Development of the normal gastrointestinal microflora of specific pathogen-free chickens

SUMMARYThe development of the normal intestinal microflora of the small intestine, caecum and large intestine of specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, was studied in the period from hatching to 84 days of age.No bacteria were detected in any of the sites at hatchery (day 1), but by day 3 significant levels of faecal streptococci and coliforms were isolated from all sites. The flora of the small intestine was limited to faecal streptococci and coliforms for the first 40 days and then lactobacilli became established and dominated the flora.A large variety of facultative and strictly anaerobic organisms colonized the caecum. Many of these species were transient and were only present for a limited period; after 40 days the flora stabilized to consist predominantly of faecal streptococci,Escherichia coli, Bacteroidesspp. andLactobacillussp.The flora of the large intestine was composed of organisms also present in the small intestine or the caecum.These findings differ from previously published studies on conventionally reared chickens in that the number of species isolated and the population levels of organisms are much lower. This probably reflects the absence of continuous environmental challenge to the chickens because of the housing and feeding facilities in which the chickens were maintained.

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Characteristic Intestinal Microflora of Specific Pathogen-Free Mice Bred in Two Different Colonies and their Influence on Postnatal Murine Immunocyte Profiles

Experimental Animals ◽

10.1538/expanim.54.143 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 143-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Taizo NAGURA ◽

Satoshi HACHIMURA ◽

Shuichi KAMINOGAWA ◽

Tsutomu ARITSUKA ◽

Kikuji ITOH

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Microflora ◽

Specific Pathogen Free ◽

Specific Pathogen

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Inhibition of Escherichia coli Translocation from the Gastrointestinal Tract by Normal Cecal Flora in Gnotobiotic or Antibiotic-Decontaminated Mice

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.29.3.1073-1081.1980 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 1073-1081

Author(s):

Rodney D. Berg

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Bacterial Flora ◽

Specific Pathogen Free ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

E Coli ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Specific Pathogen ◽

Gnotobiotic Mice

Escherichia coli C25 maintained population levels of 10 9 to 10 10 per g of cecum and translocated to 100% of the middle mesenteric lymph nodes in gnotobiotic mice monoassociated with E. coli C25. Intragastric inoculation of these mice with the cecal contents from specific-pathogen-free mice reduced the population levels of E. coli C25 to 10 6 per g of cecum and completely inhibited translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Intragastric inoculation with heat-treated, Formalintreated, or filtered cecal contents did not reduce the population levels of E. coli C25 or reduce the incidence of translocation of E. coli C25 to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Thus, viable bacteria apparently are required in the cecal contents inocula to reduce the population levels and the incidence of translocation of E. coli C25. Treatment with streptomycin plus bacitracin decreased the anaerobic bacterial levels in these gnotobiotic mice, allowing increased population levels of E. coli C25 and increased translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes. E. coli C25 also translocated to the mesenteric lymph nodes of specific-pathogen-free mice treated with streptomycin and bacitracin before colonization with E. coli C25. The high cecal population levels of E. coli C25 in these antibiotic-decontaminated specific-pathogen-free mice apparently overwhelm any barrier to translocation exerted by the immunologically developed lamina propria of the specific-pathogen-free mice. Inoculation of gnotobiotic mice with a cecal flora also reduced the population levels of an indigenous strain of E. coli with a concomitant inhibition of translocation of the indigenous E. coli to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Thus, bacterial antagonism of the gastrointestinal population levels of certain indigenous bacteria, such as E. coli , by other members of the normal bacterial flora appears to be an important defense mechanism confining bacteria to the gastrointestinal tract.

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Virulence Characteristic of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) Isolates

Jurnal Sain Veteriner ◽

10.22146/jsv.46494 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 61

Author(s):

Sruti Listra Adrenalin ◽

Lynda Nugrahaning Imanjati ◽

Ima Fauziah ◽

Vinsa Cantya Prakasita ◽

Sitarina Widyarini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

High Mortality ◽

Specific Pathogen Free ◽

Avian Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽

E Coli ◽

Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽

High Virulence ◽

Specific Pathogen ◽

Costs Of Treatment

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a cause of colibacillosis in poultry, one of the respiratory disease that causes serious problems in the poultry industry. The APEC can cause high mortality and culling, decreased production, and high costs of treatment. Manifestations of colibacillosis are airsacculitis, perihepatitis, and pericarditis. The APEC serotypes that are widely identified in the field are O1K1, O2K1, and O78K80. Embryo lethality assay (ELA) is a method for determine the virulence of APEC serotypes. The aim of this study was to determine the virulence characteristic of APEC isolates. Five APEC serotypes O1K1, O2K1, O78K80, O157H7, and unknown serotype were used for ELA method by inoculated E. coli into chorioallantoic of specific pathogen free 12-days old embryos. Each group of 10 embryos, inoculated E. coli dose of 100-500 CFU/ 0,1 ml. Candling was carried out for 6 days (18-days old embryo) to determined the mortality and pathological lesions. The percentage of embryo mortality post-inoculated with APEC O1K1, O2K1, unknown serotypes were 100% (10/10), O78K80 serotype was 90% (9/10), and O157H7 serotype was 70% (70%). Lesions of all embryos were cranial and extremity hemorrhage. In this study, E. coli isolates had high virulence.

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The influence of the intestinal microflora on disaccharidase activities in the chick

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19720074 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 101-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

R. C. Siddons ◽

Marie E. Coates

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Small Intestine ◽

Large Intestine ◽

Intestinal Microflora ◽

Sole Source ◽

Lactase Activity ◽

Germ Free ◽

Intestinal Contents ◽

Small Intestinal ◽

Micro Organisms

1. Maltase sucrase, palatinase (the enzyme that hydrolyses palatinose, i.e. 6-o-α-D-gluco-pyranosyl-D-fructose) and lactase activities were measured in the small and large intestines of germ-free and conventional chicks given either a diet of purified ingredients or a practical chick mash.2. With the purified diet there were no differences in body-weight or small intestinal disaccharidase activities between germ-free and conventional chicks. With the chick mash the germ-free birds were heavier and had higher total amounts of maltase, sucrase and palatinase activities in the small intestine than did their conventional controls. When disaccharidase activities were expressed in terms of body-weight there were no differences between birds in the two environments. Enzyme activities were consistently higher in the birds given chick mash.3. Inclusion of milled fibre in the purified diet did not increase the weight or disaccharidase activities of the small intestine in either environment.4. Lactase was virtually absent from the small intestine of birds in both environments and from the large intestine of germ-free birds. There was appreciable lactase activity in the large intestinal contents of conventional chicks, and it was increased by inclusion of lactose in the diet.5. When lactose was the sole source of carbohydrate the birds grew poorly but mortality rate was less among conventional compared with germ-free chicks.6. It was concluded that the presence of micro-organisms has no direct effect on disaccharidase production in the small intestine of the chick. Microbial lactase is present in the large intestine, and at least some of the products of its action can be utilized by the bird.

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Presence or absence of microbiome modulates the response of mice organism to administered drug nabumetone

Physiological Research ◽

10.33549/physiolres.934607 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 583-594

Author(s):

L Jourová ◽

B Lišková ◽

K Lněničková ◽

N Zemanová ◽

P Anzenbacher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Cytochromes P450 ◽

Active Form ◽

Drug Metabolizing Enzymes ◽

Specific Pathogen Free ◽

Metabolizing Enzymes ◽

Germ Free ◽

Wide Range ◽

Specific Pathogen

The gut microbiota provides a wide range of beneficial functions for the host, and has an immense effect on the host’s health status. The presence of microbiome in the gut may often influence the effect of an orally administered drug. Molecular mechanisms of this process are however mostly unclear. We investigated how the effect of a nonsteroidal drug nabumetone on expression of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) in mice intestine and liver is changed by the presence of microbiota, here, using the germ free (GF) and specific pathogen free (SPF) BALB/c mice. First, we have found in a preliminary experiment that in the GF mice there is a tendency to increase bioavailability of the active form of nabumetone, which we have found now to be possibly influenced by differences in expression of DMEs in the GF and SPF mice. Indeed, we have observed that the expression of the most of selected cytochromes P450 (CYPs) was significantly changed in the small intestine of GF mice compared to the SPF ones. Moreover, orally administered nabumetone itself altered the expression of some CYPs and above all, in different ways in the GF and SPF mice. In the GF mice, the expression of the DMEs (CYP1A) responsible for the formation of active form of the drug are significantly increased in the small intestine and liver after nabumetone application. These results highlight the importance of gut microbiome in processes involved in drug metabolism in the both gastrointestinal tract and in the liver with possible clinical relevance.

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A Metabolomic-Based Evaluation of the Role of Commensal Microbiota throughout the Gastrointestinal Tract in Mice

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms6040101 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 101 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Yuri Yamamoto ◽

Yumiko Nakanishi ◽

Shinnosuke Murakami ◽

Wanping Aw ◽

Tomoya Tsukimi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Large Intestine ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Commensal Microbiota ◽

Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽

Specific Pathogen ◽

Gastrointestinal Microbes ◽

Small And Large Intestine

Commensal microbiota colonize the surface of our bodies. The inside of the gastrointestinal tract is one such surface that provides a habitat for them. The gastrointestinal tract is a long organ system comprising of various parts, and each part possesses various functions. It has been reported that the composition of intestinal luminal metabolites between the small and large intestine are different; however, comprehensive metabolomic and commensal microbiota profiles specific to each part of the gastrointestinal lumen remain obscure. In this study, by using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOFMS)-based metabolome and 16S rRNA gene-based microbiome analyses of specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) murine gastrointestinal luminal profiles, we observed the different roles of commensal microbiota in each part of the gastrointestinal tract involved in carbohydrate metabolism and nutrient production. We found that the concentrations of most amino acids in the SPF small intestine were higher than those in the GF small intestine. Furthermore, sugar alcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol accumulated only in the GF large intestine, but not in the SPF large intestine. On the other hand, pentoses, such as arabinose and xylose, gradually accumulated from the cecum to the colon only in SPF mice, but were undetected in GF mice. Correlation network analysis between the gastrointestinal microbes and metabolites showed that niacin metabolism might be correlated to Methylobacteriaceae. Collectively, commensal microbiota partially affects the gastrointestinal luminal metabolite composition based on their metabolic dynamics, in cooperation with host digestion and absorption.

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Absorption of Trigonelline from the Small Intestine of the Specific Pathogen-Free (Spf) and Germ-Free (Gf) Rats in Vivo

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology - Tryptophan, Serotonin, and Melatonin ◽

10.1007/978-1-4615-4709-9_94 ◽

1999 ◽

pp. 723-727 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

S. Yuyama

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Specific Pathogen Free ◽

Germ Free ◽

Specific Pathogen

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Characterization of Genotoxin-Encoding Escherichia coli Isolated from Specific-Pathogen Free Cats with Impaired Fertility

Veterinary Microbiology ◽

10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109337 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 109337

Author(s):

Anthony Mannion ◽

Whitney McGee ◽

Yan Feng ◽

Zeli Shen ◽

Ellen Buckley-Jordan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Specific Pathogen Free ◽

Specific Pathogen

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Prevention of 5-fluorouracil-induced infection with indigenous Escherichia coli in tumor-bearing mice by nonspecific immunostimulation

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m92-126 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 38 (8) ◽

pp. 774-778 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Koji Nomoto ◽

Teruo Yokokura ◽

Kikuo Nomoto

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Lactobacillus Casei ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Specific Pathogen Free ◽

E Coli ◽

Tumor Bearing ◽

Lethal Toxicity ◽

Specific Pathogen

We have previously reported that the lethal toxicity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in specific-pathogen-free mice is due to an indigenous infection with Escherichia coli (K. Nomoto, T. Yokokura, Y. Yoshikai, et al. Can. J. Microbiol. 37: 244–247, 1991). In the present study, we demonstrate that nonspecific immunostimulation augments host resistance against the lethal toxicity of 5-FU in tumor-bearing mice. Intravenous administration of a preparation of heat-killed Lactobacillus casei (LC 9018), a nonspecific immunostimulant, at a dose of 20 mg/kg to BALB/c mice augmented their resistance against the lethal toxicity of 5-FU if the preparation was injected into the mice 10–40 days before administration of 5-FU. Injection of LC 9018 into BALB/c mice bearing Meth A fibrosarcoma also enhanced their resistance against the lethality of 5-FU. Systemic infection with E. coli was induced in all of the 5-FU-treated tumor-bearing mice 10 days or more after administration of the drug at a lethal dose of 500 mg/kg, and it was accompanied by an overgrowth of the bacteria in the intestine. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with LC 9018 resulted in decreased rates of occurrence of systemic infection with E. coli and inhibition of overgrowth of the bacteria in the intestine after administration of 5-FU. A single administration of either LC 9018 or 5-FU significantly inhibited the growth of Meth A cells in vivo, and a combined antitumor effect was shown in the mice treated with both 5-FU and LC 9018. Key words: tumor-bearing mice, fluorouracil, nonspecific immunostimulation, indigenous infection, Escherichia coli.

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