Towards a lexical analysis of sound change in progress

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Harris

Lexical Phonologists have made a number of claims that are directly relevant to the study of sound change in progress, two of which I wish to examine here. First, phonetically gradient patterns of variation are alleged to be controlled by rules which operate outside the lexicon. Second, phonological rules applying within the lexicon may only refer to feature values that are already marked in underlying representations. This paper sets out to test these claims against empirical data of the sort that have been reported in the sociolinguistic literature. While the first claim appears to be in tune with some informal analyses already offered by sociolinguists, the second is contradicted by at least some of the evidence.

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Linda Aprillianti

The Javanese language belongs to language which has unique phonological system. There are so many foreign language has influenced the development of Javanese. This study is intended to examine the sound change of borrowing word of foreign language in Javanese which is found in Panjebar Semangat magazine. The data is taken from Panjebar and checked using old Javanese dictionary. This study belongs to descriptive qualitative research and used Simak method and Non Participant Observation in collecting the data. The data analysis is done by using Padan method. The result of the study reveals three sound changes of vowels sound and four phonological rules. Then, there are four types of sound change and four phonological rule of consonant sound. The result showed that the sound change of borrowing word in Javanese is influenced by the differences of phonological system between Javanese and the foreign language.


1971 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Newton

1. It may be claimed that current views regarding the nature of sound change fall into two broad categories: the more traditional attitude would treat an individual sound change as a complex trend or process taking perhaps several generations to establish itself, and then retaining its activity over a long period of time; whence the characteristic concern of classical historical linguistics with the establishment of absolute and relative termini post and ante quern, i More recently adherents of the generative–transformational school have interpreted sound changes as readjustments in the system of phonological rules; thus Postal (1968: 270) claims:‘What really changes is not sounds but grammars. And grammars are abstract objects – sets of rules represented in human organisms.’


1991 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
April M. S. McMahon

The key assumption in the standard generative approach to historical linguistics (King, 1969) is that each sound change is incorporated directly into the native speaker's grammar as the final phonological rule, moving up gradually into the grammar as further changes are implemented. Restructuring of underlying representations by later generations during acquisition is theoretically permitted, but infrequently invoked, with the result that the historical phonology of a language will be almost directly mirrored in the order of its phonological rules. The only extractable generalizations are then that the ‘highest’ rules will correspond to the oldest changes, and that a sound change and the rule into which it is converted will tend to be identical or at least show a high degree of similarity in formulation. This approach casts no light at all on the problem of the implementation of sound change.


1994 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
April McMahon ◽  
Paul Foulkes

Abstract. The gestural model of Articulatory Phonology currently being developed by Browman and Goldstein provides a new way of modelling both synchronic and diachronic phonetic processes as well as certain types of synchronic phonological rules. Although Browman and Goldstein place stringent restrictions on the model, ruling out categorical deletion and insertion of gestures, as well as gestural permutation not resulting from magnitude and timing changes, Articulatory Phonology can nonetheless provide enlightening accounts of various types of sound change, including historical developments which have previously been analysed as segmental insertions and deletions. The application of Articulatory Phonology to sound changes is beneficial in that it allows the formulation of a change to include some account of its motivation from the point of view of the speaker (or indeed, though less straightforwardly, the hearer). We aim to extend Browman and Goldstein's preliminary applications of their model to sound change, by demonstrating that changes which have been analysed as entirely separate developments in a traditional segmental phonology can be seen instead as part of an integrated complex of interrelated changes within Articulatory Phonology. Focussing on the development of non-rhotic varieties of English, we show that the sound changes producing present-day linking [r], which are typically given as three independent developments of Pre-[r] Breaking, Pre-Schwa Laxing, and /r/-Deletion, can be shown to be interdependent and analysed in an explanatory way using the gestural model. However, we argue that not all the synchronic phonological processes to which such sound changes give rise can be analysed in gestural terms, given the current restrictions on Articulatory Phonology. For instance, in present-day English varieties which exhibit intrusive as well as linking [r], and which seem to be best characterised by an [r]-Insertion analysis, synchronic addition of gestures must be permitted. Insertion processes of this sort may initially seem incompatible with Articulatory Phonology, but there is clear motivation to retain the gestural framework, given its ability to model many sound changes, casual speech processes and phonological rules using the same mechanisms. Consequently, we propose that, to account for English [r] and similar cases, the current constraints on Articulatory Phonology must be relaxed to a limited extent at some level of the grammar. We suggest that this might be achieved by integrating the gestural approach into a model of Lexical Phonology.


Diachronica ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daming Xu

SUMMARY Using a sociolinguistic methodology the paper investigates the phonetic variation of Mandarin nasal deletion. The results of the analysis show that this variation is constrained by certain phonological, stylistic, social, and lexical factors. The lexical constraint points to the presence of extensive lexical irregularities in the data. Accepting the view that Mandarin nasal variation constitutes a change-in-progress, the results support the hypothesis of lexical diffusion in the implementation of sound change. However, while previous works on lexical diffusion have tended to concentrate on lexical exceptions to phonological rules, the present study discovered lexical irregularities at the level of phonetic variation rather than in the form of phonological exceptions. Its findings carry further the claim of traditional diffusionists in that it supports the argument that all sound changes, including those having a phonologically regular outcome, must go through a lexically gradual process. RÉSUMÉ Cet article examine la variation phonétique de l'élision des nasales en mandarin selon une méthodologie soicolinguistique. Les résultats de cette analyse démontrent que la variation est contrainte par certains facteurs phonologiques, stylistiques, sociaux et lexicaux. Par ailleurs, la contrainte lexicale pointe vers de vastes irrégularités lexicales dans les données. Si l'on présume que la variation des nasales en mandarin représente un changement en cours, les résultats actuels soutiennent l'hypothèse de la diffusion lexicale dans la réalisation du changement phonétique. Des ouvrages antérieures sur la diffusion lexicale ont, cependant, eu tendance à se concentrer sur les exceptions lexicales aux règles phonologiques. En contraste, l'étude présente a trouvé des irrégularités lexicales au niveau de la variation phonétique plutôt que sous formé d'exceptions phonologiques. Cette découverte appuie fortement la proposition que tout changement phonétique, qu'il génère des résultats phonologiques réguliers ou non, doit passer par un processus lexicalement graduel. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Auf Grundlage einer soziolinguistischen Methodologie untersucht der vor-liegende Beitrag den variierenden Wegfall von Nasalen im Mandarin Das Er-gebnis der Analyse zeigt, daß dieser Wegfall durch bestimmte phonologische, stilistische, soziale und lexikalische Faktoren bewirkt wird. Eine starke lexika-lische Einwirkung zeigt sich in den lexikalischen Unregelmäßigkeiten innerhalb der Daten. Ausgehend von der Annahme, daB es sich hier um einen vor sich gehenden Wandel handle, unterstützen die Ergebnisse die Hypothese der 'lexikalischen Diffusion' im Vollzug von Lautwandel. Bisherige Arbeiten zur lexikalischen Diffusion neigten dazu, ihr Augenmerk auf die lexikalischen Aus-nahmen zu phonologischen Regeln zu richten. Im Gegensatz hierzu macht die vorliegende Untersuchung lexikalische Irregularitäten aus, die auf phonetische Variation zurückzuführen sind und nicht auf phonologische Ausnahmen. Die Untersuchung kommt zu dem SchluB, daB jeglicher Lautwandel, einschlieBlich derjenige, der zu einem phonologisch regulären Ergebnis führt, einen gradu-ellen lexikalischen Prozeß durchlaufen muß.


2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Aprillianti

Phonology of Tamil language and Indonesia is very different. Several words are loanwords that are taken from Tamil language. Approximately 30 loanwords of Indonesian are taken from Tamil language. It is possible phonological changes occurred when the words is absorbed into Indonesian language. This study aims to investigate phonological changes that occur in the process of Tamil language absorption into Indonesia language and explains the phonological rules of the changes sound.  In this study the writer uses the list of loanwords contained in the article owned by Russel Jones entitled “Loan Word in Contemporary Indonesia”. In method of collecting data, the writer is using noting technique and observation. Then in analyzing the data, the writer uses theory of transformational generative phonology .The result of this study proves that in a loanword there is more than one sound change. The writer found vocal and consonant sound changes in the process of Tamil absorption. There are three types of vocal changes sound; they are assimilation vocal sound, deletion vocal sound and coalescence of vocal sound. Therefore, in consonant sound changes the writer found only two types of sound changes; they are assimilation consonant and deletion consonant. The writer hopes this study will be useful for the next researcher who wants to do a research on foreign language especially in Tamil language.


Author(s):  
Debi A. LaPlante ◽  
Heather M. Gray ◽  
Pat M. Williams ◽  
Sarah E. Nelson

Abstract. Aims: To discuss and review the latest research related to gambling expansion. Method: We completed a literature review and empirical comparison of peer reviewed findings related to gambling expansion and subsequent gambling-related changes among the population. Results: Although gambling expansion is associated with changes in gambling and gambling-related problems, empirical studies suggest that these effects are mixed and the available literature is limited. For example, the peer review literature suggests that most post-expansion gambling outcomes (i. e., 22 of 34 possible expansion outcomes; 64.7 %) indicate no observable change or a decrease in gambling outcomes, and a minority (i. e., 12 of 34 possible expansion outcomes; 35.3 %) indicate an increase in gambling outcomes. Conclusions: Empirical data related to gambling expansion suggests that its effects are more complex than frequently considered; however, evidence-based intervention might help prepare jurisdictions to deal with potential consequences. Jurisdictions can develop and evaluate responsible gambling programs to try to mitigate the impacts of expanded gambling.


Author(s):  
Virginie Crollen ◽  
Julie Castronovo ◽  
Xavier Seron

Over the last 30 years, numerical estimation has been largely studied. Recently, Castronovo and Seron (2007) proposed the bi-directional mapping hypothesis in order to account for the finding that dependent on the type of estimation task (perception vs. production of numerosities), reverse patterns of performance are found (i.e., under- and over-estimation, respectively). Here, we further investigated this hypothesis by submitting adult participants to three types of numerical estimation task: (1) a perception task, in which participants had to estimate the numerosity of a non-symbolic collection; (2) a production task, in which participants had to approximately produce the numerosity of a symbolic numerical input; and (3) a reproduction task, in which participants had to reproduce the numerosity of a non-symbolic numerical input. Our results gave further support to the finding that different patterns of performance are found according to the type of estimation task: (1) under-estimation in the perception task; (2) over-estimation in the production task; and (3) accurate estimation in the reproduction task. Moreover, correlation analyses revealed that the more a participant under-estimated in the perception task, the more he/she over-estimated in the production task. We discussed these empirical data by showing how they can be accounted by the bi-directional mapping hypothesis ( Castronovo & Seron, 2007 ).


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