The Chilean Copper Smelting Industry in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: Phases of Expansion and Stagnation, 1834–58

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Valenzuela
Keyword(s):  
Pure Copper ◽  
Copper Smelting ◽  
Copper Mining ◽  
Copper Industry ◽  
Copper Ore ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chilean Copper ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Processed Form ◽  
Copper Ores

This article looks at the beginnings and early development of the modern copper smelting industry in Chile. It analyses the factors which led to its occurrence, contrasting it with other countries where no smelting industry developed. It argues that the development of the Chilean smelting industry stimulated copper mining and reinforced the expansion of coal mining. Furthermore, it permitted the retention in the country of a larger part of the rent generated by copper mining than would have been the case had all the copper ore been exported, and was therefore an important factor in the development of the Chilean economy as a whole.Until 1879 tne Chilean copper industry was the most dynamic sector of the economy of the Republic. During the period 1844—79 it generated exports of 341 million pesos (around £64 million), or 42.3 % of the total value of the exports of the country, and contributed 29 million pesos, or almost 10% of the ordinary fiscal income, through the export duty levied.1 Most of this copper left Chile in the shape of ingots of over 99% fine (that is pure) copper, bar copper of c. 96 % fine or regulus, a semi-processed form of copper of around 50% fine; only 12.1 % left in the shape of copper ores of different types.2 The smelting and, to an even greater extent, the refining of the copper ore in Chile permitted the miners to develop a wider variety of potential markets. It also facilitated the Luis Valenzuela is a Lecturer at the Centre for Development Studies, University College of Swansea.

scholarly journals Improving the productivity of the copper mining process in the Chilean copper industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-240
Author(s):  
Ivan Derpich ◽  
◽  
Nicole Munoz ◽  
Andrea Espinoza ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copper Mining ◽  
Copper Industry ◽  
Chilean Copper

Prehistoric Copper Mining on the Great Orme, Llandudno, Gwynedd

1994 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Dutton ◽  
Peter J. Fasham ◽  
D. A. Jenkins ◽  
A. E. Caseldine ◽  
S. Hamilton-Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Copper Mining ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Copper Ore ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Copper Ores ◽  
The Bronze Age

The discovery of evidence to suggest that copper ore was exploited at the Great Orme on a considerable scale in prehistory is of great significance in our understanding of the development of metalworking technology in the British Isles.In the past, the apparent absence from the archaeological record of a contemporaneous native mineral source for the production of copper and copper alloy artefacts during the Bronze Age has led to the assumption that raw materials, as well as metal technology, were imported from abroad. Alternatively, whilst accepting that local resources could have been exploited, it was assumed that these would have been obliterated by the mining operations of later centuries.There are now several sites on the British mainland and in Ireland which have been identified and dated as having been exploited for copper ores during the Bronze Age, of which a number, as on the Great Orme, had since seen intensive working during the 18th and 19th centuries AD. AS yet, much of the evidence has come essentially from surface excavations, but at the Great Orme surface excavation combined with underground exploration has revealed a system of workings of truly remarkable size. A series of 10 radiocarbon dates has been obtained from within the mine complex, indicating that working was carried out for over a thousand years spanning the Early to Late Bronze Age.The true extent of the surviving prehistoric workings is yet to be realized but present evidence indicates mining activity covering an area in excess of 24,000 square metres, incorporating passages totalling upwards of 5 km, penetrating to a vertical depth of 70 m.Much of the archaeological evidence contained within this report has been gained from detailed excavation carried out within surface workings, which in their own right constitute a sizeable part of the prehistoric mine. From the surface area presently exposed it is conservatively estimated that 40,000 cubic metres of material was removed during the Bronze Age. Much of the early technology represented within the surface workings reflects the technology employed in the deep workings, with the additional evidence of ancillary operations which would seem to relate solely to surface locations.Whilst the excavations reported in this paper relate to surface, or near surface, workings, they must be seen in the context of a labyrinthine complex of prehistoric workings recorded at depths of over yom (Jenkins & Lewis 1991; Lewis 1994). These deep workings are the subject of parallel studies to be reported elsewhere. The known underground and surface prehistoric workings are on a scale so far unparallelled in Britain and are of international significance. Elsewhere in Europe there is evidence for the mining of copper ores at Ai Bunar in Bulgaria dated to 5840 BC (Cernych 1978) and at Rudna Glava in former Yugoslavia dated to 4715 BC (Jovanovic 1979). Evidence for subsequent copper mining has been dated to 3785 BC in southern Spain (Rio Tinto area: Rothenburg & Blanco Freijeiro 1980) and to 3330 BC in Austria (Mitterberg; Pittioni 1951), marking an apparent development and extension westwards and northwards of copper technology. More recently, the dating of two sites in the south of France to around 3330 BC, at Cabrieres (Ambert et al. 1990) and Bouche Payrol, near Brusque (Barge 1985), has confirmed another area of Bronze Age working.

scholarly journals Wychodnie rud miedzi na terenie ukrainy zachodniej jako baza surowcowa metalurgii kolorowej w okresie funkcjonowania kultury trypolskiej

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 47-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor I. Klochko ◽  
Vjacheslav I. Manichev ◽  
Galina S. Kompanec ◽  
Miron S. Kovalchuk
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Copper Ore ◽  
Geochemical Composition ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
Tripolye Culture ◽  
Copper Ores

The article presents a study of copper ore from western Ukraine aimed at explanation of possibilities of their exploitation for the color metallurgy development during the period of Tripolye culture. It gives a short characteristics of lithological, mineralogical, and geochemical composition of copper ores from the Dneper area, Volhynia, and the Carpathians plateau. It further presents results of chemical and spectral analysis of ore-bearing rocks, evaluation of its current state and potential possibilities of their use in the past. Based upon a statement that metal objects produced during the existence of the Tripolye culture were made of pure copper two methods of its procurement were considered: (a) from a virgin copper, and (b) from oxygenated copper ore of sedimentary origin in which a small number of admixtures was noticed. The paper shows the potential of studies aimed at explanation of the correlation between contemporary and past copper ores and some copper goods from archaeological sites of the Tarnopol region.

CRIMINAL LAW IN PROTECTION OF HEALTH FROM THE ABUSE OF DRUGS IN SERBIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1939-1946
Author(s):  
Miodrag Simović ◽  
Dragan Jovašević ◽  
Marina M. Simović
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Individual State ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Republic ◽  
To Come ◽  
Practical Sense

Based on international standards adopted within the framework and under the Organisation of the United Nations, all national legislations recognise several different types and forms of criminal acts regarding misuse of narcotics. It is the matter of various activities of unauthorized production, traffic and other forms of inciting or enabling others to come into possession of narcotics for immediate use, which seriously endangers the health and life.Depending on the needs of each individual state, the distinction is made between the offenses, for the perpetrators are given different types and measures of penalties and other criminal sanctions. A similar situation exists in the Republic of Serbia.The paper analyzes the system of criminal offenses in various types and forms of manifestation in the theoretical and practical sense for whose offenders that are prescribed serious criminal sanctions.

scholarly journals The Perspective of Croatian Old Apple Cultivars in Extensive Farming for the Production of Functional Foods

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 708
Author(s):  
Boris Duralija ◽  
Predrag Putnik ◽  
Dora Brdar ◽  
Anica Bebek Markovinović ◽  
Sandra Zavadlav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Foods ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Biological Potential ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Processed Form ◽  
Extensive Farming

The Republic of Croatia has a long tradition of fruit growing due to its geographical location, climatic conditions, and high quality of fruit crops, especially apple fruits. Apples can be used for the formulation of functional foods either in processed form (e.g., juice), or as a by-product (e.g., apple pomace). However, there is a growing demand for functional foods derived from ancient and traditional plant sources as they are recognized as a very valuable source of health-promoting bioactive ingredients. Similarly, old apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh.) are characterized by good morphological and pomological properties, less need for chemicals during cultivation and the higher share of biologically active compounds (BACs) with better sensory acceptability compared to commercial cultivars. However, their nutritional and biological potential is underestimated, as is their ability to be processed into functional food. The importance in preserving old apple cultivars can also be seen in their significance for improving the nutritional composition of other apple cultivars through innovative cultivation strategies, and therefore old local apple cultivars could be of great importance in future breeding programs.

Processing of Copper by Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) – Microstructure Investigations

2015 ◽  
Vol 641 ◽  
pp. 286-293
Author(s):  
Beata Leszczyńska-Madej ◽  
Maria W. Richert ◽  
Agnieszka Hotloś ◽  
Jacek Skiba
Keyword(s):  
Equal Channel Angular Pressing ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Subgrain Size ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Shear Bands ◽  
Angular Pressing ◽  
Ecap Process ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

The present study attempts to apply Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) to 99.99% pure copper. ECAP process was realized at room temperature for 4, 8 and 16 passes through route BC using a die having angle of 90°. The microstructure of the samples was investigated by means both light and transmission electron microscopy. Additionally the microhardness was measured and statistical analysis of the grains and subgrains was performed. Based on Kikuchi diffraction patterns misorientation was determined. There were some different types of bands in the microstructure after deformation. The shear bands, bands and in the submicron range the microshear bands and microbands are a characteristic feature of the microstructure of copper. Also characteristic was increasing of the number of bands with increasing of deformation and mutually crossing of the bands. The intersection of a bands and microbands leads to the formation of new grains with the large misorientation angle. The measured grain/subgrain size show, that the grain size is maintained at a similar level after each stage of deformation and is equal to d = 0.25 – 0.32 μm.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Four DNA Typing Techniques in Epidemiological Investigations of Bovine Tuberculosis

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debby Cousins ◽  
Suzette Williams ◽  
Ernesto Liébana ◽  
Alicia Aranaz ◽  
Annelies Bunschoten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Restriction Fragment ◽  
Dna Typing ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Direct Repeat ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Typing Technique

DNA fingerprinting techniques were used to type 273 isolates ofMycobacterium bovis from Australia, Canada, the Republic of Ireland, and Iran. The results of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with DNA probes from IS6110, the direct repeat (DR), and the polymorphic GC-rich sequence (PGRS) were compared with those of a new PCR-based method called spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) developed for the rapid typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (J. Kamerbeek et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:907–914, 1997). Eighty-five percent of the isolates harbored a single copy of IS6110, and 81.5% of these carried IS6110 on the characteristic 1.9-kb restriction fragment. RFLP analysis with IS6110 identified 23 different types, RFLP analysis with the DR probe identified 35 types, RFLP analysis with the PGRS probe identified 77 types, and the spoligotyping method identified 35 types. By combining all results, 99 different strains could be identified. Isolate clusters were frequently associated within herds or were found between herds when epidemiological evidence confirmed animal movements. RFLP analysis with IS6110 was sufficiently sensitive for the typing of isolates with more than three copies of IS6110, but RFLP analysis with the PGRS probe was the most sensitive typing technique for strains with only a single copy of IS6110. Spoligotyping may have advantages for the rapid typing of M. bovis, but it needs to be made more sensitive.

scholarly journals ASIAN MARITIME TRANSPORT IN ASIA: A BRIEF STATISTICAL ESSAY

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
Alexander Akimov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Shipbuilding Industry ◽  
Bulk Carriers ◽  
Sea Transportation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Container Ports ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Flag Of Convenience

The article describes the state of the Asian merchant marine fleet as of 2018. The main trends of international Maritime trade are described, the composition of the fleet by types of vessels is characterized, and the main directions of trade by groups of goods transported by different types of vessels are shown. The transition of leadership in tonnage from tankers to bulk carriers is revealed, due to the reduction of the role of oil in sea transportation and the formation of flows of raw materials and coal for the ferrous metallurgy to China. The largest container ports in the world are shown, among which East Asian ports predominate. Two leading flag of convenience countries in Asia have been identified – Hong Kong and Singapore. In the global shipbuilding industry, three East Asian countries – China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea – account for 90 % of ship production.

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