scholarly journals Isolation of bluetongue and related viruses from Culicoides spp. in the Sudan

1984 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Mellor ◽  
R. Osborne ◽  
D. M. Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
High Titre ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
Haemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Virus Isolates ◽  
Made In

SummaryInfection of domestic ruminants with bluetongue virus (BTV) is widespread in the Sudan but there are no records of vector species of Culicoides in that country. Therefore, light-trap collections of Culicoides for virus isolation procedures were made in the Khartoum and Um Benein areas of the Sudan during September–October 1982.Two virus isolates were made from pools of unengorged, female Culicoides. An isolate from a pool of C. kingi (schultzei gp) is a member of the Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease (EHD) serogroup. The other isolate from a pool of C. imicola, a known BTV vector in other parts of Africa, is type-5 BTV.In laboratory experiments, the North American vector of BTV, C. variipennis, supported replication of both Sudanese isolates to a high titre and transmission occurred after 10 days' incubation.This paper records the first isolation in the Sudan of arboviruses from Culicoides, with the identification of a BTV serotype and the presence of a member of the EHD (genus orbivirus, family Reoviridae) serogroup.

Virus isolations Mosquito collections obtained during most field trips to the north-west of Western Australia have been processed for virus isolation. Until 1985, virus isolation was undertaken by intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice, but this was then replaced by cell culture using C6/36 mosquito, PSEK, BHK and Vero cells. The use of cell culture has significantly reduced the overall virus isolation rate by largely excluding arboviruses, rhabdoviruses and most bunyaviruses, but is as effective as suckling mice for the isolation of flaviviruses and alphaviruses. MVE virus has been isolated every year that significant numbers of adult mosquitoes have been processed except 1983 (Broom et al. 1989; Broom et al. 1992; Mackenzie et al. 1994c). Isolations of MVE, Kunjin and other flaviviruses are shown in Table 8.2. There was a strong correlation between the number of virus isolates in any given year and the prevailing environmental conditions. Thus those years with a heavy, above average wet season rainfall and subsequent widespread flooding yielded large numbers of virus isolates (1981, 1991, 1993) compared with years with average or below average rainfall and with only localized flooding. Although most MVE virus isolates were obtained from Culex annulirostris mosquitoes, occasional isolates were also obtained from a variety of other species, including Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex palpalis, Aedes normanensis, Aedes pseudonormanensis, Aedes eidvoldensis, Aedes tremulus, Anopheles annulipes, Anopheles bancroftii, Anopheles amictus and Mansonia uniformis (cited in Mackenzie et al. 1994b; Mackenzie and Broom 1995), although the role of these species in natural transmission cycles has still to be determined. Virus carriage rates in Culex annulirostris mosquitoes are shown in Table 8.3 for the Ord River area (Kununurra–Wyndham) and Balgo and Billiluna in south-east Kimberley. Very high mosquito infection rates were observed in those years with above average rainfall. Virus spread and persistence Stanley (1979) suggested that viraemic waterbirds, which are often nomadic, may generate epidemic activity of MVE in south-east Australia and in the Pilbara region. In an attempt to understand the genesis of epidemic activity better, our laboratory initiated a long-term study in the arid south-east Kimberley area at Billiluna and Balgo, two Aboriginal communities on the northern edge of the Great Sandy Desert. Occasional cases of Australian encephalitis had occurred in both communities (1978, 1981). The studies have clearly shown that MVE virus activity only occurs following very heavy, widespread rainfall both locally and in the catchment area of the nearby watercourse, Sturt Creek, which results in extensive flooding across its floodplain (Broom et al. 1992). Localized flooding is insufficient to generate virus activity. Two possible explanations can be proposed to account for the reappearance of MVE virus activity when environmental conditions are suitable: either virus can be reintroduced into the area by viraemic waterbirds arriving from enzootic areas further north; or virus may

1998 ◽  
pp. 133-135
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
North West ◽  
Suckling Mice ◽  
The North ◽  
Virus Activity ◽  
Culex Annulirostris ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Virus Isolates

scholarly journals Experimental researches on the emission of oxygen by the pelvic filaments of the male lepidosiren with some experiments on symbranchus marmoratus

1932 ◽  
Vol 110 (766) ◽  
pp. 234-248 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The Political ◽  
Medical College ◽  
The North ◽  
Gran Chaco ◽  
Glass Tubes ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
Made In

The stage which the question of the function of the pelvic filaments of the male Lepidosiren had reached before the researches described in this paper can be seen by reference to the paper by Carter and Beadle (1930) and that by Cunningham in the previous year. The researches of Carter and Beadle as well as those previously carried out by Graham Kerr were made in the Gran Chaco of Paraguay, in the swamps of which region Lepidosiren is rather abundant. But when direct experiments on the function of the filaments were contemplated the political conditions made it inadvisable to attempt to visit this region, and it was suggested that Lepidosiren would be found in sufficient abundance on the island of Marajó at the mouth of the River Amazon. No evidence was obtained that the fish had recently been taken in that island, but three specimens, all from the same locality, namely a “papyrus meadow” near Fazenda Dunas on the north coast of the island, were recorded in 1896 and 1898 by Dr. Goeldi, Director and founder of the Muséu Goeldi at Belem. It was therefore decided to organise and carry out an expedition to Marajó. The equipment was prepared in the Physiological Department of the London Hospital Medical College and consisted of large glass tubes from 18 inches to 30 inches in length and 1½ inches to 3 inches in diameter; and weighed quantities in hermetically sealed tubes or bottles of the reagents required for the estimation of dissolved oxygen in water, together with the necessary accessories, and a special pump for obtaining water from below the surface of swamp pools.

The mineralogical composition of some Scottish soils

1925 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hendrick ◽  
George Newlands
Keyword(s):  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Plant Food ◽  
Sand Fraction ◽  
Extensive Survey ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Origin ◽  
East West ◽  
Made In

1. Previous investigations showed that certain Scottish soils were of glacial drift origin, that they were comparatively rich in unweathered silicates and therefore in reserves of plant-food, that they showed considerable variation in such silicates and were capable of classification accordingly. Some indication was also shown that the glacial drift, and hence the resulting soil, was sometimes of local origin, its character being determined by the underlying rock. In the present investigation a more extensive survey of Scottish soils has been made in order to discover to what extent these preliminary findings might be applicable generally.2. For this purpose soils have been collected from various localities in the north, north-east, west and south of Scotland, and have been analysed mechanically and the “fine sand” fraction examined mineralogically.

A Bastion of the Town Wall of London, and the Sepulchral Monument of the Procurator Julius Classicianus

1936 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
F. Cottrill
Keyword(s):  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
East Side ◽  
The North ◽  
Inner Circle ◽  
External Face ◽  
The Town ◽  
Made In

Excavations made in June 1935 for the foundations of a new sub-station of the London Passenger Transport Board at Trinity Place, Trinity Square, E.C., brought to light some remains of the Roman town wall of London. A large portion of the medieval superstructure is still standing on the east side of Trinity Place, and to the north of this the Inner Circle Railway runs in a cutting under the roadway. The construction of this cutting involved the removal of a length of 73 ft. of the wall in 1882 (R.C.H.M. Roman London, 83). The site of the discoveries to be described here was immediately behind the southern retaining wall of the cutting. Both faces of the Roman wall were exposed at this point, and could be examined in detail, and against the external face was a fragment of one of the later Roman bastions (pl. 1). These remains were investigated by the writer on behalf of this Society, and the Passenger Transport Board kindly granted all necessary facilities, and rendered every possible assistance.

III.—A Portable Dial in the form of a book, with Figures derived from Raymond Lul

Archaeologia ◽  
1925 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 89-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. M. Dalton
Keyword(s):  
British Museum ◽  
Society Of Jesus ◽  
The North ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lower Cover ◽  
Made In

The dial forming the subject of this paper, acquired by the British Museum in 1923, is of gilt copper, made in the form of a book, along the edges of which are inscribed in capitals the words: Lucerna instrumentalis | intellectus directiva | sive instrumentum sciendi. The dial-plate which is fixed in the interior has a compass and two very short gnomons. It is for use in the latitudes of 42 and 45, and would serve for Rome and one of the large towns in the North Italian plain, perhaps Milan or Venice. It was made at Rome in the year 1593, as shown by the inscription on the dial-plate. On the cover is a shield of arms, barry, and in chief the letters I H S surmounted by a cross, a feature perhaps indicating that the owner was a member of the Society of Jesus; a fuller device, in which the three nails of the Passion are seen below the sacred monogram and cross, occupies the centre of the figure on the outside of the lower cover. The identification of the arms presents difficulties. They might be those of the Caraffa (gules, three bars argent), a member of which family, Vincenzio Caraffa, was general of the Jesuits in 1645.

A massive summer-kill of the dog-whelk, Nucella lapillus, on the north Cornwall coast in 1995: freak or forerunner?

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.E. Gibbs ◽  
J.C. Green ◽  
P.L. Pascoe
Keyword(s):  
High Mortality ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Algal Bloom ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Littorina Littorea ◽  
Nucella Lapillus ◽  
Sewage Outfall ◽  
The North ◽  
Algal Toxicity ◽  
Calm Weather

In the summer of 1995 a massive kill of the dog-whelk, Nucella lapillus, occurred in Bude Bay on the north Cornish coast. High mortality was detectable along 12 km of shoreline. The only other intertidal species affected appeared to be another neogastropod, Ocenebra erinacea. The cause of the kill is unknown but the evidence suggests that it occurred in early July following an extended period of warm, calm weather in June. Possible causes of this event are discussed: algal toxicity may have been responsible since an algal bloom was detected offshore in July in the area. Laboratory experiments exposing gastropods to different species and concentrations of microalgae, designed to test whether N. lapillus is more sensitive than Monodonta lineata and Littorina littorea, gave inconclusive results. No comparable kill has occurred in the Bude area for at least 20 y, but it is suggested that nutrients from a newly-constructed, offshore sewage outfall may now stimulate local algal bloom development during calm weather periods.

On the Chloride Waters of Great Britain

1945 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 267-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
The South ◽  
Very Old ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Exact Position ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Village ◽  
Made In

Formerly there were several surface brine springs in the North-East Coalfield; to-day there are none. From the many accounts of their occurrence nothing has been learned of their exact position, and very little of the composition of their waters. The earliest record, made in 1684, described the Butterby spring (Todd, 1684), and then at various times during the next two centuries brine springs at Framwellgate, Lumley, Birtley, Walker, Wallsend, Hebburn, and Jarrow were noted. In particular the Birtley salt spring is often mentioned, and on the 6-in. Ordnance map, Durham No. 13, 1862 edition, it is sited to the south-east of the village. Although no record has been found there must have been either a brine spring or well at Gateshead, for the name of the present-day suburb, Saltwell, is very old, and brine springs are still active in the coal workings of that area.

scholarly journals A Series of Humanly-Fashioned Flints Found in the Cliffs and on the Shore at Mundesley, Norfolk

1920 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-243
Author(s):  
J. Reid Moir
Keyword(s):  
Present Author ◽  
The South ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Made In

When visiting Mundesley, in Norfolk, in September, 1916, the present author found upon the shore, in close proximity to an exposure of clay which he now considers to be referable to the Cromer Forest Bed Series, a very finely-made and large flint flake, of human manufacture. This discovery induced him to again visit Mundesley, and during this year (1919) close upon three weeks have been spent in an examination of the stretch of cliffs and shore lying between Trimingham, to the north-west of Mundesley, and Bacton, which lies to the south-east.The author's researches have been greatly helped by the co-operation of three friends, Professor A. S. Barnes, Mr. Walter B. Nichols, and the Hon. Robert Gathorne-Hardy, who accompanied him to Mundesley, and to whom he offers his warmest thanks. He would, however, wish to make it clear that these gentlemen are in no way responsible for the statements made in this paper. For these the author is solely responsible.

scholarly journals Analysis of the data of hydrogeochemical monitoring of groundwater in the North Sivash artesian basin

2019 ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
K. Ya. Bulakhova ◽  
S. M. Sudarikov
Keyword(s):  
Research Area ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Hydrogeological Model ◽  
Artesian Basin ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
The North ◽  
Gypsum Content ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Aquifer Complex ◽  
Made In

The results of hydrogeochemical monitoring of the Sarmat-Meotis-Pontic sediments aquifer complex of the North Sivash artesian basin have been analyzed. The analysis based on a routine observations for 16 producing wells. The observations were made in the period from 2014 to 2017 years. A correlation and regression analysis has been made for definition of dependencies between changes in the concentrations of the normalized components. The results obtained allow us to evaluate the main factors of formation of the chemical composition of groundwater. At the present stage, metamorphosed waters are pulled up from the lower strata of the complex, that leads to an increase in the amount of mineralization. The formation of sulphate waters is primarily associated with the peculiarities of the geological structure, namely, the high gypsum content of quaternary deposits and the presence of hydraulic connection with the overlying aquifers. One of the reasons for the formation of sulphate waters is the anthropogenic impact associated with the close location of the acid accumulator containing sulfur tailing. The results obtained allow us to proceed to the next stage of the survey — the creation of a natural hydrogeological model of the research area and the carrying of the thermodynamic modeling.

scholarly journals Capitalismo distrettuale, localismi d'impresa, globalizzazione

2008 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Scope Economies ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Productive System ◽  
Dimensional Growth ◽  
It Revolution ◽  
Made In

From the late Sixties on, industrial development in Italy evolved through the spread of small and medium sized firms, aggregated in district networks, with an elevated propensity to enterprise and the marked presence of owner-families. Installed within the local systems, the industrial districts tended to simulate large-scale industry exploiting lower costs generated by factors that were not only economic. The districts are characterised in terms of territorial location (above all the thriving areas of the North-east and Centre) and sector, since they are concentrated in the "4 As" (clothing-fashion, home-decor, agri-foodstuffs, automation-mechanics), with some overlapping with "Made in Italy". How can this model be assessed? This is the crucial question in the debate on the condition and prospects of the Italian productive system between the supporters of its capacity to adapt and the critics of economic dwarfism. A dispassionate judgement suggests that the prospects of "small is beautiful" have been superseded, but that the "declinist" view, that sees only the dangers of globalisation and the IT revolution for our SMEs is risky. The concept of irreversible crisis that prevails at present is limiting, both because it is not easy either to "invent", or to copy, a model of industrialisation, and because there is space for a strategic repositioning of the district enterprises. The book develops considerations in this direction, showing how an evolution of the district model is possible, focusing on: gains in productivity, scope economies (through diversification and expansion of the range of products), flexibility of organisation, capacity to meld tradition and innovation aiming at product quality, dimensional growth of the enterprises, new forms of financing, active presence on the international markets and valorisation of the resources of the territory. It is hence necessary to reactivate the behavioural functions of the entrepreneurs.

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