative), peroxide value (60.56 meq/kg), iodine value (84.55), percentage free fatty acids (0.19%) and percentage cholesterol (3.03%). These results indicated that the oil was highly susceptible to oxidation. Chromatographic profiles of the oils from C. validus, as well as the plant organs were generated using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Predominant compounds present in the oil included alpha-Cubebene, Camphene, Geraniol, Limonene, Myrcene, Palmitic acid and Sabinene. C. validus essential oil was also investigated for its antimicrobial (disk diffusion), antioxidant (1, 1-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay), anti-inflammatory (5-lipoxygenase assay), anti-mosquito properties (insecticidal, larvicidal and repellency assays) and toxicity profile (Brine shrimp and Ames assays). The oil showed poor antimicrobial activity and inhibited the growth of only Gram positive bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.0625 (vol/vol) for Bacillus, Micrococcus and Staphylococcus species. The oil also exhibited excellent antioxidant activity, scavenging more than 80% of DPPH free radicals and possesses anti-inflammatory activity (IC50=190 ppm). C. validus oil showed good adulticidal activity (53.7% mortality) and excellent larvicidal (100% mortality) and repellent activity (100% repellency) against Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes. At high concentrations, the oil was toxic to brine shrimp larvae. However, when diluted it was safe and the minimum inhibitory concentration was 0.0001(vol/vol). The absence of revertant colonies at all essential oil concentrations in the Ames test suggest that the oil is not mutagenic. These results lead the way for exploiting C. validus oil as a multi-functional agent that has antibacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-mosquito properties.

scholarly journals Cytotoxicity of Doxycycline Effluent Generated by the Fenton Process

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Augusto Borghi ◽  
Laura Oliveira-Nascimento ◽  
Marco Antônio Stephano ◽  
Paula Monteiro de Souza ◽  
Attilio Converti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Fenton Process ◽  
L929 Cells

This study aims at determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration withEscherichia coliATCC 25922 and cytotoxicity to L929 cells (ATCC CCL-1) of the waste generated by doxycycline degradation by the Fenton process. This process has shown promise in this treatment thanks mainly to the fact that the waste did not show any relevant inhibitory effect on the test organism and no cytotoxicity to L-929 cells, thus demonstrating that the antibiotic properties were inactivated.

Ceftazidime, gentamicin, and rifampicin, in combination, kill biofilms of mucoidPseudomonas aeruginosa

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 999-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ghani ◽  
J. S. Soothill
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Bronchial Secretions ◽  
High Concentrations

In continuous flow biofilm cultures in medium resembling cystic fibrosis bronchial secretions, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was not eradicated from biofilms by 1 week of treatment with high concentrations of ceftazidime and gentamicin, to which the strains were sensitive on conventional testing. The addition of rifampicin, which has little activity against the strains as measured by the minimum inhibitory concentration, led to the apparent elimination of the bacteria from the biofilms. The effect was not strain specific.Key words: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, biofilm, rifampicin.

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